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Resumen Esta comunicación analiza dos iniciativas pioneras en el ámbito del urbanismo y de la vivienda en el Madrid de los años 30 surgidas del nuevo paradigma del turismo y del ocio de fin de semana. La primera corresponde a la colonia de Camorritos, localizada en un singular enclave geográfico de la sierra de Guadarrama; la segunda hace referencia a la Ciudad Fin de Semana, proyectada por el arquitecto Rafael Hidalgo de Caviedes en las inmediaciones de la Alameda de Osuna. Ambas iniciativas estaban destinadas a satisfacer los deseos de una incipiente clase media que necesitaba ocupar las horas de ocio del fin de semana como nueva conquista social surgida de los nuevos parámetros vitales de los habitantes de las grandes ciudades. Abstract This communication introduces two pioneering initiatives in the field of urban planning and housing in the Madrid of the 30s in the context of the new paradigm of tourism and leisure weekend. The first proposal is Camorritos colony, located in the Sierra of Guadarrama, the second one refers to the Ciudad Fin de Semana (Weekend Town), designed by the architect Rafael Hidalgo Caviedes near the Alameda de Osuna. Both initiatives were designed to meet the wishes of an emerging middle class that needed to occupy the leisure hours of the weekend, conceived as new social conquest of new vital parameters of the inhabitants of large cities.

Trabajo de Investigación El proyecto busco la implementación de una arquitectura para crear un ambiente Big Data en la Universidad Católica de Colombia, teniendo en cuenta aspectos importantes como el software y el hardware que se debía utilizar para realizar dicha labor, de igual manera todos los procedimientos que implicaba empezar a utilizar bases de datos no relacionales, con el propósito de diseñar estrategias y buscar patrones que permitan una buena gestión de la información. Pregrado Ingeniero de Sistemas

Tesis de Maestría

El sector avícola tiene gran relevancia para la economía del departamento de Santander, además en los últimos años su desarrollo ha sido creciente en todos los aspectos, tanto económicos como en la utilización de nuevas tecnologías que mejoren su rendimiento. Avidesa Mac Pollo S.A es una empresa santandereana perteneciente a este sector que no solo ocupa el lugar No. 1 debido a su volumen de ventas, sino que también está la vanguardia en la innovación tecnológica para mejorar su producción. Este proyecto, no solo propone obtener un nuevo modelo para encontrar la Conversión Alimenticia sino que a partir de esta se pueda lograr una optimización de uso de los datos y de igual manera esta permita aumentar la capacidad de análisis de la producción de pollo de engorde que pertenece al área de Granjas de la empresa en mención. Para analizar grandes volúmenes de datos informativos, una de las técnicas utilizadas es la minería de datos, esta técnica es eficiente y confiable; y a través de ella se puede extraer información oculta dentro en las bases de datos de las empresas y tomar decisiones que mejoren el desempeño del área correspondiente. Para desarrollar esta modelo se utilizó el método de regresión lineal multivariado que permite conocer como inciden las variables Peso Promedio, Consumo Promedio, Consumo, Kilos Sacrificio y Ganancia Día, sobre la Conversión Alimenticia. Para la obtención de este modelo se aplicó la metodología Crisp DM, que es una de las técnicas más utilizadas para trabajar en minería de datos y los pasos de esta metodología son: comprensión del negocio, comprensión de los datos, preparación de los datos, modelado, evaluación e implementación. Esto se obtuvo mediante la utilización de la Herramienta SPSS, que es un software para el procesamiento de datos utilizando minería de datos. El modelo obtenido mostro resultados muy confiables como fueron un índice de correlación de 0.994 que quiere decir que es una Correlación positiva perfecto, el coeficiente de determinación fue de 98.8% como se puede observar es muy fuerte y significativo. No presento Autocorrelacion ni Multicolinealidad. Este modelo servirá como punto de partida para el planteamiento de otros modelos relacionados con la Producción de pollo de engorde de dicha empresa del sector avícola. The poultry sector has great relevance for the economy of the department of Santander, and in recent years its development has been increasing in all aspects, both economic and in the use of new technologies that improve its performance. Avidesa Mac Pollo S.A is a Santander company belonging to this sector that not only occupies the No. 1 place due to its sales volume, but also is the vanguard in technological innovation to improve its production. This project, not only proposes to obtain a new model to find the Food Conversion but that from this one can achieve an optimization of data use and in the same way this allows to increase the capacity of analysis of the production of broiler chicken that It belongs to the Farms area of ​​the company in question. To analyze large volumes of informational data, one of the techniques used is data mining, this technique is efficient and reliable; and through it you can extract hidden information inside the companies databases and make decisions that improve the performance of the corresponding area. To develop this model, the multivariate linear regression method was used, which allows to know how the variables Average Weight, Average Consumption, Consumption, Kilos Sacrifice and Day Gain, on the Food Conversion, are affected. To obtain this model, the Crisp DM methodology was applied, which is one of the most used techniques to work in data mining and the steps of this methodology are: business understanding, data understanding, data preparation, modeling , evaluation and implementation. This was obtained through the use of the SPSS Tool, which is a software for data processing using data mining. The model obtained showed very reliable results such as a correlation index of 0.994 which means that it is a perfect positive correlation, the coefficient of determination was 98.8% as can be seen is very strong and significant. I do not present Autocorrelation or Multicollinearity. This model will serve as a starting point for the approach of other models related to the production of broiler chicken of said company of the poultry sector. Ingeniero Industrial Pregrado

Se han seleccionado los epipediones de dos suelos representativos de la zona de Tableros Costeros de Brasil, dedicados mayoritariamente al monocultivo de la caña de azúcar. Estos fueron enmendados con torta de caña de azúcar (T), de relación C/N = 19,33, en dosis de 10, 20 y 30 t ha-1, (T1, T2 y T3), respectivamente; la enmienda con vinaza de caña (V), de relación C/N = 32,17, fue de 30, 60 y 90 m³ ha-1, (V1, V2 y V3), respectivamente. Dichas enmiendas se incorporanon al suelo sin compostaje previo. Fueron incubados en condiciones controladas de temperatura y de humedad en el laboratorio según el método de Gucker durante 39 dias; los 27 primeros sin encalar y hasta el final del proceso añadiendo 2 t ha-1 de CaCO3. En ambos suelos, el tratamiento T3 no mostró diferencia con el testigo, antes y después de encalar, encontrán dose mayor actividad biológica en las enmiendas de 10 y de 20 t ha-1. Con vinaza, en ambos suelos, la dosis de 90 m³ ha-1 fue la de menor actividad biológica, también muy próxima a la del testigo. En ninguno de los casos se ha observado inhibición de la actividad biológica. Los suelos fueron caracterizados, después de incubar, con el fin de relacionar la posible influencia de estas enmiendas orgánicas en la fertilidad de los suelos.Epipedons of two representative soils from "Coastal table lands" of Northeastern Brazil cultivated with sugar cane were selected for the study. These soils were fertilized with 10 (T1), 20 (T2) and 30 (T3) t ha-1 of solid sugar cane residue (C/N=19.33) and 30 (V1), 60 (V2) and 90 (V3) m³ ha-1 of stillage (C/N=32,17). The fertilizers were incorporated without previous composting. After incorporation, samples were incubated under controlled conditions of temperature and humidity in laboratory according to Gucker's method for 39 days. The soil samples received lime treatment (2 t ha-1 CaCO3) 27 days after fertilizer application. In both soils, treatment T3 did not significantly differ from control before and after liming. Greater biological activity was observed under 10 and 20 t ha-1 of sugar cane solid residue treatment. In both soils, 90 m³ ha-1 of stillage induced minimum biological activity, very close to control response. In no case was inhibition of biological activity due to treatment observed. After incubation, some soil parameters were characterized to associate sugar cane organic fertilizers with soil fertility.

Se han seleccionado los epipediones de dos suelos representativos de la zona de Tableros Costeros de Brasil, dedicados mayoritariamente al monocultivo de la caña de azúcar. Estos fueron enmendados con torta de caña de azúcar (T), de relación C/N = 19,33, en dosis de 10, 20 y 30 t ha-1, (T1, T2 y T3), respectivamente; la enmienda con vinaza de caña (V), de relación C/N = 32,17, fue de 30, 60 y 90 m³ ha-1, (V1, V2 y V3), respectivamente. Dichas enmiendas se incorporanon al suelo sin compostaje previo. Fueron incubados en condiciones controladas de temperatura y de humedad en el laboratorio según el método de Gucker durante 39 dias; los 27 primeros sin encalar y hasta el final del proceso añadiendo 2 t ha-1 de CaCO3. En ambos suelos, el tratamiento T3 no mostró diferencia con el testigo, antes y después de encalar, encontrán dose mayor actividad biológica en las enmiendas de 10 y de 20 t ha-1. Con vinaza, en ambos suelos, la dosis de 90 m³ ha-1 fue la de menor actividad biológica, también muy próxima a la del testigo. En ninguno de los casos se ha observado inhibición de la actividad biológica. Los suelos fueron caracterizados, después de incubar, con el fin de relacionar la posible influencia de estas enmiendas orgánicas en la fertilidad de los suelos. Epipedons of two representative soils from "Coastal table lands" of Northeastern Brazil cultivated with sugar cane were selected for the study. These soils were fertilized with 10 (T1), 20 (T2) and 30 (T3) t ha-1 of solid sugar cane residue (C/N=19.33) and 30 (V1), 60 (V2) and 90 (V3) m³ ha-1 of stillage (C/N=32,17). The fertilizers were incorporated without previous composting. After incorporation, samples were incubated under controlled conditions of temperature and humidity in laboratory according to Gucker's method for 39 days. The soil samples received lime treatment (2 t ha-1 CaCO3) 27 days after fertilizer application. In both soils, treatment T3 did not significantly differ from control before and after liming. Greater biological activity was observed under 10 and 20 t ha-1 of sugar cane solid residue treatment. In both soils, 90 m³ ha-1 of stillage induced minimum biological activity, very close to control response. In no case was inhibition of biological activity due to treatment observed. After incubation, some soil parameters were characterized to associate sugar cane organic fertilizers with soil fertility.

El presente trabajo ha sido realizado en la Finca Experimental "La Poveda" en Arganda del Rey (Madrid), con las siguientes coordenadas geográficas: latitud 40º19' N; longitud 3º19' W Gr; y altitud 550 m. El objetivo principal consiste en el estudio de la variabilidad temporal de algunas propiedades químicas en un suelo sometido a distintas sucesiones de cultivo. Para el estudio de la variabilidad temporal de las características químicas el muestreo se realizó en los meses de febrero y septiembre de 1993 y febrero y septiembre de 1994. La materia orgánica del sistema Prado/Veza-Avena presenta el menor coeficiente de variación con respecto a los sistemas monocultivo de Cebada y Veza-Avena/Girasol. El menor contenido de materia orgánica a lo largo del tiempo lo presenta el sistema Cebada/Cebada. Los sistemas Prado/Veza-Avena y Veza-Avena/Girasol presentaron contenidos de materia orgánica 42,86% y 40,54% superiores al del sistema Cebada/Cebada.This study has been carried out at the Experimental Station "La Poveda" in Arganda del Rey (Madrid), with the following geographical coordinates: latitude 40º19' N; longitude 3º19' W Gr; and altitude 550 m. The main objective was to study the temporal variability of chemical properties in a soil with three cultivation systems. In order to study variation with time of chemical characteristics, samples were taken in February and September 1993 and February and September 1994. Organic matter content in the prairie/vetch-oat system had the smallest variation coefficient with respect to barley and vetch-oat/sunflower systems. Along with the time the barley/barley system presented a lower organic matter content. The crop systems pasture/vetch-oat and vetch-oat/sunflower presented an organic matter content 42.86 and 40.54% higher than that presented by barley/barley system, respectively.

To determine by the measurement of extravascular lung water (EVLW) whether the timing of positive-end expiratory pressure (PEEP) application influences the intensity of lung injury.Animal experimental study.Animal experimental laboratory.Mixed-breed pigs (n = 18), aged 4 to 5 mos, weighing 25 to 30 kg.The animals were anesthetized and tracheotomized, after which a permeability pulmonary edema was instigated by infusing oleic acid (0.1/kg) into the central vein. All animals were then randomly divided into three groups. In group 1 (n = 5), 10 cm H2O of PEEP was applied immediately after the oleic acid infusion and maintained throughout the 6 hrs of the experiment. Group 2 (n = 7) received the same level of PEEP 120 mins after the insult for 4 hrs. Group 3 (n = 6), the control group, was ventilated without PEEP for the six hrs of the experiment.At the end of the experiment, EVLW was calculated by gravimetric method. EVLW in group 1 (11.46+/-2.00 mL/kg) was significantly less than in group 2 (19.12+/-2.62 mL/kg) and group 3 (25.81+/-1.57 mL/kg), (p.0001). Oxygenation also showed important differences by the end of the experiment when the Pao2/Fio2 ratio was significantly better in group 1 (467+/-73) than in group 2 (180+/-82) and group 3 (39+/-9), (p.0001).The application of 10 cm H2O of PEEP reduces EVLW in a time-dependent manner and maximum protective effect is achieved if it is applied immediately after lung injury production.

Objetivo. La presente investigación pretende describir el cambio en los desempeños (logro y tipos de representación utilizados) de estudiantes de una escuela para población sorda de la ciudad de Cali después de recibir instrucción en el uso del algoritmo de signación, propuesto por Nunes y Moreno (1998b). Método. Para ello, se realizó un estudio con diseño descriptivo, en el que se empleó el formato de pretest y postest, así como comparación descriptiva con grupo control. Ocho estudiantes participaron para conformar dos grupos de cuatro integrantes. Como instrumento de evaluación se aplicó una batería de problemas aritméticos en formato arábigo y en lengua de señas colombiana (LSC) tanto en el pre como en el postest. La intervención consistió de cinco sesiones, donde se explicó a los estudiantes el uso del algoritmo al resolver problemas aditivos. Resultados. Se realizaron análisis de estadística descriptiva para variables categóricas, los cuales mostraron diferencias en los porcentajes de logro, formas de representación del problema y uso de estrategias en el grupo intervenido en el postest. Conclusión. Los resultados permiten concluir que una estrategia educativa pensada para la población sorda puede contribuir a mejorar los aprendizajes de conceptos matemáticos básicos. Objective. The purpose of this research was to describe the change in performance (achievement and types of representation employed) of students attending a school for deaf people in the city of Cali, after receiving instructions in the use of the assignment algorithm proposed by Nunes and Moreno (1998b). Method. For this purpose, a descriptive study was carried out, in which a pre-test and post-test formula were used, as well as a descriptive comparison with control group. Eight students took part, to form two groups of four members each. As an instrument of evaluation, a battery of arithmetical problems was applied in arabic format, and in Colombian sign language (CSL), in the pre as well as the post test. The intervention consisted of five sessions in which an explanation was given to students on the use of the algorithm for solving problems of addition. Results. A descriptive statistical analysis was carried out for categorized variables, which showed differences in percentages of achievement, ways of problem representation and the use of strategies in the post test group. Conclusion. The conclusion drawn from the results was that an educational strategy designed for deaf people could help to improve learning of basic mathematical concepts. Escopo. A presente pesquisa pretende descrever a mudança nos desempenhos (logro e tipo de representação utilizados) de estudantes de uma escola para população surda da cidade de Cali depois de receber instrução no uso do algoritmo de signação proposto por Nuñez e Moreno (1998b). Metodologia. Para isto, foi feito um estudo com desenho descritivo, no que empregou-se o formato de pretest e postest, assim como comparação descritiva com grupo de controle. Oito estudantes participaram para conformar dois grupos de quatro integrantes. Como instrumento de avaliação foi aplicado uma bateria de problemas aritméticos em formato arábigo e em língua de senhas colombianas (LSC) tanto no pre quanto no postest. A intervenção consistiu de cinco sessões onde foi explicado aos estudantes o uso do algoritmo ao resolver problemas auditivos. Resultados. Foram realizadas análises de estadística descritiva para variáveis categóricas, os quais mostraram diferenças nos porcentagem de logro, formas de representação do problema e uso de estratégias no grupo da intervenção no postest. Conclusão. Os resultados permitem concluir que uma estratégia educativa pensada para a população surda pode contribuir a melhorar as aprendizagens de conceitos matemáticos básicos.

High prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms has been observed in medical students.To identify predictors of depressive symptoms according to CES-D in students during their first year of medical education.We evaluated 517 students in their first year of medical education with the following instruments: Centers for Epidemiology Studies for Depression Scale, State-Trait anxiety inventory, and stressors list. A linear regression analysis was carried out to evaluate variables predicting high CES-D scores.We observed that anxiety and depressive symptoms were more frequent in women, as well as stressors. Predictors of depression were state of anxiety, stressors, and low socioeconomic level.It is important to implement support measures for students who live with stress factors, suffering anxiety, or with a low socioeconomic level.

El selenio (Se) es un elemento esencial debido a la gran variedad de selenoproteínas que tienen funciones de vital importancia para los seres humanos, los animales y las plantas. Al igual que otros nutrientes, la principal fuente de selenio para los seres humanos son los alimentos. Por este motivo, la utilización de alimentos ricos en selenio, especialmente en zonas con suelos pobres en este elemento, es una necesidad para la salud. Las plantas sintetizan selenoproteínas a partir del selenio que incorporan del suelo, donde se encuentra generalmente en forma inorgánica. El trigo (Triticum aestivum) y sus productos derivados son una de las fuentes de selenio más importantes. Así pues, es fundamental controlar el proceso mediante el cual se enriquecen los cultivos con selenio, especialmente los de trigo, sobre lo que versan los estudios que se presentan en esta tesis. Con el objetivo de evaluar estos procesos de biofortificación se lleva a cabo un cultivo hidropónico de trigo que se enriquece con distintas especies de selenio, concretamente, con selenito, selenato o una mezcla de ambas especies. Sobre las plantas que así se obtienen, se evalúa el efecto de la especiación del selenio suministrado al trigo (selenito, selenato o sus mezclas) a las formas que adopta el selenio en la planta así como la distribución de estas formas en la misma, para entender mejor los mecanismos de absorción y transporte del selenio y poder asesorar en la mejora de los procesos de cultivo relativos al enriquecimiento con selenio. Los principales resultados obtenidos en este estudio implican que la forma de selenio con que se enriquece el cultivo inicialmente (selenito, selenato o ambas en cultivo mixto) y la cantidad total de selenio inicial en el medio hidropónico, definen los efectos del selenio en los parámetros fisiológicos y en la acumulación de selenio, micronutrientes y macronutrientes. Otro de los estudios realizados, se ha dirigido a evaluar los posibles efectos beneficiosos de la utilización de selenio en medios de cultivo contaminados con mercurio. En este estudio, los resultados más significativos corresponden a la disminución significativa de absorción de mercurio en presencia de una concentración de selenio de 1 µM en forma de selenito, siendo esta especie potencialmente beneficiosa para las plantas de trigo. Por el contrario, el selenato da lugar a efectos fitotóxicos al incrementar notablemente la absorción de mercurio. Por otro lado, se han aplicado con éxito técnicas basadas en radiación sincrotrón para la caracterización directa de la adsorción de selenio por las plantas. Concretamente se ha aplicado la técnica XANES, para estudiar la especiación de selenio en las distintas partes del trigo enriquecido y, µ-XAS imaging, para evaluar la distribución de selenio, mercurio y otros elementos de interés nutricional de las muestras procedentes de los estudios en presencia de mercurio. Los resultados de este estudio han permitido establecer la forma de sintonizar químicamente la producción de selenoaminoácidos específicos en las plantas de trigo. Esta sintonización, objeto de una patente, nos permitiría controlar la producción de selenoproteínas en la planta de trigo lo que conllevaría superar la deficiencia de estabilidad y reproducibilidad de dichos cultivos., Selenium (Se) is an essential element due to the wide variety of selenoproteins with vital functions for humans, animals and plants. As other nutrients, the most important human source of selenium is food. For this reason, the use of foods rich in selenium, is important for health care especially in areas where soils are selenium deficient. Plants synthesize selenoproteins by the uptake of selenium from soils, where is usually found as inorganic forms. Wheat (Triticum aestivum) and its derivatives are one of the most important sources of selenium proteins. It is essential to control the process by which crops are enriched with selenium, especially concerning wheat, the cereal of concern in the present studies. In order to evaluate these processes, a biofortification hydroponic culture of wheat is performed by enrichment with inorganic species of selenium, specifically, selenite, selenate or a mixture of both species. In the related harvested plants, the effect of selenium speciation (selenite, selenate or mixtures) was evaluated by determining the selenium forms and its distribution in plants. Therefore, a better understanding of the absorption mechanisms and transport of selenium in wheat will result on most appropriate assessment concerning processes of selenium enrichment. The main results obtained in this study reveal the form of selenium present in the growth medium (either selenite, selenate or both when using mixtures) and its initial concentration to determine the selenium effects in physiological parameters and selenium, micro and macronutrients accumulation. A separate study included herein was focused to evaluate the potential benefits of selenium in mercury contaminated culture media. With reference to this study, the most highlighting results correspond to the significant decrease in mercury absorption in the presence of 1 µM selenium as selenite, being this selenium specie potentially beneficial to wheat plants. By contrast, selenate showed phytotoxic effects significantly increasing mercury absorption. On the other hand, synchrotron based techniques were successfully applied for the direct characterization of selenium absorption by plants. Specifically, XANES technique was applied to study the speciation of selenium in different parts of fortified wheat and μ-XAS imaging, to evaluate the distribution of selenium, mercury and other nutrients in samples from the experiments were mercury was present. In this way, it has been established a way to chemically tune selenoaminoacids production in wheat plants. This tuning is the subject of a patent on how to control selenoproteins production in wheat to overcome the stability deficiency and reproducibility of wheat crops.

Los ensilajes son generados por procesos fermentativos, es decirprocesos microbiológicos.El éxito de un buen ensilaje depende, principalmente, de una cantidad suficiente de bacterias ácido lácticas (BAL) (homofermentativas y heterofermentativas) y el contenido de carbohidratos hidrosolubles presente en los forrajes. La estructura de las comunidades bacterianas fue visualizada por perfiles de PCR-SSCP amplificando los genes 16S rDNA extraídos directamente de ensilajes de forrajes tropicales, y teñidos con plata, En este estudio se encontraron6 bacterias conocidas como referencia (Rhizobuim trifolii, Flavobacterium johnsoniae, Burkholderia glumae, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus plantarum y Agrobacterium tumefaciens) y 11 desconocidas. Basados en los resultados de identificación de grupo de análisis,estos perfiles mostraron una similaridad de 54.1% entre las mezclas y las edades de corte, estos perfiles revelaron 3 grupos que se encuentran influenciados por las especies: Ipomoea, Canavalia yVigna(I, II y III respectivamente) La mayor digestibilidad in vitro de los ensilajes fue para Ipomoea, teniendo en cuenta que la batata (Ipomoea batata) posee menos lignina, la mayor digestibilidad la presentó la asociación Vigna-Ipomoea, (grupo I) seguida por, Canavalia-Ipomoea, confirmando que las leguminosas poseen mayor cantidad de lignina que los forrajes. //Abstract. The silages are generated by fermentation processes, which are microbiological processes. The success of a good ensilage mainly depends on a sufficient amount of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and the content of soluble carbohydrates present in the feed; the LAB may be divided into homofermentative and heterofermentative. In this study 6 known bacteria were found (Rhizobuim trifolii, Flavobacterium johnsoniae, Burkholderia glumae, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus plantarum y Agrobacterium tumefaciens) and 11 unknown. Based on the results of clusteranalysis identification of these profiles, they showed a similarity of 54.1% between cutting ages and mixes, these profiles revealed three clusters that are influenced by the species: Ipomoea, Canavalia and Vigna (I, II and III, respectively) The higher in vitro digestibility of the silage was forIpomoea, due to the fact that the sweet potato (Ipomoea batata) has alower lignin content, the higher digestibility was presented by the Vigna-Ipomoea association (cluster I) followed by, Canavalia-Ipomoea, confirming that legumes have a higher amount of lignin than forages (Van Soest, 1964). Maestría

OBJECTIVE: To identify the genetic cause of autosomal dominant Familial Focal Epilepsy with Variable Foci (FFEVF), to investigate the prevalence of mutations in the FFEVF causative gene in familial cases of non-lesional focal epilepsy, to study the expression in the brain and the subcellular localization of the encoded protein. BACKGROUND: FFEVF is characterized by seizures arising from different cortical regions in different affected family members. Brain imaging is normal. Seizure onset varies from infancy to adult life. Affected individuals occasionally have neuropsychiatric co-morbidities. Linkage studies mapped FFEVF to chromosome 22q12, but the causative gene had so far eluded identification. DESIGN/METHODS: We applied exome sequencing to two FFEVF families previously linked to chromosome 22q12, identifying DEPDC5 as the most likely candidate gene. We sequenced DEPDC5 in six additional 22q12-linked families and scanned DEPDC5 for sequence variation in 82 unrelated probands from families with at least two individuals with non-lesional focal epilepsy. We used qRT-PCR, immunofluorescence and western blot analysis to study DEPDC5 expression and subcellular localization. RESULTS: Heterozygous mutations in DEPDC5 were identified in 7/8 FFEVF families linked to chromosome 22q12 and in 10/82 (12.2%) probands from the small families with focal epilepsy. Each DEPDC5 mutation segregated with the FFEVF phenotype in the respective family and was absent in both dbSNP135 and an in-house exome sequencing database of 710 chromosomes. Most mutations caused premature termination codons suggesting haploinsufficiency as pathogenic mechanism. DEPDC5 encodes a1604 amino acid protein of unknown function, probably implicated in modulation of intracellular signaling.Mouse Depdc5 transcripts were detected at low levels in all brain regions and throughout brain development. Immunofluorescence analyses in mouse and human brain showed specific expression in neurons and perinuclear localization. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings establish DEPDC5 mutations as the most common known cause of familial focal epilepsy and identify a novel pathogenic pathway for epilepsy.

Las cooperativas de ahorro y crédito reguladas por la Superintendencia de Bancos y Seguros de la ciudad de Ambato tienen como objetivo primordial el servir a la comunidad a través de la prestación de servicios financieros de los más altos estándares de calidad; comprometidos con el desarrollo socio económico del país. La presente investigación se realizó durante el año 2012 cuyo propósito fue investigar los índices de gestión y diseñar una propuesta de mejora en los procesos internos de la satisfacción del cliente. Al realizar el análisis mediante las encuestas se llegó a determinar y comprobar la hipótesis en la que se afirma que una deficiente prestación de servicios genera una inconformidad en la percepción de los socios y/o clientes; ya que rara vez se satisfacen las necesidades financieras debido al difícil acceso a préstamos, los costos elevados y el servicio lento a pesar del buen trato del personal de las cooperativas. A través de la propuesta de mejoramiento se diseñó un plan estratégico en donde se establecieron indicadores claves de desempeño, objetivos y metas que se emplearán para la ejecución del portafolio de proyectos que permitirá mostrar la intención y dirección estratégica utilizadas en las entidades financieras para garantizar la identificación de los aspectos críticos y mejorar los resultados obtenidos. Entre los proyectos más viables se puede mencionar el comité de mejora, servicios personalizados PYMES, normas de cordialidad y atención al cliente que serán utilizados para mejorar el rendimiento financiero que posteriormente será evaluado a través de la auditoría estratégica para la toma de futuras decisiones del nivel directivo.

This study aimed to measure the point prevalence of kidney dysfunction (KD) in the intensive care setting.A point-prevalence, single-day, prospective study was conducted. Of 919 patients present in 42 Intensive care units (ICUs) for 2 specific days (September 2009 and March 2010), 832 cases were included. Mild KD was defined as a measured creatinine clearance of 90 to 60 mL min(-1) 1.73 m(-2), and severe KD was defined as a creatinine clearance less than 60 mL min(-1) 1.73 m(-2).Prevalence of mild KD was 15.9/100 patients/d (13.5-18.5), and severe KD was 42.4/100 patients/d (39.1-45.8). We considered as having a low probability of experiencing KD those patients without chronic kidney disease, acute kidney injury network stage 0, and a serum creatinine less than 1.2 mg/dL, but among them (557 patients), 18.1% (15.2%-21.6%) had mild KD and 24.2% (20.9%-28%) had severe KD. ICU mortality was 10.6% (7.81%-14.4%) for patients without dysfunction, 16.6% (11.2%-24%) for patients with mild KD, and 29.7% (25.2%-34.7%; P.001) for patients with severe KD, with a relative risk for severe KD vs no KD of 2.54 (1.90-3.40). In 54.3% patients, at least 1 renal insult was reported. One nephrotoxic drug was administered to 34.4% and 2 or more to 14.9% patients, with a lower frequency among those with chronic kidney disease (30.6% vs 50.8%; P.05).Each day of study, more that half of the patients admitted to the ICU showed some derangement in kidney function. More than 25% of patients not fulfilling the KD criteria by serum creatinine or acute kidney injury network showed, in fact, a severe KD, and this finding was associated with higher mortality. More than 50% of the patients admitted to the ICU were subjected to at least 1 renal insult.

The most efficient approach to traumatologic disease is prevention, but physicians also must supervise care of the victims. An operational and effective trauma registry requires financial support, adequate software, a well-defined population, personnel committed to training, and a detailed process for data collection, reporting, validation and the maintenance of confidentiality. Above all, however, motivation is required. Registries can offer many benefits in relation to these highly prevalent disorders, with an impact in terms of health promotion and even advantages in the form of cost reductions, as well as relief from the suffering caused by trauma (mortality, disability)-contributing to improve the efficiency and quality of critical trauma care. The SEMICYUC has demonstrated its ability to establish and maintain records of national interest, and this should become a priority project.

La importancia de la provincia de Cádiz a lo largo de la historia puede verse reflejada en los numerosos yacimientos tanto terrestres como subacuáticos existentes en la misma. No obstante, el patrimonio arqueológico subacuático posee unas peculiaridades propias impuestas fundamentalmente por el medio en el que se encuentran. Su investigación y conservación aportan al conjunto de la sociedad importantes conocimientos sobre nuestra historia y permiten su disfrute común. Sin embargo, este importante y frágil patrimonio puede verse gravemente amenazado, no sólo por actividades ilegítimas, sino también por diversas actividades legítimas que inciden, negativamente, sobre el medio marino en general y sobre el cultural en particular. Ante ello, se considera indispensable aplicar los instrumentos legislativos existentes para la salvaguarda y adecuada gestión de este patrimonio, más aún si se tiene presente que se trata de un recurso no renovable.

In this paper we propose the creation of a novel hBCI, which combines biomechanical signals acquired by the Kinect sensor with signals from the BCI system Emotiv EPOC through the strategy of selective attention, using SSVEP signals. The combination of these signals (MoCap and EEG-BCI) is used for interaction in a rehabilitation game for patients with motor and/or cognitive impairments. The system, providing a long and fluid interaction time, enables effective data collection that is aimed to objectively describe body movements through software developed for this purpose. The interaction with the BCI system is performed by the SSVEP which allows the user to explode objects in the air, through the controlled focus in a particular visual stimulus; the EEG signals are processed in the OpenVibe software. The Interactive Room for Rehabilitation, a real space plus a digital environment in which patients with neuromotor disabilities interact through their movements and thoughts, allows specialists to perform objective assessments of motor and/or cognitive aspects. Previous results suggest that acute exercise may enhance cognitive control through the management of visual stimulus.

Idiopathic focal epilepsy (IFE) with rolandic spikes is the most common childhood epilepsy, comprising a phenotypic spectrum from rolandic epilepsy (also benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes, BECTS) to atypical benign partial epilepsy (ABPE), Landau-Kleffner syndrome (LKS) and epileptic encephalopathy with continuous spike and waves during slow-wave sleep (CSWS)(1,2). The genetic basis is largely unknown. We detected new heterozygous mutations in GRIN2A in 27 of 359 affected individuals from 2 independent cohorts with IFE (7.5%; P = 4.83 x 10(-18), Fisher's exact test). Mutations occurred significantly more frequently in the more severe phenotypes, with mutation detection rates ranging from 12/245 (4.9%) in individuals with BECTS to 9/51 (17.6%) in individuals with CSWS (P = 0.009, Cochran-Armitage test for trend). In addition, exon-disrupting microdeletions were found in 3 of 286 individuals (1.0%; P = 0.004, Fisher's exact test). These results establish alterations of the gene encoding the NMDA receptor NR2A subunit as a major genetic risk factor for IFE.

Objetivo. Analizar el tabaquismo, su impacto en mortalidad por enfermedades crónicas y su política fiscal en México. Material y métodos. Se analizaron las encuestas nacionales de salud (ENSA, ENSANUT), registros de mortalidad y encuestas económicas para el periodo 2000-2012 y se estimaron prevalencia, mortalidad y consumo. Resultados. En 2012, 9.2% de los adolescentes y 19% de los adultos son fumadores activos. Entre 2000 y 2012 la prevalencia de tabaquismo permaneció estable. Sin embargo, la cantidad de cigarros promedio consumida se redujo, al tiempo que se han implementado incrementos al impuesto especial a los productos de tabaco. Las muertes atribuibles al consumo de tabaco por cuatro enfermedades se calculó en cerca de 60 000 para 2010. Conclusiones. El tabaquismo es la principal causa de muerte prevenible. El incremento sustancial de los impuestos a los productos de tabaco puede abatir la epidemia de tabaquismo y en consecuencia la mortalidad por enfermedades crónicas en México.

Objective To estimate changes in sales of sugar sweetened beverages (SSB) and plain water after a 1 peso per liter excise SSB tax was implemented in Mexico in January 2014. Material and Methods We used sales data from the Monthly Surveys of the Manufacturing Industry from January 2007 to December 2015. We estimated Ordinary Least Squares models to assess changes in per capita sales of SSB and plain water adjusting for seasonality and the global indicator of economic activity. Results We found a decrease of 7.3% in per capita sales of SSB and an increase of 5.2% of per capita sales of plain water in 2014–2015 compared to the pre-tax period (2007–2013). Conclusions Adjusting for variables that change over time and that are associated with the demand for SSB, we found the tax was associated with a reduction in per capita sales of SSB. The effectiveness of the tax should be evaluated in the medium and long term.

El cultivo de ají cayena, Capsicum annum L es de gran importancia a nivel mundial debido a su valor y uso, alimenticio, medicinal e industrial. Este cultivo presenta una serie de enfermedades limitantes como marchitez, agente causal Fusarium sp., y Antracnosis causada por Colletotrichum sp., Por esta razón se busca el control de estas dos enfermedades; Los aceites esenciales son sustancias orgánicas que se caracterizan por presentar olor, sabor y muchas veces propiedades antifúngicas, estas sustancias son producidas por plantas aromáticas y medicinales. Estudios realizados con los aceites esenciales de Lippia origanoides sobre hongos, han mostrado halos de inhibición en placas de agar donde estos microrganismos crecen, por lo que despierta el interés en determinar qué efecto tiene el aceite en cada uno de estos hongos. El objetivo de la investigación fue Identificar la concentración apropiada del aceite; se realizaron aislamientos del banco de hongos del laboratorio de fitopatología de la universidad nacional sede Palmira. En condiciones de laboratorio se evaluaron seis concentraciones de aceite esencial de Lippia origanoides, 473.5, 236.75, 121.2, 60.6, 30.3 y 0.0 mg l-1, utilizando un diseño completamente al azar con cinco repeticiones; en condiciones de invernadero, se evaluaron dosis de 473.5, 236.75, y 0.00 mg l-1, de aceite, inoculando 120 plantas con los dos hongos fitopatógenos. Para el primer experimento, se utilizó como variable de respuesta, el crecimiento de los hongos fitopatógenos; en el caso del segundo ensayo, se midió la mortandad en términos porcentuales. Para los datos provenientes de los dos experimentos se realizó análisis de varianza, prueba múltiple de promedios de Tukey y análisis de regresión, utilizando el modelo logístico. Para el procesamiento de los datos se utilizó el paquete estadístico SAS Versión 9.3 //Abstract: The crop of Cayenne Pepper, Capsicum annum L is very important worldwide because of its value and use, as food, medical and industrial. This crop has a number of limitations such as wilt disease, causal agent Fusarium sp., And Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum sp. For this reason people is looking for the control of these diseases. Essential oils are organic substances that are characterized for having smell, taste and frequently antifungal properties, these substances are produced by aromatic plants. Studies with essential oils of Lippia origanoides on fungi have shown inhibition zones on agar plates where these microorganisms grow, therefore it arouses interest about determining what effect has each of these fungi. The objective of the research was to identify the appropriate concentration of oil. Fungal isolates were performed from the fungi Bank of Plant- Pathology Laboratory of the National University of Colombia, city of Palmira. Under laboratory conditions were evaluated six concentrations of essential oil of Lippia origanoides, 473.5, , 121.2, 60.6, 30.3 and 0.0 mg l-1, using a completely randomized design with five replications, under greenhouse conditions, doses of 473.5, 236.75, and 0.00 mg l-1, of oil were evaluated, inoculating 120 plants with the two phytopathogenic fungi. In the first experiment the growth of phytopathogenic fungi was used as the response variable; in the second experiment the mortality was measured in percentage terms. For the data from the two experiments was performed an analysis of variance, multiple test averages of Tukey and regression analysis, using the logistic model. For data processing was used the statistical package SAS. Maestría

To analyze alcohol consumption, and its impact on road traffic-related mortality and chronic diseases.Through the analysis of national health surveys, registry of traffic collisions, mortality records and economic surveys, we estimated prevalence, mortality and consumption indicators.Between 2000 and 2012, alcohol consumption in adolescents remained stable, with a significant increase among adults. Traffic collision rates related with alcohol were 0.36 and 0.58 among adolescents and adults, respectively; 8.4% of the population who suffered traffic injuries was under alcohol effects when the accident occurred. The trend in mortality from two alcohol-attributable diseases has been constant, with an average of 18 000 deaths per year.Alcohol abuse causes serious health damages. Tax raises to alcohol, along with other policies, could reduce harmful alcohol consumption and its associated mortality.

To analyze tobacco consumption in the last 12 years, its impact on chronic diseases mortality and the potential benefits of fiscal policy in Mexico.Through the analysis of national health surveys (ENSA, ENSANUT), records of mortality and economic surveys between 2000 and 2012, smoking prevalence, chronic diseases mortality and consumption were estimated.In 2012, 9.2% and 19% of Mexican youths and adults were current smokers. Between 2000 and 2012, smoking prevalence did not change. However, the average consumption among adolescents and adults declined whilst the special tobacco tax has being increased. Mortality attributable to tobacco consumption for four diseases was estimated in 60 000 in 2010.Tobacco consumption remains the leading cause of preventable death. Increasing taxes on tobacco products could deter the tobacco epidemic and consequently chronic diseases mortality in Mexico.