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The importance of the process planning automation is well understood, and many CAPP systems using expert system techniques have been constructed. For this process planning automation, form features, which are technological characteristics of the shape, have the most important meanings. Most of the current CAPP systems lack the ability of manipulating this form feature, it is difficult for them to consider the effect of machining operation in process planning. To solve this problem, a form feature modeling system is developed and incorporated in our process planning system XMAPP. XMAPP represents and uses process planning methods and constraints in the form of production rules. Those rules not only refer to the form feature information, but also dynamically manipulate them as needed in the process of problem solving. By using this form feature modeling function, a blank material product model is automatically generated based on a given machine part model. A machining operation plan is also obtained by recording this modeling process properly.

This paper describes representation and manipulation of designers' intent which is effective for supporting efficient product design in CAD systems. Due to the recent demand of high-quality products, it becomes necessary to tightly integrate design and manufacturing preparation works to realize maximum performance of products under several manufacturing constraints. Design intent plays an important role to give good communication media between product designers and manufacturing engineers. In this paper, the new architecture for flexibly integrating the whole engineering activities is proposed, where the required engineering activities can be processed concurrently. All the necessary product information is represented by a product model, in which design intent is one of the most important information. Representation based on logical constraint and its solution methods are introduced for the basic tools to deal with design intent. They can be applicable to general product design, but, for demonstrating the effectiveness of the approach, a practical system is explained for geometric shape design, and some examples are shown.

Summary For the integration of design and manufacturing activities, it is important to have product models which represent all the necessary information for machine products under consideration. Several research works have been already carried out, but still it is not clear how to actually construct product models in a consistent manner. Here we propose a method combining the first order predicate logic and object-oriented approach for the model description. We deal with geometric constraints, such as dimensions, tolerances and assembly by this description method. With the aid of first order logic, we manipulate relations that appear in machine assembly in terms of geometry. And object-oriented approach helps us represent attributes of objects in an abstract way. We developed a prototype system based on this concept and some examples of assembly description, tolerance distribution and disassemblability verification are shown.

The complete amino acid sequence of boar protamine was determined. In order to specify cleaving points for enzymatic fragmentation, two S-alkyl derivatives of the protamine were used. 1. The sequences other than arginine stretches were determined by analysis of tryptic peptides from the S-carboxymethyl-protamine. The sequence of the central arginine-clustered region was determined by stepwise degradation from the C-terminus of the thermolysin core-fragment with carboxypeptidase A and B, and then with acid carboxy-peptidase. 2. S-Methylation of cysteine residues of the protamine was found to introduce a new point for thermolysin and chymotryptic cleavage. Thus, thermolysin cleavage of the chymotryptic core-fragment resulted in oligo-arginine peptides with methylcysteine at the N-terminus, by which the sequence of arginine-clusters was confirmed. 3. The complete sequence was deduced by overlap of these sequenced peptides, which is: Ala-Arg-Tyr-Arg-Cys2-Arg-Ser-His-Ser-Arg-Ser-Arg-Cys-Arg-Pro-Arg4-Cys-Arg6-Cys2-Pro-Arg5-Ala-Val-Cys2- Arg2-Tyr-Thr-Val-Ile-Arg-Cys-Arg2Cys. Boar protamine, as well as bull protamine, is composed of the less basic amino- and carboxy-terminal domains and the central arginine-clustered domain, and 80% homology was found between boar and bull protamines.

Styrene-ρ-hydroxystyrene copolymer was acylated with benzoyl chloride, o-methoxybenzoyl chloride, salicylic acid and 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid. The structures of the acylated products have been identified by means of IR and UV spectroscopies.Methylene Blue in dioxane-ethanol solution containing the above acylated products or polystyrene was exposed to a xenon-arc lamp. The photofading rate of the Methylene Blue was calculated from the changes in the visible absorption spectra. The acylated products having an aromatic ester acted as a retarder on the rate, while polystyrene showed an accelerating action. The retarding action of the acylated products might be explained by the Photo-Fries rearrangement during the photofading of Methylene Blue.

An improved method of dynamic coupling is developed for use in an interactive structural analysis system proposed by the authors. The method is used to couple the values of the lowest few modes of the dynamic characteristics of structures at a high speed. Additional techniques are proposed to confine computation to those points necessary for evaluation and to couple the values under the condition that the nodal points to be connected have different coordinates from each other. Some examples of the analyses are illustrated to show the efficiency of the proposed methods.

Sm antibodies are specific serum markers for the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and are identified by immunodiffusion (ID), counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE), and passive hemagglutination (PHA) in the clinical laboratories. These current methods have certain disadvantages of sensitivity, specificity, and complexity. In this report, Sm antigen free from other nuclear antigens was purified. Synthetic particles were coated with Sm antigen and used to test for Sm antibodies in patient's sera. The particle agglutination test was specific for only Sm antibodies among different antinuclear antisera from patients with systemic rheumatic diseases. The particle agglutination test had the same sensitivity and specificity as the enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) test for Sm and RNP antibodies. The correlation coefficient between the ELISA quantitation and the titers obtained by particle agglutination was 0.82. The particle agglutination test can be used for rapid screening and titer determination of anti-Sm antibodies.

This paper discusses the product data flow in a manufacturing system for machined parts. Through consideration of this product data flow, a form-feature modeling system is developed for the generation of a product model. The resulting product model contains descriptions of these form features and their dimensions to datum surfaces. For functional machined parts, the functional form features used by designers and the manufacturing form features used by process planners are nearly identical. Currently, machined part designers produce a representation of the information about the form features and their dimensions, which usually is not in an appropriate form for input into automated process planning systems. With the system described in this paper, both the designer and the process planning system may share the same description of form feature and dimension information. The dimensioning information is automatically converted into the appropriate form for production. Machined part features output by the system are dimensiond and described appropriately for direct use in production systems. With such an integrated system, the difficulty in converting product design to process plans is eliminated.

The photofading rate of Astrazon Orange G in a dioxane-ethanol mixture has been studied in the presence of polymers having certain ultraviolet absorption groups, o-hydroxybenzophenone (HBP) and phenyl benzoate (PB) (polymer K and polymer E respectively).Polymer K and HBP show emission maxima at 495 and 470 nm, respectively and Astrazon Orange G has λmax, at 503 nm. Therefore, it is expected that energy transfer from such ultraviolet absorbers to Astrazon Orange G may occur, and hence the absorbers act as an accelerator on the photofading rate of the dye.The effects of the absorbers, found by the rate measurements, are summarized as follows:(1) Polymer K and HBP act as retarder, while polymer E and PB act as accelerator.(2) The energy transfer from HBP group to the dye does not occur; Stern-Volmer plot (Fig. 9) shows that HBP group acts as quencher.

Summary Aiming at realizing versatile shape description and manipulation for product modeling, current problems and possible extensions are discussed about geometric modeling. A concept of variational geometry is introduced, which allows us to deal with flexible shape generation and manipulation. The concept has been implemented with the data representation embedded in logical expressions which can, at the same time, express geometric constraints corresponding to product requirements. Some of the ability of shape generation were demonstrated by several examples: cloth object creation, shape determination by geometric constraints, parametric variations of solid objects, and automatic process planning of sheet metal parts with bending.

Integrating CAD/CAM processes is essential for higher productivity and better quality of products. The basis of the integration is to construct a product modeling system where information about products and their production are represented and managed throughout design and manufacturing activities. In this paper, treatment of dimensions is discussed as one of the major problems of the product model construction, since dimensions are significant for product information description. A new dimension description framework is introduced for solid models, based on the idea that dimensions impose geometric constraints on elements of solid models. This dimension description is formalized in the form of first order logic and is utilized for parametric design of solid models. In this design process, the shapes of solid models are parametrically modified by changing dimension values. The basic algorithm of this parametric design consists of 2 major steps ; (1) modifying all surface equations of the solid according to the modified dimensions, (2) calculating new curve equations and points of the solid by intersecting those modified surfaces. Details of this algorithm and its illustrative examples are shown.

Preparation of oligomers of β-propiolactone (β-PL) and e-caprolactone (e-CL) having reactive functional groups such as hydroxyl, carboxyl and acid chloride groups have been studied. In order to clarify the pattern of bond fission of the lactones, reactions of β-PLwith ethanol, acetic acid and acetyl chloride were carried out with or without catalysts. The investigation of the reaction products revealed that β-PL cleaved exclusively at alkyl oxygen bond in the absence of catalyst and in general at acyl-oxygen bond in the presence of acid or base catalysts. In the reaction of β-PL and ethanol with sodium ethoxide as catlayst, ethyl acrylate was produced as byproduct, and when this reaction was carried out at higher temperature (50°C), polymerization of β-PL was induced even in the presence of a large excess of ethanol. The reaction of β-PL and acetic acid with sulfuric acid as catalyst afforded a small amount of acrylic acid besides the main product, β-acetoxypropionic acid. Reaction of e-CL and ethanol in the presence of acid or base catalysts gave, as a sole product, e-hydroxy ethyl hexanoate, indicating the exclusive acyl-oxygen bond fission of e-CL. This reaction, however, did not take place at all without catalyst. Based on these results, several oligomers of β-PL and e-CL having reactive functional groups such as hydroxyl, carboxyl and acid chloride groups were prepared by the reaction of β-PL or e-CL with various difunctional compounds (ethylene glycol, ethanolamine, ethylenediamine, succinic acid, succinyl chloride, terephthalic acid and terephthalyl chloride). These oligomers were characterized by end group analysis, infrared spectrum and molecular weight determination. Molecular weight of these oligomers ranged from 135 to 1800. In the reaction of β-PL and ethanolamine, the first molecule of β-PL was added to the amino group of ethanolamine, and further addition of β-PL took place not at the hydroxyl group of ethanolamine unit but at the hydroxyl group of β-PL unit formed by the addition of β-PL to the amino group of ethanolamine. Polycondensation of some oligomers having hydroxyl end groups with terephthalyl chloride was attempted in tetrachloroethane or anisole in the presence of magnesium powder at 140 to 160°C. The polymers obtained were white or light yellow and powdery or gummy materials which showed reduced viscosity of about 0.2. These polymers were confirmed by infrared spectra to have aromatic ester bond together with aliphatic ester or amide bonds in the polymer chain.

This study proposes a 3D CAD system available on smart devices, which are now a part of everyday life and which are widely applied in various domains, such as education and robot industry. If an engineer has a new idea while traveling or on the move, or in the case of collaboration between more than two engineers, this 3D CAD system allows modeling to be performed in a rapid and simple manner on a smart device. This 3D CAD system uses the common multi-touch gestures associated with smart devices to keep the modeling operations simple and easy for users. However, it is difficult to input the precise geometric information to generate 3D CAD models by such gestures. It is also impractical to provide a full set of modeling operations on a smart device due to hardware limitations. For this reason, the system excludes several complicated modeling operations. This work provides a scheme to regenerate a parametric 3D model on a PC-based CAD system via a macro-parametrics approach by transferring the 3D model created on a smart device in an editable form to a PC-based CAD system. If fine editing is needed, the user can perform additional work on a PC after reconstruction. Through the developed system, it is possible to produce a 3D editable model swiftly and simply in the smart device environment, allowing for reduced design time while also facilitating collaboration. This paper discusses the first-ever system design of a 3D CAD system on a smart device, the selection of the modeling operations, the assignment of gestures to these operations, and use of operation modes. This is followed by an introduction of the implementation methods, and finally a demonstration of case studies using a prototype system with examples.

A reaction-diffusion system of activator–inhibitor type is studied on an N-dimensional ball with the homogeneous Neumann boundary conditions. We analyze the stability property of the spherically symmetric solutions and their symmetry-breaking bifurcations into layer solutions which are not spherically symmetric.

Reaction–diffusion systems of activator–inhibitor type are studied on an N -dimensional ball with the homogeneous Neumann boundary conditions. Under the condition that the activator diffuses slowly, reacts rapidly and the inhibitor diffuses rapidly, reacts moderately, we show that the system admits a family of spherically symmetric internal transition layer equilibria. The method of proof consists of rigorous asymptotic expansions and a Lyapunov–Schmidt reduction.

A new homogeneous enzyme immunoassay for the determination of macromolecular antigens has been developed based upon competitive enzyme inhibition using hybrid antibody-containing anti-ligand and anti-enzyme inhibitory antibodies. The hybrid antibody was prepared by the reaction of anti-glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) mouse IgG maleimide with anti-human IgM goat IgG-SH. In the absence of the antigen, the hybrid antibody inhibits the enzyme activity. On the other hand, in the presence of an excess amount of antigen, the hybrid antibody binds to the antigen and is unable to bind with the enzyme. The hybrid antibody inhibited 80% of the original activity of enzyme and saturated the inhibition of G6PDH within 10 min. The enzyme activity was proportional to the concentration of human IgM. The measurable range for IgM was 78 μg/ml to 1 mg/ml. Human IgG present in the serum did not affect this method.

水酸化ナトリウムの含水アセトン溶液でケン化後蒸発法で得たポリ酢酸ビニル部分ケン化物の溶液中でβ-プロピオラクトンを重合させた。得られた重合物は室温でメタノールに可溶であり, 冷メタノールによる分別物の組成および沈殿曲線の結果からグラフト共重合が起こっていることを確かめた。低分子反応および末端基の定量結果からケン化で副生した酢酸ナトリウムが触媒として作用し, 幹ポリマーの水酸基にβ-プロピオラクトンがグラフト化していると考えられる。

A stereoselective synthesis of (E)-α-hydroxy-1,3-dienes, by thermal extrusion from adducts of 2,5-dihydrothiophene S,S-dioxide (1) with aldehydes and ketones, is presented and its extension to the synthesis of the dienone, (E)-tagetone, and of a 1,3,5-triene system, is illustrated.

The effects of two kinds of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) on energy and protein metabolism were examined in rats subjected to 15% full-thickness scald burns in the absence of septic complications. One type of TPN was enriched in branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), especially leucine (45% BCAA content), and the other was conventional TPN (21% BCAA content). Burned rats received isocaloric and isonitrogeneous TPN solutions for 48 hr after resuscitation by saline infusion for 24 hr. Liver and rectus abdominis muscle were removed from the rats at 7, 24, 48, and 72 hr. The concentrations of adenine nucleotides, RNA, protein, glucose-6-phosphate, hepatic glycogen, muscle phosphocreatine, and 3-methylhistidine were determined. Metabolic alterations occurred during the period of saline resuscitation (0-24 hr). At 48 hr the RNA and protein levels were significantly more improved in the BCAA-TPN group than in the conventional TPN group. At 72 hr, however, the results for the two groups were similar in most metabolite levels. Thus, BCAA-TPN enriched in leucine rapidly stimulated protein synthesis in the liver and muscle. This rapid effect may make it useful during the initial nutritional management of severe trauma patients.

Alkylation par des iodures d'ethyle ou de butyle: etude de l'effet du substituant en 3 sur l'orientation en 2 ou en 5 de la reaction

Limiting reduction of boar sperm nuclei revealed that disulfide cross-links of the boar protamines complexed with DNA were classifiable into five groups from the differences in their sensitivity toward the reduction. A feature of cross-linkings in boar sperm chromatin and that of bull is discussed.

Air-conditioners are going to be set up in public elementary schools. The installation rate reached 64% in Tokyo 23 wards in 2007. The increase of energy consumption is a concern as air-conditioner use spreads all over the country. In this study, the forecast of energy consumption until 2030 is illustrated. This is calculated by forecasting the number of classes in which air-conditioners have been installed and the air-conditioning load in each 47 prefectures. In addition, the energy-saving measures such as natural ventilation and Low-e glass are accounted. It is possible to reduce energy consumption to the level of 1990 by 2030, when all the measures and improvement in COP of air-conditioner are taken.

A stereoselective synthesis of (E)-α-hydroxy-1,3-dienes, by thermal extrusion from adducts of 2,5-dihydrothiophene S,S-dioxide (1) with aldehydes and ketones, is presented and its extension to the synthesis of the dienone, (E)-tagetone, and of a 1,3,5-triene system, is illustrated.

Background Cardiovascular risk stratification of asymptomatic diabetic patients is important and remains a difficult clinical problem. Our aim was to test the hypothesis that coronary flow reserve (CFR) assessed by noninvasive transthoracic Doppler echocardiography predicts prognosis in those patients. Methods From February 2002 to January 2005, we evaluated 135 consecutive asymptomatic patients (74 male; mean age, 63 ± 9 years) with type 2 diabetes without a history of coronary artery disease. Adenosine triphosphate (0.14 mg/kg/min) stress Doppler echocardiography was performed to evaluate CFR of the left anterior descending artery. Patients with a CFR

Background We hypothesized that clinical factors other than glycemic control may influence abnormal cardiac function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We aimed to investigate the independent factors for abnormal cardiac function among clinical factors in T2DM. Methods We studied 148 asymptomatic patients with T2DM without overt heart disease. Echocardiographic findings were compared between diabetic patients and 68 age-matched healthy subjects. Early (E) and late (A) diastolic mitral flow velocity and early diastolic mitral annular velocity (e’) were measured for assessing left ventricular (LV) diastolic function. We evaluated insulin resistance, non-esterified fatty acid, high-sensitive CRP, estimated glomerular filtration rate, waist/hip ratio, abdominal visceral adipose tissue (VAT), subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and other clinical characteristics in addition to glycemic control. VAT and SAT were quantified by computed tomography. Results In T2DM, E/A and e’ were significantly lower, and E/e’, left atrial volume and LV mass were significantly greater than in control subjects. In multivariate liner regression analysis, VAT was an independent determinant of left atrial volume (β =0.203, p=0.011), E/A (β =−0.208, p=0.002), e’ (β =−0.354, p Conclusion Excessive visceral fat accompanied by adipocyte dysfunction may play a greater role than glycemic control in the development of diastolic dysfunction and LV hypertrophy in T2DM.

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