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African swine fever (ASF), caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV), is a major epidemic disease endangering the swine industry. Although a number of vaccine candidates have been reported, none are commercially available yet. To explore the effect of unknown genes on the biological characteristics of ASFV and the possibility of a gene-deleted isolate as a vaccine candidate, the strain SY18ΔL7-11, with deletions of L7L–L11L genes from ASFV SY18, was constructed, and its biological properties were analyzed. The results show that deletion of genes L7L-L11L did not affect replication of the virus in vitro. Virulence of SY18△L7-11 was significantly reduced, as 11 of the 12 pigs survived for 28 days after intramuscular inoculation with a low dose (103 TCID50) or a high dose (106 TCID50) of SY18ΔL7-11. All 11 surviving pigs were completely protected against challenge with the parental ASFV SY18 on 28 days postinoculation (dpi). Transient fever and/or irregularly low levels of genomic DNA in the blood were monitored in some pigs after inoculation. No ASF clinical signs or viremia were monitored after challenge. Antibodies to ASFV were induced in all pigs from 14 to 21 days postinoculation. IFN-γ was detected in most of the inoculated pigs, which is usually inhibited in ASFV-infected pigs. Overall, the results demonstrate that SY18ΔL7-11 is a candidate for further constructing safer vaccine(s), with better joint deletions of other gene(s) related to virulence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A practical one-pot and regiospecific three-component process for the synthesis of 2,3-disubstituted indoles from 2-bromoanilides was developed via consecutive palladium-catalyzed Sonogashira coupling, amidopalladation, and reductive elimination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, stretchable electronics combined with wireless technology have been crucial for realizing efficient human-machine interaction. Here, we demonstrate highly stretchable transparent wireless electronics composed of Ag nanofibers coils and functional electronic components for power transfer and information communication. Inspired by natural systems, various patterned Ag nanofibers electrodes with a net structure are fabricated via using lithography and wet etching. The device design is optimized by analyzing the quality factor and radio frequency properties of the coil, considering the effects of strain. Particularly, the wireless transmission efficiency of a five-turn coil drops by approximately only 50% at 10 MHz with the strain of 100%. Moreover, various complex functional wireless electronics are developed using near-field communication and frequency modulation technology for applications in content recognition and long-distance transmission (>1 m), respectively. In summary, the proposed device has considerable potential for applications in artificial electronic skins, human healthcare monitoring and soft robotics. Designing efficient radio frequency antenna for wireless stretchable multifunction electronics remains a challenge. Here, the authors present epidermal radio frequency antenna based on silver nanofibers network for wireless power transfer and information identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this letter, we present a robust covalent adaptable network (CAN) that relies on dynamic, exchangeable thiourethanes. A primary aliphatic isocyanate, hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), and a primary aliphatic thiol, ethoxylated-trimethylolpropane tri(3-mercaptopropionate) (EETMP), are employed to form a network that can fully relieve an applied stress at 90 °C in under 40 min through the thiourethane bond exchange with a low loading (1 mol%) of catalyst, 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene (DBN). Based on the kinetic behavior of the dynamic chemistry, and as monitored via real-time FT-IR, synergetic dissociation and association mechanisms of the thiourethane bond exchange are proposed to explain the higher catalyst efficiency of the combined basic and nucleophilic catalyst, DBN, as compared to the strong basic catalyst, potassium tert-butoxide, and the strong nucleophilic catalyst, N-hetero carbene. Moreover, this thiourethane network exhibits excellent reprocessablity under relatively mild conditions (110 °C), which makes it a promising potential alternative to urethane materials in industry. Image 1 • Thiourehane, Reprocessable, Dynamic Network, Thermoset, Exchangeable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of the pouring rate on the carbon macrosegregation in 30Cr15Mo1N ingots has been clarified by investigating changes in the content of carbon‐containing precipitated phases, cooling rate, secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS) and the flow characteristics of molten steel. During the solidification process, the solute‐enriched liquid steel migrates toward the center of the ingot under the action of convection, resulting in an increasing segregation ratio from the edge to the center. However, the growth of equiaxed grains partially restricts the flow of solute‐enriched liquid steel, which leads to a maximum segregation ratio not at the center but at approximately a quarter radius from the center. Furthermore, due to the upward flow of molten steel in the center, positive segregation occurs at the top. An increment in the pouring rate reduces the SDAS by enhancing the cooling rate, and thus the permeability decreases. It aggravates the carbon macrosegregation horizontally. However, increasing the pouring rate decreases the carbon macrosegregation vertically. This is due to the more intense flow of molten steel and the larger liquid phase region at higher pouring rate, which reduces the solute enrichment degree and promotes compositional homogeneity above and below the ingot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2D materials and their heterostructures exhibit considerable potential in the development of avalanche photodetectors (APDs) with high gain, response, and signal‐to‐noise ratio. These materials hold promise in addressing inherent technical challenges associated with APDs, such as low light absorption coefficient, elevated noise current, and substantial power consumption due to high bias resulting in only moderate current gain. In this work, a macro‐assembled graphene nanofilm (nMAG)/epitaxial silicon (epi‐Si) vertical heterostructure photodetector with a responsivity of 0.38 A W−1 and a response time of 1.4 µs is reported. The photodetectors use high‐quality nMAG as the absorption layer and a lightly‐doped epi‐Si layer as the multiplication region under the avalanche mode to provide a high responsivity (2.51 mA W−1) and detectivity (2.67 × 109 Jones) at 1550 nm, which can achieve high‐resolution imaging. In addition, the APD displays a weak noise level and an avalanche gain of M = 1123. It can work with relatively low avalanche turn‐on voltages and achieve self‐quenching by switching from illumination to dark during avalanche multiplication, with a real‐time data transfer rate of 38 Mbps in near‐infrared light communication data links. The proposed structure enables the fabrication of high‐performance APDs in the infrared range using complementary‐metal‐oxide‐semiconductor (CMOS)‐compatible processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stretchable electronics have experienced remarkable progress, especially in sensors and wireless communication systems, attributed to their ability to conformably contact with rough or uneven surfaces. However, the development of complex, multifunctional, and high‐precision stretchable electronics faces substantial challenges, including instability at rigid‐soft interfaces and incompatibility with traditional high‐precision patterning technologies. Metallized electrospun nanofibers emerge as a promising conductive filler, offering exceptional stretchability, electrical conductivity, transparency, and compatibility with existing patterning technologies. Here, this review focuses on the fundamental properties, preparation processes, patterning technologies, and application scenarios of conductive stretchable composites based on metallized nanofibers. Initially, it introduces the fabrication processes of metallized electrospun nanofibers and their advantages over alternative materials. It then highlights recent progress in patterning technologies, including collector collection, vapor deposition with masks, and lithography, emphasizing their role in enhancing precision and integration. Furthermore, the review shows the broad applicability and potential influence of metallized electrospun nanofibers in various fields through their use in sensors, wireless systems, semiconductor devices, and intelligent healthcare solutions. Ultimately, this review seeks to spark further innovation and address the prevailing challenges in stretchable electronics, paving the way for future breakthroughs in this dynamic field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solution‐based methods for fabricating all‐inorganic perovskite film arrays often suffer from limited control over nucleation and crystallization, resulting in poor homogeneity and coverage. To improve film quality, advanced vapor deposition techniques are employed for continuous film. Here, the vapor deposition strategy to the all‐inorganic perovskite films array, enabling area‐selective deposition of perovskite through substrate modulation is expanded. It can yield a high‐quality perovskite film array with different pixel shapes, various perovskite compositions, and a high resolution of 423 dpi. The resulting photodetector arrays exhibit remarkable optoelectronic performance with an on/off ratio of 13 887 and responsivity of 47.5 A W−1. The device also displays long‐term stability in a damp condition for up to 12 h. Moreover, a pulse monitoring sensor based on the perovskite films array demonstrates stable monitoring for pulse signals after being worn for 12 h and with a low illumination of 0.055 mW cm−2, highlighting the potential application in wearable optoelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electronic skins have been developed for sensing vertical pressure and tensile strain individually. Here, a stretchable, multifunctional, and 3D electronic skin (SMTE) is fabricated to imitate the squid's natural structure to achieve strain visualization and pressure sensing at the same time. The SMTE consists of an anisotropic and elastic light shutter to tune the natural color or fluorescence, which converts the in‐plane strain to the visual changes in color and intensity. The shutter also works as an elastic dielectric layer for vertical pressure sensing based on the principle of a single‐electrode triboelectric nanogenerator. The performance of the SMTE is demonstrated by integrating it on a model hand as a tactile sensor for touch, bending, and gesture interpretation, which has potential applications in human–machine interaction, soft robots, and artificial intelligence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main challenges in stretchable electronics is to achieve high-performance stretchable semiconductors. Here, we introduce an innovative concept of nanomeshed semiconductor nanomembrane which can be regarded almost as intrinsically stretchable to conventional microelectronic layouts. By making a silicon film into homogeneous nanomeshes with spring-like nano traces, we demonstrated a high electron mobility of 50 cm2/V·s, and moderate stretchability with a one-time strain of 25% and cyclic strain of 14% after stretching for 1000 cycles, further improvable with optimized nanomesh designs. A simple analytic model covering both fractional material and trace sidewall surfaces well predicted the transport properties of the normally on silicon nanomesh transistors, enabling future design and optimizations. Besides potential applications in stretchable electronics, this semiconductor nanomesh concept provides a new platform for materials engineering and is expected to yield a new family of stretchable inorganic materials having tunable electronic and optoelectronic properties with customized nanostructures. Silicon nanomeshes for stretchable electronics: Inorganic materials such as silicon were often rigid; here a facile method has been shown to etch silicon into stretchable nanomeshes without degrading its properties. A team of scientists led by Prof Hui Fang from Northeastern University, US develops a novel silicon nanomesh concept for nanomembrane type of device possessing excellent mechanical stretchability. The silicon nanomeshes are patterned by grain boundary lithography and dry etching methods. As predicted in their simple model, the fractional silicon nanostructures on polyimide substrates show a high electron mobility of 50 cm2/V·s and can sustain 14% strain for 1000 cycles of stretching. This approach opens up the possibilities to make stretchable inorganic nanomeshes for electronic and optoelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In article number 1800276, Michela Fagiolini, Hui Fang, and co‐workers develope a transparent, flexible, penetrating microelectrode array to combine electrophysiology with optical modalities. Using advanced nanomesh technology, the array demonstrates high transparency, low impedance, high uniformity, and great mechanical robustness. Insertion and recording in a mouse visual cortex successfully validate this array in vivo, with the detection of both spontaneous and evoked single‐unit activity of neurons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurately mapping neuronal activity across brain networks is critical to understand behaviors, yet it is very challenging due to the need of tools with both high spatial and temporal resolutions. Here, penetrating arrays of flexible microelectrodes made of low‐impedance nanomeshes are presented, which are capable of recording single‐unit electrophysiological neuronal activity and at the same time, transparent, allowing to bridge electrical and optical brain mapping modalities. These 32 transparent penetrating electrodes with site area, 225 µm2, have a low impedance of ≈149 kΩ at 1 kHz, an adequate charge injection limit of ≈0.76 mC cm−2, and up to 100% yield. Mechanical bending tests reveal that the array is robust up to 1000 bending cycles, and its high transmittance of 67% at 550 nm makes it suitable for combining with various optical methods. A temporary stiffening using polyethylene glycol allows the penetrating nanomesh arrays to be inserted into the brain minimally invasively, with in vivo validation of recordings of spontaneous and evoked single‐unit activity of neurons across layers of the mouse visual cortex. Together, these results establish a novel neurotechnology—transparent, flexible, penetrating microelectrode arrays—which possesses great potential for brain research. Transparent microelectrode arrays are great candidates for combining electrophysiology with optical modalities. Here, using advanced nanomesh technology, a transparent, flexible, penetrating microelectrode array is demonstrated with high yield, low impedance, high uniformity, and great mechanical robustness. Insertion and recording in a mouse visual cortex successfully validate this array in vivo, with detection of both spontaneous and evoked single‐unit activity of neurons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Recent animal and clinical findings consistently highlight the critical role of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in chronic migraine (CM) and related emotional responses. CGRP antibodies and receptor antagonists have been approved for CM treatment. However, the underlying CGRP-related signaling pathways in the pain-related cortex remain poorly understood. Methods: The SD rats were used to establish the CM model by dural infusions of inflammatory soup. Periorbital mechanical thresholds were assessed using von-Frey filaments, and anxiety-like behaviors were observed via open field and elevated plus maze tests. Expression of c-Fos, CGRP and NMDA GluN2B receptors was detected using immunofluorescence and western blotting analyses. The excitatory synaptic transmission was detected by whole-cell patch-clamp recording. A human-used adenylate cyclase 1 (AC1) inhibitor, hNB001, was applied via insula stereotaxic and intraperitoneal injections in CM rats. Results: The insular cortex (IC) was activated in the migraine model rats. Glutamate-mediated excitatory transmission and NMDA GluN2B receptors in the IC were potentiated. CGRP levels in the IC significantly increased during nociceptive and anxiety-like activities. Locally applied hNB001 in the IC or intraperitoneally alleviated periorbital mechanical thresholds and anxiety behaviors in migraine rats. Furthermore, CGRP expression in the IC decreased after the hNB001 application. Conclusions: Our study indicated that AC1-dependent IC plasticity contributes to migraine and AC1 may be a promising target for treating migraine in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, to clarify the evolution mechanism of dendrite structure and shrinkage porosity in 30Cr15Mo1N ingots under varying pouring rates, the changes in cooling rate, temperature gradient, secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS), columnar to equiaxed transition (CET), and area of shrinkage porosity with pouring rate are investigated. The cooling rate and temperature gradient calculated by using the ProCAST software increase with the pouring rate, leading to a great solidification rate. As a result, the SDAS decreases and the position of CET moves toward the center of 30Cr15Mo1N ingot. Additionally, the area proportion of shrinkage porosity increases with the increase in pouring rate. This phenomenon can be mainly due to the less overlap between columnar dendrite and higher permeability with the larger SDAS, which are conducive to the feeding of the molten steel. In addition, the delayed formation of semi‐solidified shell at the top of the ingot at low pouring rate minimizes the impact of solid contraction on the surface sink, which results in a flatter top surface of the ingot at low pouring rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 3D numerical model is developed to study the flow characteristics of a double-spur dikes field on Yangtze River during a flood process, which was presented by the variation of the flow condition. The model is based on Navier–Stokes (NS) equations, the porous medium method (PMM) is employed to treat the solid structures including the river bed surface, the volume of fluid (VOF) method is applied to track the motion of the water surface during the flood process, and large eddy simulation (LES) is adopted to capture the turbulence transport and dissipation. Using this model, the target reach's flow field before the construction of double-spur dikes is simulated first, while the numerical results are compared to the field measurements on flow velocity and water surface level, and fairly good agreements are shown. Then, the model is applied to reproduce the hydrodynamic evolution during a flood process after double-spur dikes' constructions, while the detailed 3D flow fields are obtained under some certain states with different submergence rates of the spur dikes; finally, the potential damage positions around these spur dikes are analyzed accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wnt/β-catenin signaling is upregulated in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) compared to other breast cancer subtypes and normal tissues. Current Wnt/β-catenin inhibitors, such as niclosamide, target the pathway nonspecifically and exhibit poor pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics in vivo. Niclosamide targets other pathways, including mTOR, STAT3 and Notch. Novel benzimidazoles have been developed to inhibit Wnt/β-catenin signaling with greater specificity. The compounds SRI33576 and SRI35889 were discovered to produce more cytotoxicity in TNBC cell lines than in noncancerous cells. The agents also downregulated Wnt/β-catenin signaling mediators LRP6, cyclin D1, survivin and nuclear active β-catenin. In addition, SRI33576 did not affect mTOR, STAT3 and Notch signaling in TNBC and noncancerous cells. SRI35889 inhibited mTOR signaling less in noncancerous than in cancerous cells, while not affecting STAT3 and Notch pathways. Compounds SRI32529, SRI35357 and SRI35361 were not selectively cytotoxic against TNBC cell lines compared to MCF10A cells. While SRI32529 inhibited Wnt/β-catenin signaling, the compound also mitigated mTOR, STAT3 and Notch signaling. SRI33576 and SRI35889 were identified as cytotoxic and selective inhibitors of Wnt/β-catenin signaling with therapeutic potential to treat TNBC in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess the operational risk of multi-aircraft interactions in complex air traffic scenarios, this paper proposes the 'multi-aircraft interaction risk potential field,' inspired by the similarities between aircraft risk and potential fields. The method further establishes risk potential fields for interactions both among multiple aircraft and between aircraft, waypoints, and routes. This paper develops real-time risk assessment models for both the aircraft level (microscopic state) and the airspace sector level (mesoscopic state), based on potential risk metrics. Comparisons with the air traffic controllers' subjective risk metric (Risk_SE) and the traditional conflict-time-based metric (Risk_ATSR) in a simulated visual environment of a designated airspace sector affirm the efficacy of the model. The results show that the proposed model substantially aligns with Risk_SE, displaying heightened sensitivity in specific intervals, evidenced by the mean absolute error rates, with Error_PE at 0.073, significantly lower than Error_ATSR at 0.121. Concurrently, the sector risk metric (Risk_S) realistically shows a delayed growth in assessment compared to the microscopic-state metric. Therefore, our method offers enhanced precision in representing operational risks for aircraft and airspace sectors. It also serves as a vital reference for decision-making in intricate air traffic scenarios and supports the sophisticated refinement of trajectory-based operations (TBO). • Traditional risk indicators fail to reveal the interactions between elements. • Potential field theory introduced for air traffic risk assessment. • Aircraft interaction risk evaluated by field energy in multi-source potential fields. • Airspace sector risk evaluated via overlay and interaction of potential field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Migraine has been demonstrated to exhibit abnormal functional connectivity of large‐scale brain networks, which is closely associated with its pathophysiology and has not yet been explored by edge functional connectivity. We used an edge‐centric approach combined with motif analysis to evaluate higher‐order communication patterns of brain networks in migraine. Methods: We investigated edge‐centric metrics in 108 interictal migraine patients and 71 healthy controls. We parcellated the brain into networks using independent component analysis. We applied edge graph construction, k‐means clustering, community overlap detection, graph‐theory‐based evaluations, and clinical correlation analysis. We conducted motif analysis to explore the interactions among regions, and a classification model to test the specificity of edge‐centric results. Results: The normalized entropy of lateral thalamus was significantly increased in migraine, which was positively correlated with the baseline headache duration, and negatively correlated with headache duration reduction following preventive medications at 3‐month follow‐up. Network‐wise entropy of the sensorimotor network was significantly elevated in migraine. The community similarity between lateral thalamus and postcentral gyrus was enhanced in migraine. Migraine patients showed overrepresented L‐shape and diverse motifs, and underrepresented forked motifs with lateral thalamus serving as the reference node. Furthermore, migraine patients presented with overrepresented L‐shape triads, where the postcentral gyrus shared different edges with the lateral thalamus. The classification model showed that entropy of the lateral thalamus had the highest discriminative power, with an area under the curve of 0.86. Interpretation: Our findings indicated an abnormal higher‐order thalamo–cortical communication pattern in migraine patients. The thalamo–cortical–somatosensory disturbance of concerted working may potentially lead to aberrant information flow and deficit pain processing of migraine. ANN NEUROL 2023;94:1168–1181 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Cause for abnormal increase in the water inflow after access tunnel impoundment was explored. • The water control measurement related to access tunnel was primarily emphasized for the water inflow control. • Some novel recommendations were provided for access tunnel design and construction. Abstract Water inflow is a crucial factor in underground water-sealed storage for both safety and operation costs. Water inflow control measurements have mainly focused on the grouting of the cavern regardless of considering the influence of the access tunnel (i.e. the water flows directly through the fissures connecting the access tunnel and tanks after the access tunnel impoundment). In this study, the water control measurement related to access tunnel was investigated in certain project. First, based on monitoring data before the operational condition (including water inflow, groundwater level, and operating water level), the water inflow variation laws were explored in different construction phases. Then, the cause for abnormal increase in the water inflow after the access tunnel impoundment was explored using cross-correlation analysis and linear regression. Finally, some novel recommendations were provided for avoiding the abnormal increase in water inflow after the access tunnel impoundment: (1) zones with great fracture density or zones of water leakage should be identified through a geological survey and grouted before the access tunnel impoundment; (2) the access tunnel should avoid intersecting the advantage trend of fissures at a large angle to the greatest extent possible, and the layout of the access tunnel could be changed from the "wrap-around" to "direct-type" configuration; (3) smaller cross-section sizes and shorter lengths should be adopted for the access tunnel to retain proper functioning of the access tunnel and reduce the possibility of hydraulic connections between the access tunnel and tanks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal halide perovskite photodetector arrays have demonstrated great potential applications in the field of integrated systems, optical communications, and health monitoring. However, the fabrication of large‐scale and high‐resolution device is still challenging due to their incompatibility with the polar solvents. Here, a universal fabrication strategy that utilizes ultrathin encapsulation‐assisted photolithography and etching to create high‐resolution photodetectors array with vertical crossbar structure is reported. This approach yields a 48 × 48 photodetector array with a resolution of 317 ppi. The device shows good imaging capability with a high on/off ratio of 3.3 × 105 and long‐term working stability over 12 h. Furthermore, this strategy can be applied to five different material systems, and is fully compatible with the existing photolithography and etching techniques, which are expected to have potential applications in the other high‐density and solvent‐sensitive devices array, including perovskite‐ or organic semiconductor‐based memristor, light emitting diode displays, and transistors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HNO 3 -oxidized single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and graphene oxide (GO) were ultrasonically dispersed in water to which potassium permanganate was added, and the resulting mixtures were treated under microwave radiation at 100 °C for 1 h or hydrothermal conditions at 100 °C for 1, 5 and 10 h to prepare SWCNT–GO/MnO 2 composites as electrode materials of electrochemical capacitors. Results indicate that the composite prepared using the microwave method has a higher specific capacitance (173 F/g at 0.2 A/g), lower pseudo-charge transfer resistance (1.425 Ω ) and longer cyclic stability (3.74% capacitance loss after 1000 cycles at the scan rate of 20 mV/s) than the ones prepared using the hydrothermal method. Moreover, the microwave method has the advantages of simplicity of operation and shorter heating time. [New Carbon Materials 2015, 30(3): 214–221] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents chemical equations related to the article on spiroacetal formation through telescoped cycloaddition and carbon-hydrogen bond functionalization, by X. Han and colleagues, published in a 2014 issue of the periodical "Angewandte Chemie International Edition".

• Composite instability mode of bucket foundation breakwater under complex condition. • The field monitoring shows that side wall pressure follows bimodal distribution. • Establishment of composite limit state equation by analytic hierarchy process. • The Monte-Carlo method is used to calculate structural reliability. • The average design water-level is recommended for reliability calculation. Bucket foundation breakwater is a new type of structure suitable for deep water, strong waves, soft ground and other complex natural conditions. At present, the research on bucket foundation breakwater focuses on the failure mode and stability, and further research on the reliability is needed to promote the application of this structure. Based on the massive field monitoring data that lasted nearly seven years of bucket foundation breakwater in Xuwei Port Area of Lianyungang Port, China, the statistical analysis was carried out according to the bimodal distribution. The composite limit state equation of the structure was established by using the analytic hierarchy process. At the same time, three single failure modes of slip, settlement and overturning, as well as composite failure modes were simulated by Monte-Carlo method, and the influence of the water-level variations on structural reliability were further studied. The results showed that, with the increase of water-level, the rotation center of bucket foundation breakwater gradually moves to the harbor side. Furthermore, due to the increase of overturning moment and the decrease of structure weight, the reliability of bucket foundation breakwater decreases, but it still has a high reliability. The possibility of slip failure is greater than that of overturning failure, and the settlement failure can usually be ignored. It is recommended to use the designed average water-level, establish the composite limit state equation of the structure based on the analytic hierarchy process, and conduct the structural reliability analysis according to the composite failure mode by Monte-Carlo method to obtain reasonable and accurate results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This method can be run as a reaction sequence or as a one-pot reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Review: 94 refs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]