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It is argued that a reformulation of classical measure theory is necessary if the theory is to accurately describe measurements of physical phenomena. The postulates of a generalized measure theory are given and the fundamentals of this theory are developed, and the reader is introduced to some open questions and possible applications. Specifically, generalized measure spaces and integration theory are considered, the partial order structure is studied, and applications to hidden variables and the logic of quantum mechanics are given.

A test of the linearity of anchor effects was conducted within the quantitative formulations of Anderson and Helson. Anderson's quantitative formulation best described the results.

In this paper various algebraic properties of the indefinite Riemann integral that are appropriate for its use on the computer are examined. From this analysis it is seen that the operation of the integral on certain simply described families of functions, called invariant algebras, indicates how it must also act on more complex families of maps. Several examples of the theory are presented, illustrating among other things the relationship existing between integrals of certain types of hypergeometric functions and the integrals of the exponential and trigonometric functions.

Many theorems of integration theory are true for a wide range of definitions of integrals. One such theorem is that giving integration by parts, and we discuss it in this paper.

The appearance of major studies by Karl Deutsch and Ernst Haas in the late 1950's won for integration theory a prominent position among the contemporary approaches to the study of international relations. A decade later its achievements are very much a matter of debate. While many students of integration theory have been led, by disappointment with results, to focus their attention on smaller and more manageable units, such as local communities and city-suburb relations, others continue investigations at the international level.

In the past few years, there have been few discussions about the future of the European Union (EU) that did not involve the topic of differentiated integration (DI), the process whereby some member states integrate further, while others temporarily or permanently opt out of specific policies. Pragmatically, DI has allowed European integration to proceed by both widening and deepening. Normatively, it has allowed for diverging national capacities and preferences to be accommodated. However, the growing acceptance that the EU’s future may lie in more institutional diversity leaves unanswered the question of the conditions under which DI could be accepted as a fair scheme of cooperation. This is the question addressed by this paper. Why is this an important question? First, if DI is perceived as unfair, it will not generate the support it needs to work and, to the contrary, might further nourish hard forms of Euroscepticism. Second, if the institutional design of DI is perceived to be unfair, it will fail in its purpose of reconciling member states who want to integrate to different degrees, and at different speeds. Third, it has often been suggested that DI allows member states to leave their fundamental disagreements about the nature and the finalite of the EU unresolved by recognising that they may proceed separately, with some moving forward whilst others hold back. However, DI can in fact contribute to creating new divisions and is itself an expression of divisions. Therefore, it is important to develop a more explicit understanding of the different notions of fairness that are involved in different designs of DI. Overall, fair design in DI matters because it ensures that DI contributes to greater acceptance of the EU rather than creating additional divisions. The paper explores two main approaches of international cooperation – statism and cosmopolitanism – and relates them to fairness in institutional design in DI.

This paper is a comment (written in a self-contained way) upon A. Connes' noncommutative integration theory. A simple observation (Lemma 9) allows the direct definition of transverse measures as functionals on the general positive random functions. Connes' first definition is then recovered by considering the transverse functions as a separating subset of the positive random functions (to which they are related by explicit natural transformations).

This chapter describes some basic contributions of Geometric Calculus to the theory of integration. The directed integral enables us to formulate and prove a few comprehensive theorems from which the main results of both real and complex variable theory are easily obtained.

The opportunities for the integration of developing countries and the limitations to such integration have not received enough attention in the scientific discussion on the reform of the international economic order, with the result that a considerable research backlog has been accumulating in this field. The following article shows that the established integration theory which has been evolved primarily with the problems of the European integration movement in mind is not able to evolve adequate criteria for decisions on integrations of developing countries.

A new hypothesis about the role of focused attention is proposed. The feature-integration theory of attention suggests that attention must be directed serially to each stimulus in a display whenever conjunctions of more than one separable feature are needed to characterize or distinguish the possible objects presented. A number of predictions were tested in a variety of paradigms including visual search, texture segregation, identification and localization, and using both separable dimensions (shape and color) and local elements or parts of figures (lines, curves, etc. in letters) as the features to be integrated into complex wholes. The results were in general consistent with the hypothesis. They offer a new set of criteria for distinguishing separable from integral features and a new rationale for predicting which tasks will show attention limits and which will not.

The author bases his article on a comparison and evaluation of the contributions of conflict theoreticians and consensus theoreticians in dealing with the phenomenon of social conflict. He looks in some detail at the development of conflict theory, and analysis the views of especially Parsons in this regard. The author is of the opinion, however, that pure conflict theory in sociology, in so far as it manifests itself as an alternative orientation with regard to structural functionalism, should be rejected. He posits the view that there is nothing within the conceptual apparatus of conflict theory which clashes with integration theory, and he accepts the view of Dahrendorf who sees integration theory and conflict theory as applicable in certain situations and their particular demands. He feels that the opposition between the integration model and the conflict model is unfounded.

Summary Information integration theory was applied to study how children integrate verbal and concrete reinforcements. Five-year-old Indian boys (N = 64) received either praise or blame, and either one or five balloons for their performance on a simple motor task. They made self-judgments of happiness. The data obeyed the theoretical parallelism prediction, indicating that personal happiness follows a simple adding-type integration rule.

Emotion and affect are considered in terms of a general theory of information integration, which embodies a functional, goal-directed perspective. From this perspective, emotion and affect are considered information, with biosocial functions of guiding thought and action. The basic theme of information integration reflects the theoretical focus on studying how thought and action are constructed through joint action of multiple determinants. This integration theme makes it axiomatic that nonaffective, cognitive determinants are fundamental in emotion. This theme also leads to a distinction between unconscious and conscious emotion. Integration theory is not a promissory principle, but a working reality, for integration has been found to follow exact algebraic rules in diverse domains. This cognitive algebra provides a new approach to emotion theory. It allows fractionation of emotion into affective and nonaffective determinants. It allows measurement of both conscious and unconscious emotion on true psychological scales. And it is useful for analysis of certain problems of attention, memory, inference, and decision. Empirical applications are discussed for phobias, recognizing emotion, social affect, pain, and cerebral organization.

The many groupings of developing countries formed in the fifties and sixties with a view to establishing a customs union have failed to achieve convincing results so far. Would another integration strategy have been more successful?

Though relatively little direct attention has been given by Marxist anthropologists to a theory of individual behavior and thought in relation to societal processes, the above partial summary indicates the wealth of insight that is available for elaborating such a theory. In addition, there are of course significant developments in the field of psychology, notably the attention to activity as central to individual personality [1], the renewed concern with levels of integration theory [2], and the burgeoning interest in Vygotsky's writings on language, thought, and culture [3]. There are also the continuing attempts to locate Freud's positive contributions in a historical materialist frame [4].

Organismic theories in psychology are constructed around two core notions: that behavior is regulated in part by internal structures that are elaborated through experience; and that human beings are by nature active. There is no place where these assumptions are more critical than in the area of development, for as we will see they are essential to an understanding of the ubiquitous phenomenon of children working eagerly and continually to master their internal and external environments.

This analysis of the attitudes of British Labour Members of Parliament towards European integration focuses in particular on attitudes towards three themes: integrationist policies, the ‘national interest’ and ideological identitication. Based on the results of a survey of Labour MPs, it suggests the importance of the ideology and national interest dimensions to any explanatiori of their stance towards the operation of the European Community. The discussion also indicates the relevance of the writings of Tom Nairn and the limitations inherent in adopting a framework based on conventional integration theory. The literature on the Labour Party and the European Community has documented the notorious conflicts within the party over the approach which various protagonists wished to see it adopt.’ However, few detailed attempts have been made to test the validity of long-standing assumptions about the party’s attitudes. Even fewer attempts have been made to relate such an analysis to a wider theoretical framework, despite the rather extensive literature provided by integration theorists who, following on from the pioneering work of Ernst Haas (1958), typically assume the importance of ‘elite value complementarity’ in their discussions of the requirements for integration to take place. However, few have sought to relate their explanations to the situation where a major political party adopts an antagonistic stance. Indeed, this omission would seem to be related to their wider neglect of the impact of ideology. Haas, for example, admitted (1968, xiv) that he had assumed the ’end of ideology’: ‘Therefore the conditioning impact of nationalism was defined out of existence but not empirically examined.’ Thus his conception of the role of ideology was inherently bound up with the impact of nationalism. If a political actor objected

Much recent research in visual information processing has employed a methodology resting on the assumption that a noise mask following presentation of a target stimulus terminates processing of that target. In the absence of appropriate controls, such a methodology is viable only insofar as an erasure theory of masking is valid. However, the phenomena from which the erasure position has derived its strongest support have been subject to alternative theoretical explanations, the most general of which is that of temporal integration. The experiment reported here tested these alternatives. Twelve subjects served in a tachistoscopic study designed to determine whether the same noise field of dots could either erase a degraded target digit or facilitate target identification through temporal integration, under both forward and backward masking paradigms. This was found to be the case, and the results were interpreted as consistent with an integration theory of masking and as incompatible with an erasure conception. The results suggested that efforts to control target processing time through display of a visual noise pattern subsequent to target presentation are methodologically inadequate when devoid of some basic control operations.

Among most scholars the analysis of processes of integration has not yet reached the desired amplitude and depth that its growing importance in the International Relations system by now deserves. The same concept of integration is not yet agreed upon by everyone in the doctrine. What is more, it is not often found in major encyclopedic works; at least not in the sense in which we are interested. 1 Even in International Relations bibliography, particularly that one of “classical” inspiration, we find only rare cases in which authors deal with the concept (and its relative subjects) in an exhaustive manner. 2 If anything, the number of those belonging to the so-called “scientific” school is more abundant, and have attempted to make progress in the knowledge of integrative processes. But even from this point of view, much still remains to be done. One of the tendencies of postbehavioralism is of soliciting a type of research which would be more relevant for decision-makers. Now, the problem of integration is among the first places in the order of priorities established by the supporters of this approach. Methodology, analytic technique, and quantification still remain important. But in perspective to these is added the problem of filling the gaps between quantitative and qualitative analyses; as well as revaluating the study of history, and obtaining from it at the same time a nomotetic use that would allow one to move smoothly on a nomotetic-idiografic continuum, and to separate theory from its time conditions.

This chapter discusses the development of integration ideas in the second half of the 19th century. The efforts of mathematicians working in the field of integration theory in the period 1870–1890 were primarily directed toward a generalization of the process of integration to the case of unbounded functions; thus, the construction of the improper integral in Cauchy's sense was extended to apply to functions which are unbounded in the neighborhood of an infinite set of points and are integrable in the intervals of their boundedness. The greater generality of this definition as compared with Jordan's definition is because of the fact that the measurability of the domain of integration is not assumed.

Data on suicide by age, sex, and marital status in the U. S., 1959-61, are employed to test the theory of status integration. On the whole, the findings are consistent with the theory, but more so for males than females.Such differential results are analyzed in terms of four principles that stipulate "ideal" test conditions. These principles are not ad hoc explanations of negative findings, meaning that they can be generalized to all tests of the theory. Data are available for systematic application of three of the four principles, and that opportunity should be realized in future research.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the theoretical overview of cognitive algebra. It considers some of the interrelations between attribution theory and theory of information integration. Both integration theory and attribution theory have been much concerned with person perception, but there has been little interaction between them. One reason has been their orientation toward different aspects of the judgment process. Attribution theory has been concerned primarily with questions of valuation, and integration itself has received little attention. In contrast, the first concern of integration theory is how information is combined or integrated. Three main types of algebraic models have been used in the study of information integration: adding, averaging, and multiplying models. The chapter explores a few relevant results of these models. In certain experiments, a stimulus person is portrayed subject to two or more forces. These forces may be internal or external, and they may be parallel or opposed in direction. The judgments required of the subject typically involve the mediation of a force model imputed by the subject to account for the behavior of the stimulus person.

About forty-five years ago Professor T. H. Hildebrandt wrote a paper (Hildebrandt [l ]) on integrals related to and extensions of the Lebesgue integral. At that time the Lebesgue integral, first invented in the preceding decade, had already displaced the Riemann integral from the monarchial position that it had occupied for over a genera­ tion. However, the subject was still new enough so that it was pos­ sible for Professor Hildebrandt to give an intelligible account of each one of the generalizations or extensions of the Lebesgue integral then extant, and to finish the job within a reasonable space of time. To do this today for the whole field of integration, covering all topics ade­ quately, and still remaining within the bounds of a one hour talk, would be an impossible task. I have therefore chosen to confine my­ self to one particular line of integration theory. I shall pass by all developments of new types of integral for the sake of increasing the generality of the process of integration. Likewise, I shall pass by all research designed to increase our knowledge of already existent forms of integrals. The research that I intend to report on is extremely di­ verse in nature, but all the developments that I shall mention have one aspect in common. In each case a mathematician needed an integration process to attain some goal, found that none of the tradi­ tional types of integration did exactly what he wanted and proceeded to invent an integration method capable of producing the results that he wished. A common feature of the integrals about which I wish to speak is that they are all what might be called "second growth" integrals. Probably none of them would have been thought of at all if the man who defined it had not been thoroughly familiar with an assortment of standard integration procedures, and a number of them in fact cannot even be defined without using concepts that themselves would never have arisen if it had not been for the development of the theory of the Lebesgue integral. This means that the one-time dominance of the Riemann integral has not been replaced by a similar dominance of any other integral. Competence in this field demands familiarity with a large assortment of concepts connected with procedures that might be called integration. A compact example of the sort of theory that I am speaking of Presidential address delivered before the Annual Meeting of the Society, January

The classics of function theory (E. Borel, H. Lebesgue, R. Baire, W. H. Young, F. Hausdorff, et al.) have laid down the foundation of the classical descriptive theory of functions. Its initial notions are the notions of a descriptive space and of a measurable function on it. Measurable functions were defined in the classical preimage language. However, a specific range of tasks in theory of functions, measure theory, and integration theory emergent on this base necessitates the usage of the entirely different postclassical cover language, equivalent to the preimage language in the classical case. By means of the cover language, the general notions of a prescriptive space and distributable and uniform functions on it are introduced in this paper and their basic properties are studied.

The semantic representations used within the framework of the conceptual integration are mostly based on the objective specificities of the lexicon. From this perspective, the integration theory constitutes a return to the traditional opposition between literal and figurative sense. This article, in which we treat the issue of the polysemy and the metaphor, is aimed at setting off the descriptive limitations resulting from such presuppositions., Grea Philippe. Les limites de l'intégration conceptuelle. In: Langages, 37ᵉ année, n°150, 2003. La constitution extrinsèque du référent, sous la direction de Pierre Cadiot et Franck Lebas. pp. 61-74.

The relationship between European integration and political science has always offered a very good case study of the intersection between novel developments in the ‘real world’ and the evolution of the academic study of politics. The area of political science now usually dubbed EU studies has, of course, been driven routinely by the unfolding story of the object it seeks to analyse. Put simply, without the EU there would be no EU studies. The emergence of integration theory in the 1950s and 1960s was a bold attempt to build a general comparative framework out of the inductive study of the European experience that commenced with the inauguration of the European Coal and Steel Community in 1951. Subsequent bursts of integrative activity such as the single market project of the mid 1980s and the progress towards monetary union and significant enlargement in the 1990s have provided cues for more analysts of politics to ply their trade (at least partly) in relation to the EU. The EU’s importance as a supplier of binding decisions and as perhaps the key agent for the governance of the European economy have demanded the study of the polity/governance system through which such authoritative outputs emerge. By any reckoning, the proliferation of specialist journals and the membership levels of relevant professional associations suggests a field in robust health, even if some sceptics openly question the overall quality or ‘scientific value’ of the aggregated output of EU studies.

Plude and Doussard-Roosevelt (1989) reported age-related search slope differences in a conjunction search task but not in a feature search task. According to Feature Integration Theory (Treisman & Gelade, 1980), older adults may suffer an impairment in the feature integration mechanism required for conjunction searches. We extend this work by examining age-related differences a series of feature, conjunction, and triple conjunction search tasks. The results of the feature and conjunction search tasks support the previous findings. However, the results of the triple conjunction search task suggest that the conjunction search impairment is not universal. As the triple conjunction search results are difficult to accommodate within Feature Integration Theory, the results are discussed within the framework of the Guided Search model of visual selective attention.

In institutional terms, the European Union (EU) is considerably 'thicker' than it was thirty years ago, with many new layers of decision-making procedure and myriad new actors, including almost twice as many member states. Conventional wisdom suggests that policy systems, in which policy development depends upon securing agreement among a concurrent majority of actors, are generally slow and collectively sub-optimal. However, a longitudinal analysis of the time taken to adopt environmental proposals in the period 1967-97 reveals that the policy process has become slightly faster not slower. This is despite an enormous growth in the scope and ambitiousness of the environmental acquis and a significant increase in the number of actors involved. The obvious conclusion is that actors have become steadily more effective at achieving consensus. These empirical findings are analysed against a number of predictions derived from macro- and middle-range theories of the EU.

Theories presumed to be irrelevant in the day-to-day practice of politics may in fact possess significant practical implications. A case in point is the contribution made by neo-functionalist integration theory to the initial structuring of the European Community (EEC). While neo-functionalism was itself an outgrowth of the prevailing political wisdom of the 1950s, its major tenets formed the theoretical foundation for the Treaty of Rome which established the EEC. Thus, a reexamination of certain crucial aspects of this theory can be instructive in evaluating the Community's current efforts to achieve the political integration of western Europe. Specifically, it can be applied to a study of the structure and powers of the European parliament and the political alignments within the parliament. The discussion which follows proposes to do this through an examination of the two European political groups, Socialists and Communists, which comprise the broad left. The essay will move through several levels of analysis to reach two conclusions: (1) The transnational coalitions of the left in the European parliament-Socialists and Communists-are ideologically illogical for that forum. (2) The composition of these two transnational groups is dictated by forces outside of the European parliament because of the absence of countervailing forces within the parliament. In order to establish these points we begin with an examination of the Strasbourg parliament's role in the Community and the relationship between that role and neo-functionalist theory. We then move to a description of the Communist and Socialist groups in the parliament, demonstrating the fundamental political differences which exist within each of them. Last, we turn to the proposition that a realignment of the left would result in clearer articulation of their political concerns, and we hypothesize about the fact that this realignment is not occurring. Ernst Haas postulated that the object of political integration is the transfer of the "loyalties, expectations, and political activities" of political actors "toward a new centre, whose institutions possess or demand jurisdiction over the pre-existing national state."' This goal was claimed by the founders of the European Community as their own. This investigation poses a broad question about whether the "Community method" is practically the most appropriate means to fulfill this objective, and it uses the particular difficulties encountered by the left within the parliament to demonstrate possible flaws in the Community's political structure.

Discussion of two major concerns in international relations, the actors that serve as the elements of global politics and the appropriate base for international systems, leads to a new synthesis of the systems framework. An examination of those assumptions which are most useful for the analysis of global politics suggests a model of “multiple issue-based systems.” This model transcends the traditional emphasis on security issues as all-important and escapes restrictions imposed by a too rigid adherence to system / environment distinctions and levels of analysis. The multiple system model offered is based upon the variety of actors and issues in world politics. Implications of the interdependencies and linkages among actors, issues, and systems themselves are explored. Operational procedures are suggested which can be employed to identify and analyze issue-systems. This approach allows for the synthesis within a comprehensive framework of recent innovative treatments of international relations including bureaucratic politics, integration theory, issue analysis, linkage politics, and transnationalism.