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In the past years, the interest of theorists and clinicians has steadily increased in the myocardially secreted hormones – natriuretic peptides. At the Congress of the European Society of Anesthesiology (Munich, 2007), B-type natriuretic peptides were included into the list of the parameters of perioperative laboratory monitoring that is expedient in the practice of anesthetists and resuscitation specialists. The literature review shows the history of discovery and identification of different types of natriuretic peptides and considers the matters of their biochemistry. It also details information on the synthesis, secretion, and clearance of these peptides, as well as their receptor apparatus in various organs and tissues. The physiology of the regulatory system is described, as applied to the cardiovascular, excretory, central nervous systems, and the neuroendocrine one. Special attention is given to the current publications on the control of B-type natriuretic peptides as biomarkers of cardiac dysfunction. The diagnostic and prognostic values of peptides are analyzed in chronic circulatory insufficiency, coronary heart disease, and other car-diological and non-cardiological diseases. The prognostic value of elevated B-type natriuretic peptide levels in cardiac surgery is separately considered. It is concluded that the changes in the level of B-type natriuretic peptides in different clinical situations are the subject of numerous researches mainly made in foreign countries. The bulk of these researches are devoted to the study of peptides in cardiology and other areas of therapy. Studies on the use of peptides in reanimatology are relatively few and their results are rather discordant. The foregoing opens up wide prospects for studying the use of B-type natriuretic peptides in Russian intensive care and anesthesiology. Key words: natriuretic peptides, brain nautriuretic peptides, NT-proBNP.

Here we present direct estimates of phase speeds of short-period internal waves (SIWs) in the Arctic Ocean obtained from the analysis of sequential Sentinel-1 A/B SAR images. Analysis of the data near Svalbard in June-September 2018 has shown a peak in SIW observations in August. Three key regions of SIW generation are identified: deep Fram Strait, southern and central parts of Yermak Plateau and shelf regions northwest of Svalbard. Maximal SIW phase speed values are found over the Yermak Plateau and attain 0.84 m/s. Over Fram Strait and on the Svalbard shelf, phase speed values are similar with mean value about 0.2–0.3±0.03 m/s. We note that obtained SIW phase speeds are higher than maximal tidal currents over all three SIWs’ observation sites, suggesting their tidal generation and free propagation at subcritical Froude numbers. Comparison of the satellite-based phase speed estimates with theoretical values obtained using a two-layer model and actual hydrology shows a good correspondence for the cases when the time lag between the satellite and the field data is not exceeding one day.

Here, we review thematic publications in available literature sources of the databases PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, eLibrary, 49 of which were dated of the years 19972022. Analysis of such reports is aimed at assessing features of cytokine storm-induced hyperinflammatory reaction with signs of immunosuppression accompanied by pronounced lymphopenia and lowered count of CD4+T helpers during severe COVID-19. The prognostic factor for unfavorable prognosis was based on the marker of systemic inflammatory reaction correlating with the disease severity the soluble IL-2 receptor as well as the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and the lymphocyte subset imbalance. An immunosuppressive therapy of severe forms of COVID-19, aimed at weakening the inflammatory response, exacerbates immune dysfunction by suppressing the T cell function, mainly due to Th1 lymphocytes involved in recognizing and eliminating intracellular pathogens particularly viruses. Upon that, cell-mediated immunity becomes compromised that relies on cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, natural killer cells and macrophages. Timely and targeted immunocorrection is required to prevent or reduce the immunosuppression that accompanies a severe disease course and leads to serious and prolonged complications, as well as to association of secondary infections. In fight against the cytokine storm, it is important not to miss a time point of developing immunosuppressive condition that transitions into immunoparalysis as follows from recent publications covering the tactics of treating immune-mediated complications of coronavirus infection. The review discusses opportunities for immunosuppressive therapy along with glucocorticosteroids and monoclonal antibodies blocking IL-6 or cognate receptors. Studies using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to reduce systemic inflammatory response at COVID-19 are outlined in the review. The use of antigen-specific Treg and their combinations with antagonists of tumor necrosis factor- (TNF), interferon- (IFN) as well as low-dose IL-2 in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection were analyzed. The prognostic perspectives for CAR-T cells and CAR-NK cells technology have been considered as novel therapeutic approaches aimed at training effector cells to recognize the surface SARS-CoV-2 virus spike-like (S) protein. The feasibility of a therapeutic approach is also emphasized by comparatively analyzed of efficacy of using IL-7 or IL-15 during lymphopenia in patients with COVID-19. Here, side effects complicating immunocorrection come to the fore. Critical evaluation of corrected immunosuppressive conditions in patients with COVID-19 in the post-COVID-19 period by using low-dose IL-2 therapy revealed its ability to repair cellular immune response. As a result, a low-dose IL-2 therapy is recommended as a cytokine replacement therapy in such patients with COVID-19 during hyper-to-hypo-inflammatory phase transition in immune response.

Sialadenosis is a dystrophic disease of the salivary glands parenchyma, which leads to secretory disorders and hypertrophy of salivary glands. Sialadenitis develops in cases of secondary inflammation. Standard methods and medications for the treatment of sialadenosis lead to regression of clinical manifestations and remission. Usage of herbal extracts with prolonged action has a long-term local anti-inflammatory effect with minimal side effects, including those affecting oral mucosa. However, their use in the complex treatment of sialadenosis has been scarcely studied. Objective of our investigation was to estimate cytokine status dynamics in saliva from the parotid glands in the patients with sialadenosis and hypothyroidism during complex treatment which included the prolonged-action herbal remedy. 52 patients with sialadenosis of parotid salivary glands and hypothyroidism were divided into 2 groups: in the I group, 26 patients received basic therapy; in the II group, 26 patients received basic therapy + herbal drugs with prolonged effect as resorbable tablets. Control group consisted of 20 conditionally healthy people without disorders of parotid glands and thyroid gland. Comparative evaluation was performed 1 and 6 months after starting the treatment, with respect to clinical findings, sialometry and cytokine profile. The content of interleukins IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) was determined in saliva of parotid glands by ELISA technique. The 1st group of patients showed exacerbations within six months of basic treatment, and the sialometry data pointed to maintenance of decreased parotid function. In the 2nd group, when using basic treatment + herbal drugs, no clinical features of sialadenosis were evident within 6 months. The sialometry values were normalized, and the secretory function of the parotid glands was found to be increased. Therefore, it exerted an effect upon moisturization of oral mucosal and improvement quality of life in the patients. Regression of IL- 1β, IL-6 and TNF contents, and IL-10 increase in parotid gland secretions was significantly more pronounced at the terms of 1 and 6 months in cases treated with herbal drugs, compared to Group 1, where a conventional protocol was used. Addition of herbal drugs of prolonged action to the standard protocol of sialadenosis treatment is reasonable and effective.

This article considers the principal theoretical possibility of regulating a nuclear power reactor under changing operating modes conditions when external periodic disturbances take place in conditions of changing the operating mode. By the external periodic perturbation a downward change in the conditions of the heat sink was meant. The magnitude of the changes was preliminarily calculated in such a way that the operating conditions of the power plant did not exceed the boundaries of the safe operation zone of the reactor. In the case of approaching the operation parameters to the critical ones, the heat sink was increased until the working conditions returned to their previous state. In this work the amplitude frequency response of a non-linearly enhanced system in the nuclear power plant operating conditions when non-linearly reacting to external periodic influences has been studied. The external cyclic disturbances effect produced on the reactor that initially existed under stationary operating conditions has been considered. The research was carried out by numerical simulation of the competition between processes occurring in a nuclear power plant and determined by the system’s reaction time and relaxation time while responding to periodic external influences. Calculations of the relaxation time dependence on the fixed frequency-revealing external influence’s temperature are presented. Also, the relaxation time dependence on the frequency of external influence at a fixed temperature for systems with various relaxation periods was calculated. It is determined that when the dependence between system temperature and the external influence time is calculated, there exists a wide range of possible frequency control. To evaluate the behavior of a nuclear power reactor under conditions of operating modes changes, a fundamental physical mathematical model of the reactor’s state under external harmonic influence is presented. It is based on the nonlinear Riccati equation. The external harmonic effect was simulated by changing the heat supply and heat removal conditions near the critical point.

New possibilities for horizontal current retrieval in marginal ice zones (MIZs) from sequential Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images are demonstrated. Daily overlapping SAR acquisitions within 70–85∘ S/N at time intervals < 1 h enable estimation of high-resolution velocity fields, revealing MIZ dynamics down to submesoscales. An example taken from the Fram Strait MIZ reveals energetic eddies and filaments with Rossby numbers reaching O(1) magnitudes. The SAR-derived velocity estimations at such high spatial resolution can be critical for monitoring the evolving MIZ dynamics and model validation of submesoscale processes in polar oceans.

The research presents an analysis of the known results in modeling the maximum design accident (MDA) using the code RELAP5/V3.2 with Westinghouse fuel assemblies’ (WFA) diversification in WWER-1000 reactors. According to the known results of MDA calculated model simulation with RELAP5/V3.2 code at the maximum allowable water temperature in the heat WWER emergency cooling system exchanger (90 °С), the fuel elements’ claddings temperature reaches 1320 °С and exceeds the admissible nuclear safety limit (1200 °С). Thus, according to known results, these MDA with WFA engaged pass from the "design" accident status to the "severe" accident status and means a decrease in safety in relation to the FA-A fuel assemblies. The alternative MDA analysis for WFA-equipped plants showed that, unlike the known calculations, the nuclear safety limit on the maximum permissible fuel cladding temperature is not violated and never reduces the overall safety level in WWER diversification with WFA fuel assemblies.

An approach and hardware-software set to address parameters of electrical influence on sinocarotid reflexogenous zones have been developed. Exposure represents a flow of electrical pulses affecting transcutaneously reflexogenous zones for optimal hemodynamics, and lower blood pressure in particular.

Many applications require information about the geolocation of users, which is not always available. Among the users of Twitter only about 26% indicate the name of the city in their profiles, about 30% of users of VKontakte leave this field blank. So there is the problem of determining the place of residence of social network users. We investigate approaches to geolocation of social network users using their mutual bidirectional ties - social graph. At first, we present a brief overview of the work in the field of geolocating users of social networks. Then we propose an approach that relies on graph nodes’ embeddings and supervised machine learning techniques. Series of experiments were conducted with proposed and baseline approaches. Experiments show that proposed approach is comparable with others. The results of experiments allow us to conclude that the proposed approach based on vector representation can be effectively used to determine the user's place of residence by itself, or in combination with classifiers based on user data It is worth noting that the proposed approach has no any specifics related to the geolocation. It can also be used to assess any other demographic attributes that influence the formation of relationships in society. Thus, a similar approach was used in Perozzi and Skiena to determine the age of the users.

Neonatal screening for primary immunodeficiencies (PID) provides a unique opportunity for early detection of moderate to severe immune disorders. Thus, the patients could be provided with best available therapy, due to effective treatment according to updated PID management guidelines. Clinical outcomes of recently implemented screening programs have demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity of the diagnostic techniques used and good survival rates. The existing evidence provides a strong basis for inclusion of PID screening into general Russian neonatal screening program.

We have investigated in vivo effects of quercetin dihydrate (QD) upon course of respiratory allergy produced in experimental murine model. To provoke allergy, serum ovalbumin (OVA) was injected at different terms. Following administration of QD at the stage of OVA sensitization, the balance of T-helper cytokines was changed (IL-2 was decreased along with increased IFNγ) accompanied by decreased allergen-specific IgG1, IgE and increased IgG2a in blood serum. At the stage of boosting the respiratory allergy, intravenous administration of QD caused reduction of inflammatory lung infiltration, and composition of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was altered, i.e., IgG1 and IgE showed a decrease, along with higher IgG2a levels.

Abstract: Reply to V. I. Borysenko's comment on the article: V. I. Skalozubov, I. L. Kozlov, Yu. A. Komarov, O. A. Chulkin, O. I. Piontkovskyi, "Analysis of nuclear safety in diversification of Westinghouse fuel assemblies at WWER-1000" https://doi.org/10.15407/jnpae2020.02.210

The article presents the results of the factor analysis applied to the data of mass survey on the value orientations of the students of secular and religious universities - Moscow Orthodox Theological Academy and Seminary, Lomonosov Moscow State University and Saint Petersburg State University. First, the authors provide a brief overview of the current state of sociological studies of values and value orientations of the youth and Russians with an emphasis on cross-cultural and other comparative contexts, which are so popular today. The article also considers different emphases in the sociological interpretation of the concepts of values and value orientations on the theoretical and empirical levels including the historical perspective. Since the research project consisted of several stages so as to solve a number of tasks and used different formats of the questionnaire for different samples (administration, professors and students), the article presents only a small part of the project designed to reveal the value orientations of students of secular and religious universities with the help of S. Schwartz and B. Bilski technique. The authors used this technique to identify similarities and differences in values and motives of students of secular and religious universities; suggest four factorial types of motivation; offer an interpretation of the observed factors and their manifestations in different student subsamples, such as the different circumstances of life of students in secular and religious universities and the more “expert” status of the latter in the (Christian, Orthodox) moral discourse, unlike the majority of students of secular universities, who can hardly be considered experts in secular ethics.

The aim of study was to evaluate the efficacy of antimicrobial composition of amikacin with dioxydin and polyvinylpyrrolidone as a biodegradable prolonging agent for the post-surgery infections prophylaxis. The data obtained show the efficacy of the amikacin combination with dioxydin based on high-molecular weight polyvinylpyrrolidone and an opportunity to it's application for the post-surgery infections prophylaxis in traumatology, orthopedics and other surgery areas.

Increased incidence of allergic diseases worldwide reflects some mangles of the existing pharmacotherapy concept which ignores some etiopathogenetic aspects of clinical atopy. Meanwhile, understanding cellular and molecular mechanisms of allergy may create prerequisites for development of new therapeutic areas, in order to effectively influence pathogenesis points of allergic inflammation and, thus, leading to therapeutic success. The review article concerns an antagonism between the two populations of T-helper cells (Th1 and Th2) carried out mainly by the action of IFNγ produced by activated Th1, and IL-4 secreted by activated Th2 which is at the heart of modern concept on the regulation of adaptive immunity. The prospects of immunotherapy of allergic diseases based on the polarization of the immune response are discussed, i.e., an activation of Th1 responses and Th2 suppression. This functional polarization can be mediated by the innate immune receptor agonist, i.e., synthetic and natural minimally-sized biologically active fragments (MBAF) with pathogen-associated molecular patterns. In this respect, a very promising drug registered in Russia is based on the synthetic MBAF, glucosaminylmuramyldipeptide (GMDP), The liсopid immunomodulator. This is due to the fact that GMDP, being an active substance of Liсopid, is a highly specific ligand for the NOD2 receptor of innate immunity factors; it may cause activation of the NF-kB transcription factor, and production of multiple immunoregulatory cytokines. Clinical and immunological efficacy of Licopid application in conventional therapy of atopic allergic diseases (asthma, atopic dermatitis, atopic variant of acute obstructive bronchitis) is presented as an overview of pre-clinical and clinical trials.

Contact sensitivity reaction (CSR) to 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) in mice is a model of in vivo immune response, being an experimental analogue to contact dermatitis in humans. CSR sensitization phase begins after primary contact with antigen, lasting for 10-15 days in humans, and 5-7 days, in mice. Repeated skin exposure to the sensitizing substance leads to its recognition and triggering immune inflammatory mechanisms involving DNFB-specific effector T lymphocytes. The CSR reaches its maximum 18-48 hours after re-exposure to a hapten. There is only scarce information in the literature about effects of flavonoids on CSR, including both stimulatory and inhibitory effects. Flavonoids possessed, predominantly, suppressive effects against the CSR development. In our laboratory, a model of contact sensitivity was reproduced in CBA mice by means of cutaneous sensitization by 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene. The aim of the study was to identify the mechanisms of immunomodulatory action of quercetin dihydrate and modified bioflavonoids, using the method of adoptive transfer contact sensitivity by splenocytes and T-lymphocytes. As shown in our studies, a 30-min pre-treatment of splenocytes and T-lymphocytes from sensitized mice with modified bioflavonoids before the cell transfer caused complete prevention of contact sensitivity reaction in syngeneic recipient mice. Meanwhile, this effect was not associated with cell death induction due to apoptosis or cytotoxicity. Quercetin dihydrate caused only partially suppression the activity of adaptively formed T-lymphocytes, the contact sensitivity effectors. It was shown that the modified bioflavonoid more stronger suppress adoptive transfer of contact sensitivity in comparison with quercetin dehydrate, without inducing apoptosis of effector cells. Thus, the modified bioflavonoid is a promising compound for further studies in a model of contact sensitivity, due to its higher ability to suppress transfer of CSR with T-lymphocytes, as compared to quercetin dihydrate.

It is common knowledge that from the cellular level upwards all vital functions of the body represent a continuous chain of adaptive reactions based on the use of energy. The leading element in non-specific mechanisms of adaptation is stress reaction [1]. In the early stages of stress development, the electrical activity of limbic-reticular structures of the brain changes first, followed by the activation of somatovegetative reactions [2].

A combinatorial optimization problem is called stable if its solution is preserved under perturbation of the input parameters that do not exceed a certain threshold – the stability radius. In [1–3] exact polynomial algorithms have been built for some NP-hard problems on cuts in the assumption of the entrance stability. In this paper we show how to accelerate some algorithms for sufficiently stable polynomial problems. The approach is illustrated by the well-known problem of the minimum cut (MINCUT). We built an O(n²) exact algorithm for solving n-stable instance of the MINCUT problem. Moreover, we present a polynomial algorithm for calculating the stability radius and a simple criterion for checking n-stability of the MINCUT problem.

Contact sensitivity is a classical T cell-mediated, clinically important phenomenon elicited by small molecular weight molecules (haptens) that bind to host proteins to form a complete antigen. In our model experiments, contact sensitivity was produced in CBA mice, by means of cutaneous sensitization with 2.4-dinitrofluorobenzene. We used an adoptive transfer of contact sensitivity with different populations of splenocytes, in order to detect immunosuppressive effects of licorice (Glycyrrhizae) root flavonoids. Suppression of adoptive transfer of contact sensitivity in mice-recipients to different degree was found, when applying the flavonoids. It was revealed, that this effect depends on the type of target population interacting with flavonoids. We have also demonstrate, that licorice root flavonoids do not induce apoptosis of effector cells.

During the prolongation of the terms of the nuclear power plants operation the main issue is the substantiation of the possibility of the terms of the reactor vessel operation, which determines the economic necessity to con-tinue operating the unit as a whole. Significant effect on the residual life of the reactor pressure vessel is to com-mit thermal loads, including thermal shock in case of the accident with leaky reactor circuit. The dimensionless method is developed concerning the rating conditions of the thermal shock to reactor vessels. Moreover, the at-tention is focused not on the known correlation approaches, but on the additional criteria, related to the com-pleteness of the heat transfer and terms strength of metal under thermal loading. Proposed methods can be the basic for the rapid diagnosis of the conditions of thermal shock to reactor in the accidents with leaky reactor cir-cuit.

We investigated serum levels of alpha-2-macroglobulin (α2—MG) and some of its complexes, namely α2-MG-plasmin (α2-MG— Pl) and α2-MG—IgG at a rheumatoid arthritis (RA) 2—3 degrees of activity (65 patients), a system lupus erythematosus (SLE) of 2-3 degrees of activity (30 patients) and 55 healthy donors as a control group. It is shown, that at SLE the total level of α2-MG is invariable, and at RA — decreases significantly in comparison with the healthy. The concentration of complexes was raised at pathology, but at RA this rising was expressed much more strongly, than at SLE. At studying of correlations of levels of α2-MG, α2-MG—Pl and α2-MG— IgG among themselves and with some several cytokines and acute phase proteins, it is shown, that there is some significant difference between normal and pathological correlative relations and allows us to suspect that at SLE, the α2-MG and its complexes participate in a pathogenesis, and at RA α2-MG becomes the major immunogenesis factor and the significant reason of disease progression.

The paper reveals the procedure of calculation of velocity fields, flame temperature and changes in concentration of the components of combustion products on the basis of time and length of a turbulent flame of gas-burning devices. This method is used to justify the selection of burners for state-of-the-art furnaces of the Republican Unitary Enterprise (RUE) «Byelorussian Steel Mills».