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Much research has documented the contagiousness of violence. Some of this work has focused on contagiousness as operationalized by the spread across geographical space, while other work has examined the spread within social networks. While the latter body of work struggles with incomplete network data, the former constitutes a theoretical mismatch with how violence should spread. Theory instead strongly suggests that violence contagion should diffuse through everyday mobility networks rather than just adjacently through geographical space. Beyond contagion itself, I argue that neighborhoods connected through mobility networks should serve as useful short-term sensors in predicting imminent violence because these sets of residents tend to experience shared environmental exposures, which may induce synchrony in the likelihood of violence. I explore this topic and these relationships using violent crime data from the three largest U.S. cities: New York City, Los Angeles, and Chicago. Using two-way fixed effects models, I test whether or not violence in mobility-connected alter neighborhoods in the preceding hour predicts violence in an ego neighborhood in the next hour. Across all three jurisdictions, I find that recent violence in the neighborhoods to which a neighborhood is connected through mobility ties can strongly predict that neighborhood’s odds of subsequent violence. Furthermore, spatial proximity has no significant effect on the likelihood of violent crime after controlling for mobility ties. I conclude by arguing that mobility patterns are an important pathway in the prediction of violence.

Understanding the spatial context of animal movements is fundamental for the establishment and management of protected areas. We tracked, by telemetry devices, 31 captive-reared and 5 wild-rehabilitated Harpia harpyja and estimated the dispersal and space use after release in Mesoamerica. We evaluated the effectiveness of protected areas in the protection of home ranges and examined how individual traits, release methods and landscape features influenced the dispersal and home range using mixed-effects models. The mean post-release dispersal was 29.4 km (95% CI: 22.5–38.5), and the annual home ranges averaged 1039.5 km2 (95% CI: 627–1941). The home ranges were influenced by the release method, patch richness, patch and edge density and contagion. The currently protected areas in Mesoamerica may not be effective conservation units for this species. The Harpy Eagle average home range greatly exceeded the average size of 1115 terrestrial protected areas (52.7 ± 6.1 km2) in Mesoamerica. Due to their wide use of space, including transboundary space, Harpy Eagle conservation efforts may fail if they are not carefully coordinated between the countries involved. Future restoration efforts of umbrella forest-dwelling raptors should select release sites with highly aggregated and poorly interspersed forests. The release sites should have a buffer of approximately 30 km and should be located completely within protected areas.

Despite the popularity and high quality of machine-made products, handmade products have not disappeared, even in product categories in which machinal production is common. The authors present the first systematic set of studies exploring whether and how stated production mode (handmade vs. machine-made) affects product attractiveness. Four studies provide evidence for the existence of a positive handmade effect on product attractiveness. This effect is, to an important extent, driven by perceptions that handmade products symbolically "contain love." The authors validate this love account by controlling for alternative value drivers of handmade production (effort, product quality, uniqueness, authenticity, and pride). The handmade effect is moderated by two factors that affect the value of love. Specifically, consumers indicate stronger purchase intentions for handmade than machine-made products when buying gifts for their loved ones but not for more distant gift recipients, and they pay more for handmade gifts when purchased to convey love than simply to acquire the best-performing product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The outbreak of the Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has a major impact on health care professionals, especially the dental care professionals, who are operating in close contact with their patients. Aim: To assess the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on dental practitioners in Saudi Arabia in terms of mental status, dental practice changes and financial status. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted among dental practitioners working in governmental and private sectors in Saudi Arabia from June to August 2020. The data was collected using a self-admistered questionnaire which included demographic data, the participants’ mental status with a focus on fear and anxiety, changes that occurred on the dental practice due to the pandemic in addition to its impact on the financial status and income. The data was entered and analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.0. Descriptive statistics was calculated and Chi-square analysis was done. Results: A total of 156 subjects (95 (60.9%) male and 61 (39.1%) were female) participated in this study. Most of the respondents 122 (78.2%) were concerned about transmitting the infection to people around them, 149 (95.5%) planned to implement face shields in their practice among other practice changes, 104 (66.7%) expressed concern regarding the impact of the pandemic on their future income. Majority of consultants consider that COVID-19 pandemic “negatively affected” their income which was statistically significant (p=0.028). Similarly, majority of participants private sector also considered that COVID-19 pandemic “negatively affected/positively affected” their income which was statistically significant (p=0.001). Conclusion: During the COVID-19 pandemic, dental practitioners are more affected than other health providers. This is evident by the fear and anxiety, which they are going through and the negative impact of the pandemic, which included drop in their income and limited clinical practice hours due to the deferral of elective treatment.

This study empirically analysed the contagion of health using data from China Family Panel Studies. We first controlled variables related to health behaviour, medical conditions, individual characteristics, household characteristics, group characteristics, and prefecture/county characteristics and then employed multiple methods for estimation. The estimates showed that the average health level of others in the community had a significant positive effect on individual self-rated health—health was contagious. The measurement results remained robust after the endogeneity of the core explanatory variables was controlled using two-stage least squares. Furthermore, by analysing the heterogeneity of health contagion, we found that the contagion effect of health varied with the level of medical care, household affiliation, gender, rural/urban areas, and age groups. The contagion effect of health was more pronounced in the elderly population and the rural areas of the central region, where the level of medical care is relatively low, whereas it did not differ significantly between genders. Finally, the learning or imitation mechanism and social interaction mechanism of health contagion were examined.

A close link has been established between self-harm and suicide risk in adolescents, and increasing attention is given to social media as possibly involved in this relationship. It is important to identify indicators of suicidality (i.e., suicide ideation or attempt) including aspects related to contagion in online and offline social networks and explore the role of social media in the relationship between social circumstances and suicidality in young adolescents with self-harm. This study explored characteristics of Korean adolescents with a recent history of self-harm and identified how behavioral and social features explain lifetime suicidality with emphasis on the impact of social media. Data came from a nationwide online survey among sixth- to ninth-graders with self-harm during the past 12 months (n = 906). We used χ2 tests of independence to explore potential concomitants of lifetime suicidality and employed a multivariate logistic regression model to examine the relationship between the explanatory variables and suicidality. Sensitivity analyses were performed with lifetime suicide attempt in place of lifetime suicidality. 33.9% (n = 306) and 71.2% (n = 642) reported to have started self-harm by the time they were fourth- and six-graders, respectively; 44.3% (n = 400) reported that they have friends who self-harm. Having endorsed moderate/severe forms and multiple forms of self-harm (OR 5.36, p < 0.001; OR 3.13, p < 0.001), having engaged in self-harm for two years or more (OR 2.42, p = 0.001), having friends who self-harm (OR 1.92, p = 0.013), and having been bullied at school were associated with an increased odds of lifetime suicidality (OR 2.08, p = 0.004). Notably, having posted content about one’s self-harm on social media during the past 12 months was associated with an increased odds of lifetime suicidality (OR 3.15, p < 0.001), whereas having seen related content in the same period was not. Sensitivity analyses yielded similar results with lifetime suicide attempt, supporting our findings from the logistic regression. The current study suggests that self-harm may be prevalent from early adolescence in South Korea with assortative gathering. The relationship of vulnerable adolescents’ social circumstances to suicide risk may be compounded by the role of social media. As the role of social media can be linked to both risk (i.e., contagion) and benefit (i.e., social connection and support), pre-existing vulnerabilities alongside SH and what online communication centers on should be a focus of clinical attention.

The lyric "Coronation" of Michel Deguy and its translation by Fabio Scotto

One of the observable consequences of the social and cultural change among the Huaorani (an Amerindian people from the Ecuadorian Amazon contacted in the late 1950s), has been the suicide, which since the beginning of the 21st century has been increasing alarmingly. This article focuses the attention on the case of Epaa, a 28-year-old woman, who unexpectedly and for no apparent reason took her own life away, leaving behind many unknowns. The ethnographic fieldwork on which this research is based lasted two months. Based on the data produced, this paper offers a brief approach to Huaorani suicide in the Toñampari area, to, after that, describe its two central objectives: 1) portray in detail the suicide of Epaa with the versions of the triggering motives; and 2) reflect, from a cultural point of view, on the deep factors that help to understand the protagonist's behavior. The conclusions highlight the practical sense of shamanism as an explanation and the possible influence of words, as an element of contagion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has a major impact on health care professionals, especially the dental care professionals, who are operating in close contact with their patients. Aim: To assess the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on dental practitioners in Saudi Arabia in terms of mental status, dental practice changes and financial status. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted among dental practitioners working in governmental and private sectors in Saudi Arabia from June to August 2020. The data was collected using a self-admistered questionnaire which included demographic data, the participants' mental status with a focus on fear and anxiety, changes that occurred on the dental practice due to the pandemic in addition to its impact on the financial status and income. The data was entered and analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.0. Descriptive statistics was calculated and Chi-square analysis was done. Results: A total of 156 subjects (95 (60.9%) male and 61 (39.1%) were female) participated in this study. Most of the respondents 122 (78.2%) were concerned about transmitting the infection to people around them, 149 (95.5%) planned to implement face shields in their practice among other practice changes, 104(66.7%) expressed concern regarding the impact of the pandemic on their future income. Majority of consultants consider that COVID-19 pandemic "negatively affected" their income which was statistically significant (p=0.028). Similarly, majority of participants private sector also considered that COVID-19 pandemic "negatively affected/positively affected" their income which was statistically significant (p=0.001). Conclusion: During the COVID-19 pandemic, dental practitioners are more affected than other health providers. This is evident by the fear and anxiety, which they are going through and the negative impact of the pandemic, which included drop in their income and limited clinical practice hours due to the deferral of elective treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers the American public library practice of quarantining books during times of contagion, specifically during the Great Book Scare in the late 19th century and most recently during the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020/21. The article argues that scientific evidence does not support the excessively long period of Covid-19 quarantine implemented for library books from 2020 to 2021. Instead, this cautious approach is simply a performance in response to the public's fears, which are threefold. The first is the obvious fear of the unknown as a new disease spreads. The second is the less recognized fear of intimate reading practices and unhygienic behaviors. And finally, the third fear is a philosophical fear of an intrusion by a stranger thus forcing us to contend with our own body's inability to keep us safe from death. Book quarantines benefit the public by functioning as a metaphor for our need to contain and protect control over our own death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We revisit the theory of financial crises using a predator-prey metaphor, highlighting the relationship between greed, risk aversion and debt accumulation and aggregating concepts from economics, finance and psychology. We argue that regulations that are implemented inefficiently, with weak enforcement or at the wrong time can have deleterious effects on the market, worsening the ailment they initially intended to correct and leaving a spray of prey in their wake. To illustrate our hypothesis, we examine the role of regulations in the years leading up to and during the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) in the United States, when the Federal Reserve tried to restrain the over-heated housing market propelled by the predatory mortgage frenzy and the increased use of securitization in risk-hiding financial tools such as Collateralized Debt Obligations (CDOs). Our results indicate that deleterious government interventions may act as a chemotherapy of sorts, causing harm followed by a slow recovery. This understanding can help governments draft better regulations to lower market frictions and better protect investors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic had an enormous social and economic impact on societies in 2020. The epidemiological situation is evolving on a daily basis, and the methodology of how to evaluate the impact of the pandemic and the severity of its consequences is lacking. The only available high-frequency data now are the number of people who have contracted the illness, and the restrictive measures that authorities have implemented to contain the outbreak. The most important question now is whether authorities can prevent subsequent waves. The contribution of the paper is a dynamic model of COVID-19 outbreaks, on the basis of which we investigated the possible impact of the socio-economic behavior and restrictions on its waves. To build the model, a large database for different countries with a wide range of economic and social institutions was collected. We give a detailed description of the model and a comparison of the results with trajectories of the outbreaks in the countries under consideration. The proposed model describes the empirical results and can be used for timely and contemporary predictions of the stages of pandemics. Despite this, the model needs future development and verification because the pandemic is not over, and the accumulation of empirical information continues. Yet the model might also be useful as a basis for researching the impacts of other socio-economic and medical actions for containing pandemics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the intraday spillovers of the 2010 U.S. Flash Crash to international equity markets. We document a substantial and almost immediate echo of the crash in Latin America. Using data for 148 firms trading in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, or Mexico, we estimate price declines of up to 10% within minutes after the U.S. crash. Estimates for two different factor models indicate that this echo followed from normal interdependence rather than financial contagion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of RumeliDE Journal of Language & Literature Research / RumeliDE Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of RumeliDE Uluslararasi Hakemli Dil & Edebiyat Arastirmalari Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We investigate the intra‐industry spill‐over effect of defaults in the Chinese bond market by using a sample of public corporate debt securities for the period 2014–2018. We find that both industry portfolios and individual firms witness a strong contagion effect, which further spreads to the primary bond market, triggering a surge in the debt financing cost for default industries. Moreover, this contagion effect is stronger for low‐competition industries and regulated industries, as well as when a default happens to state‐owned enterprises. Better information access and higher bond liquidity alleviate the contagion effect, lending support to the information updates and liquidity dry‐up hypotheses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pandemic spread caused by the Covid 19 virus and the consequent risk of contagion has recently forced most national governments to adopt drastic measures of social control and containment, such as social distancing, which has led to a signifi cant change in the lives and habits of citizens, which in turn pushed people to adapt to a changed external circumstance. This adaptation, which translates sociologically and substantially into a request for compliance with the prescriptions, had in many cases captured oppositional reactions through individual and group deviant behaviors, which, in addition to breaking the rules of a community, have contributed to the violation of that general principle of "mutual altruism" that should characterize modern societies and increase the viral contagion. The conducted research has explored the risks of contagion from Covid 19 regarding compliant or deviant conducts of behavior with reference to the lockdown requirements in the fi rst half of 2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I propose a tractable model of sovereign default and the inter-state spillovers emanating from default. A coalition of nations may choose to insure against default, and the behavior of the coalition is used to examine the magnitude of the international spillovers. A voting structure for the coalition is proposed to examine idiosyncratic spillovers. The model is calibrated to the recent Greek Debt crisis to understand the spillovers from a default, and the moral hazard effect of the Troika. I find that spillover effects are large. If the rest of the world defaulted, this would create a loss equivalent to a permanent 9% decrease in government spending. Counterfactual experiments reveal that default would be prevalent without the IMF, suggesting that the own-penalty to defaulting has decreased since the IMF's creation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides results on the volatility spread for Borsa İstanbul and Turkey. Volatility contains unpredictability, uncertainty, and also risk. Volatility in finance generally refers to the rate of a financial variable such as stock price moving up or down over time. Volatility spreading is a shock in a financial market that increases volatility in other markets or is the risk spread between different financial markets. This study aims to analyze volatility spreads from developed and emerging markets to Borsa İstanbul within the scope of EGARCH models, which take into account the asymmetric effects using daily stock returns for the period of January 2008 - April 2020. The asymmetric effect parameter (Θ) appears to be negative and significantly significant at 1%. This indicates that the asymmetric effect, ie the leverage effect, is valid for Borsa İstanbul. Volatility spreads from Dow Jones Stock Exchange to Istanbul Stock Exchange. In addition, the USD / TRL exchange rate and TLLIBOR variables have an impact on the volatility of Borsa Istanbul. These results clearly reveal the effect of volatility on investor behavior and decision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar Bones encompasses several interlinked crises. Mike McCormack's 2016 Goldsmith Prize-winning novel speaks to the 2008 financial crash, the environmental and health crisis that was the 2007 cryptosporidium outbreak, political crises such as the Eighth Amendment and Citizenship Referendum, as well as various personal crises which link the local and national body politic. Throughout, McCormack is concerned with the engineering and collapse of societal foundations, but also in the ways in which crisis is experienced and embodied. Within the corrupt political system of the novel, the common good – supposedly ensured by failing, patriarchal institutions – is outsourced to women. This is true of a number of contemporary Irish social ruptures, such as the 2004 Citizenship Referendum and the Eighth Amendment which are explored in relation to Solar Bones's exploration of female embodiment. Crisis in the novel is a gendered, embodied experience, represented both by Mairead's severe illness and Agnes's art. Although Mairead recovers, her body remains a site of (male) political failures. Similarly, Agnes fails to evade woman's role as symbol of nation/community and merely embodies the political machinations outside of her control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A total of 1.1 million bitcoins were stolen in the 2013–2017 period. Noting that the average price for a Bitcoin in 2018 was $7572 the corresponding monetary equivalent of losses is $8.9 billion highlighting the societal impact of this criminal activity. Investigating the response of the uncertainty of Bitcoin returns when hacking incidents occur, the results of this study point toward two different responses. After experiencing a contemporaneous effect at day t = 0 , the volatility increases significantly again at day t + 5. Hacking incidents that occur in the Bitcoin market also affect the uncertainty in the Ethereum market with a time delay of five days. Notably, neither Bitcoin nor Ethereum appear to exhibit asymmetric responses to negative innovations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the financial crisis of 2008–2010, governments have had varying success in containing the fiscal costs of stabilizing their financial sectors. This article challenges the existing literature that attributes these differences purely to national factors and contends that the international dimension affects a government's capacity to share the costs across borders. Specifically, if a country shares a leveraged creditor with other countries, concerns about regional contagion will drive decisions by outside actors to participate in or prevent external burden sharing. A comparison of the role of the Swedish government during the financial crisis in Latvia and the ECB's influence on Ireland shows that these decisions can both facilitate or prevent international burden-sharing. While Latvia benefited both from maintained exposure by Swedish banks and an internationally coordinated response to its crisis, the Irish government accumulated losses because foreign banks reduced their exposure and the European Central Bank vetoed "bailing in" bondholders of bankrupt banks. Future research on financial stabilization should therefore more explicitly consider possible contagion effects from bailing in foreign creditors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Can smart containment policies crowd out private efforts at social distancing? We analyse this question from the perspective of network formation theory. We focus in particular on the role of externalities in social distancing choices. We also look at how these choices are affected by factors such as the agents' risk perception, the speed of the policy intervention, the structure of the underlying network and the presence of strategic complementarities. We argue that crowding out is a problem when the probability that an outbreak may spread undetected is relatively high (either because testing is too infrequent or because tests are highly inaccurate). This is also the case where the choice of relaxing social distancing generates the largest negative externalities. Simulations on a real-world network suggest that crowding out is more likely to occur when, in the absence of interventions, face-to-face contacts are perceived to carry relatively high risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Financial contagion is often defined as the propagation of shocks among actors in markets, while excessive correlation and interconnectivity of markets, actors or investment strategies are seen as reasons for its spread. In this article, I examine uses of the concept of contagion across academic, practical and popular discourses on financial markets and speculation from the late nineteenth century through the first couple of decades of the twentieth: During this historical period the concept was frequently used about forms of allegedly irrational behaviour in financial markets. I argue that 'contagion' is used descriptively to capture behaviour and events that escape rational economic explanation and, more importantly, highlights problems of proximity and connectivity in financial markets. While the proximity and connectivity of actors enables market efficiency, they simultaneously increase the risk of contagion. In the latter part of the article, I use a contemporary example of liquidity contagion in model-driven financial investing – the so-called Quant Meltdown of August 2007 – to emphasise that problems of proximity and connectivity, described as instances of contagion, remain pertinent challenges for market actors to deal with. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A close link has been established between self-harm and suicide risk in adolescents, and increasing attention is given to social media as possibly involved in this relationship. It is important to identify indicators of suicidality (i.e., suicide ideation or attempt) including aspects related to contagion in online and offline social networks and explore the role of social media in the relationship between social circumstances and suicidality in young adolescents with self-harm. This study explored characteristics of Korean adolescents with a recent history of self-harm and identified how behavioral and social features explain lifetime suicidality with emphasis on the impact of social media. Data came from a nationwide online survey among sixth- to ninth-graders with self-harm during the past 12 months (n = 906). We used χ2 tests of independence to explore potential concomitants of lifetime suicidality and employed a multivariate logistic regression model to examine the relationship between the explanatory variables and suicidality. Sensitivity analyses were performed with lifetime suicide attempt in place of lifetime suicidality. 33.9% (n = 306) and 71.2% (n = 642) reported to have started self-harm by the time they were fourth- and six-graders, respectively; 44.3% (n = 400) reported that they have friends who self-harm. Having endorsed moderate/severe forms and multiple forms of self-harm (OR 5.36, p < 0.001; OR 3.13, p < 0.001), having engaged in self-harm for two years or more (OR 2.42, p = 0.001), having friends who self-harm (OR 1.92, p = 0.013), and having been bullied at school were associated with an increased odds of lifetime suicidality (OR 2.08, p = 0.004). Notably, having posted content about one's self-harm on social media during the past 12 months was associated with an increased odds of lifetime suicidality (OR 3.15, p < 0.001), whereas having seen related content in the same period was not. Sensitivity analyses yielded similar results with lifetime suicide attempt, supporting our findings from the logistic regression. The current study suggests that self-harm may be prevalent from early adolescence in South Korea with assortative gathering. The relationship of vulnerable adolescents' social circumstances to suicide risk may be compounded by the role of social media. As the role of social media can be linked to both risk (i.e., contagion) and benefit (i.e., social connection and support), pre-existing vulnerabilities alongside SH and what online communication centers on should be a focus of clinical attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Venezuela reports the first case of the Covid-19 virus on March 13, 2020. From that moment on, the State has applied the strategy of restricting the mobility of the population to mitigate the effect of the spread of COVID-19 by contagion between the people. Such measures imply that the production and service provision sectors are affected. In this work a study is carried out of the dynamics of the number of affected, the period in which the volume of contaminated could yield, the scenarios that are visualized of the number of COVID-19 patients and their possible economic impacts for the year 2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first session of a therapeutic group brings with it a great deal of anguish, which rests its foundation on the fear of unknown and contagion, of the diffusion of the self within an environment that is felt as unknown but as dangerous. On the other hand, the first long pause of group work, that of the summer holidays, brings with it the anguish of separation, which manifests itself in the last sessions and in the first ones upon returning from the summer as a threat to the group container. In fact, the summer break tests the relationship between container and contained, explaining the critical issues but also defining its structure and transformative possibilities. This work, which discusses a group held for more than two years in a Mental Health Service and made up of eight members, mostly women, psychiatric patients in their first psychotherapy experience, contains some notes on the first group session and on that of the return from the first summer break, thus trying to compare these two fundamental group anguishes. The group, held some years ago, is in fact at first put to the test by the terror of the concrete entry of "madness" within itself and then, in an attempt to cure both existential loneliness and the anguish of abandonment, by friendly dynamics among members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the case of COVID-19 deaths and grief in Iran in order to shed light on how the biological, social and political 'risks of contagion' combine to impact mourning and grief. As a contagious biological agent, the novel coronavirus causes people to suffer, die and grieve alone. But this loneliness is deepened due to social stigma and political abandonment. Conceptually guided by Mary Douglas's work on the socio-cultural and political constructions of 'contagion', Judith Butler's notion of 'ungrievable lives' and Kenneth Doka's concept of 'disenfranchised grief', the authors of this article have undertaken a preliminary mixed-methods study that explores the possibility of a transnational, decolonial understanding of grief in a time of contagion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Figure 1a shows that the effect of his first election was the opposite of Donald Trump's: the report of racial bias in policy attitudes decreased significantly at p < 0.05.[2] Graph: Figure 1. To identify the effect of Donald Trump's election, we exploit the coincidence of the 2016 US presidential election with the fieldwork period of thirteen developed countries sampled by the European Social Survey (ESS). Keywords: Donald Trump; contagion; social desirability; racism EN Donald Trump contagion social desirability racism 1332 1339 8 06/23/21 20210701 NES 210701 The election of Donald Trump was followed by a spike in the number of hate crimes and online harassment targeting minorities (Hauslohner 2016; Levin and Grisham 2017; Muller and Schwarz 2018; Potok 2017). To explore whether those concerns were founded, we test whether the election of Donald Trump increased racial bias in policy attitudes outside the United States. [Extracted from the article]

John Maynard Keynes's (1936) concept of "animal spirits" or "spontaneous optimism" as a major driving force in business fluctuations was motivated in part by his and his contemporaries' observations of human reactions to ambiguous situations where probabilities couldn't be quantified. We can add that in such ambiguity there is evidence that people let contagious popular narratives and the emotions they generate influence their economic decisions. These narratives are typically remote from factual bases, just contagious. Macroeconomic dynamic models must have a theory that is related to models of the transmission of disease in epidemiology. We need to take the contagion of narratives seriously in economic modeling if we are to improve our understanding of animal spirits and their impact on the economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides new empirical evidence on housing bubble timing, volatility spillover, and bubble contagion between Japan and its economic partners, namely, the United States, the Eurozone, and the United Kingdom. First, we apply a generalized sup ADF (GSADF) test to the quarterly price-to-rent ratio from 1970Q1 to 2018Q4 to detect explosive behaviors in housing prices. Second, we analyze the volatility spillover in housing prices between Japan and its economic partners using the multivariate time-varying DCC-GARCH model. Third, we assess bubble contagion by estimating a non-parametric model of bubble migration with time-varying coefficients. We document two historical bubble episodes from 1970 to 2018 in Japan's housing market. Moreover, we find evidence of volatility spillover effects and bubble contagion between Japan's real estate market and its most important economic partners during several periods. In this context of market integration, countries need to develop coordinated real estate policies to address the risk of global real estate bubbles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides results on the volatility spread for stock markets in emerging economies. Empirical studies on determining or predicting volatility in national and international financial markets provide information for investors. The aim of this study is also to analyze volatility spreads from the United States of America, France, Germany, Japan Turkey, China, India, Indonesia from emerging markets within the scope of EGARCH models, which take into account the asymmetric effects using daily stock returns for the period of January 2008 - April 2020. The a symmetric effect parameter (? or µt-i/ht-1) appears to be negative and statistically significant at 1% for all countries, except the Shanghai Composite Stock Exchange, China. This result shows that the asymmetric effect, or the leverage effect in other words, is valid in stock markets other than China. The volatility spreads from the Dow Jones Industrial Average Index - USA to Borsa Istanbul and the Shanghai Stock Exchange - China. Also, the S & P 500 Index - USA is significant on the volatility spread of the Borsa Istanbul and Shanghai Stock Exchange. The volatility spread between Jakarta Stock Exchange - Indonesia and Borsa Istanbul is two-way and mutual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the diffusion of products and behaviour with coordination effects through social networks when agents are myopic best responders. We develop a new network measure, the contagion threshold, that determines when a p-dominant action—an action that is a best response when adopted by at least proportion p of an agent's opponents—spreads to the whole population starting from a group of players whose size is smaller than half and independent of the population size. We show that a p-dominant action spreads to the whole network whenever the contagion threshold of that network is greater or equal to p. We then show that in settings where agents regularly or occasionally experiment and choose non-optimal actions, there exists a threshold level of experimentation below which a p-dominant action is chosen with the highest probability in the long run. This result implies that targeted contagion, a network-wide diffusion of actions initiated by targeting agents, is justified even in settings where agents' decisions are noisy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This contribution presents a short overview on the impact of the Capitol Riots riots in Europe. Fear of a similar mass-mediated contagion was explicitly expressed by most of the European leaders. Echoes and acclamation for the riots in the U.S. were indeed heard on websites, QAnon-sites, and within circles of Trump supporters in Europe as well. An earlier storming of the German Reichstag (in 2020) was cited. In the Netherlands, the curfew riots of 24–25 January 2021 also were put into this context. Security agencies and officials in the U.K. and the Netherlands repeated this threat awareness in recent, formal threat assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The more Victorian physicians deepened their research into female sexuality, the more a culture of lust infected the hypocritical façade of a nation strictly attached to social norms of order, formality, and bigotry. Lascivious sexual desire and carnal appetite – here embodied in female masturbation – were taboos that had to be forcibly silenced. Yet, late-Victorian pornography mocked medical discourses on female onanism, as well as fears related to female sexuality, and revealed 'unspeakable' secret domestic settings marred by 'dangerous' practices, scandalous carnality and deviant desires. Furthermore, contemptuous of literary censorship and strict morality, the plenteous erotic literature, represented here by William Lazenby's pornographic magazine The Pearl, not only dared to taunt physicians' concerns about female 'self-pollution' circulating at that time, but also found a great inspiration in the huge domestic success of some innovative medical tools – specifically patented to assuage women's nerves – being produced in those years: electric vibrators. Those 'engines' rapidly invaded pornographic literature of the late nineteenth century and became central to a great number of erotic stories, titillating fables and poems, as clearly demonstrated by the contents of The Pearl. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The platformed logics of social media favor unique and spectacular content and thus encourage the production and display of unique and spectacular bodies. In the realm of social media, attractive and unattainable bodies have emerged as the norm rather than the exception. This article, however, sets out to investigate how a specific type of spectacular body comes into being by turning to the phenomenon of mukbangs. We explore how excessive food consumption, audiovisual aesthetics, media technologies, and platform logics all become constituents of the spectacular body’s performance. Our analysis will focus on two tendencies: First, the platformed body is distributed and comes into being through its entanglement with nonhuman agents, such as the microphone enhancing eating sounds, the camera and image composition displaying the food’s excessive quantity, and the food’s entanglement with the body through a spectacle of excess. Second, mukbang videos cater to a spectating body ready to be affected by the exceptional body capable of extreme eating and how this bodily performance transcends the medium, and the videos produce disgust or cravings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares three methods for assessing the contagion of risk among ten Globally Significant International Banks, known as GSIBs, listed on the New York Stock Exchange with daily and weekly data sets from 2007 to 2020, based on Machine Learning and Network Analysis. In particular we identify the banks which are the largest net sources or transmitters of risk, and net receptors of risk. We also examine the response of regulatory actions, in the form of fines and BIS Bin Classification for capital adequacy. Under alternative risk measures, of Range Volatility (RV) of share prices, Credit Default Swap (CDS) premia, and Conditional Value at Risk (Δ CoVar), there is a stronger and significant connection between Contagion and the BIS Bin classifications relative to the connections between Contagion and banking fines, either in the amount or frequency of the fines. These results show that BIS bin classifications respond positively to underlying signals of increased contagion in the form of Range Volatility (RV) and Δ CoVar measures but not to CDS risk premia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the transmission of financial contagion from energy markets, specifically focusing on Brent oil and natural gas, to the stock indices of 13 countries highly dependent on Russian fuel exports. The analysis encompasses two major crises: the COVID-19 pandemic and the 2022 Russia-Ukraine conflict. By employing six distinct second- and higher-order co-moment contagion tests, our findings reveal notable dynamics: 1) Both the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine conflict exhibit significant evidence of contagion. 2) During the pandemic, Brent oil plays a more prominent role in transmitting contagion across different stock markets. In contrast, natural gas serves as the primary transmitter for Russian-Ukraine war. 3) Among the three regions analyzed, Asian countries demonstrate resilience against contagion in both crises, while European countries experience a substantial impact from the contagion. 4) Higher-order co-moment channels are more dominant in driving contagion than second-order co-moments. These empirical findings emphasize the importance of considering higher-order co-moments in elucidating the dynamics of financial contagion. They provide valuable insights for policymakers and decision-makers, aiding in the formulation of effective strategies and policies. • The COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated a stronger contagion effect from the Brent oil market compared to the Russia-Ukraine war. • The contagion effect from natural gas was more pronounced during the Russia-Ukraine war than during the COVID-19 pandemic. • Asian countries displayed substantial resilience against contagion in both crises. • European countries experienced the predominant brunt of the contagion's impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Financial regulation has introduced bail-ins (i.e. enforced debt-to-equity swaps) as a tool for orderly bank resolution, and hence it is the authorities' task to decide when to apply this tool in a resolution. We present a quantitative framework to support this decision by computing the systemic impact of a bail-in. Our model takes into account systemic feedback effects using state-of-the-art multilayer contagion models, which we extend to include liquidation losses. Using real-world data for the Austrian banking system, we perform an empirical assessment of the systemic risk impact of idiosyncratic and systemic shocks. Our results show that bail-ins have the potential to reduce systemic risk compared to insolvencies for the Austrian banking system. They also incur lower social cost than bail-outs, but only for moderate, idiosyncratic crises. Our findings quantitatively corroborate earlier discussions that bail-ins may be an inadequate tool to deal with systemic crises. This suggests that the bail-in mechanism alone may not be sufficient to rule out future bail-outs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we present a methodology of model-based calibration of additional capital needed in an interconnected financial system to minimize potential contagion losses. Building on ideas from combinatorial optimization tailored to controlling contagion in case of complete information about an interbank network, we augment the model with three plausible types of fire sale mechanisms. We then demonstrate the power of the methodology on the euro area banking system based on a network of 373 banks. On the basis of an exogenous shock leading to defaults of some banks in the network, we find that the contagion losses and the policy authority's ability to control them depend on the assumed fire sale mechanism and the fiscal budget constraint that may or may not restrain the policy authorities from infusing money to halt the contagion. The modelling framework could be used both as a crisis management tool to help inform decisions on capital/liquidity infusions in the context of resolutions and precautionary recapitalizations or as a crisis prevention tool to help calibrate capital buffer requirements to address systemic risks due to interconnectedness. • Unified framework for interbank contagion considering solvency and liquidity. • Optimal capital and liquidity infusions to minimize losses derived analytically. • Benefit of infusion non-linear in infusion amounts. • Methodology tested on real euro area interbank network and stress test results. • Motivation for application as crisis prevention or crisis management tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the dynamics of contagion across the banking, insurance and shadow banking sectors of 18 advanced economies in the period 2006-2018. We construct Granger causality-in-risk networks and introduce higher-order aggregate networks and higher-order node centralities in an economic setting to capture non-Markovian network features. Our approach uncovers the dynamics of financial contagion as it is transmitted across segments of the financial system and jurisdictions. The calculated higher-order centralities identify sectors in distress as the nodes through which contagion propagates. The banking system emerges as the primary source and transmitter of stress while banks and shadow banks are highly interconnected. The insurance sector is found to contribute less to stress transmission in all periods, except during the global financial crisis. The proposed approach is able to identify clearly the sectors that are critical for the transmission of financial contagion, in contrast to the commonly used memoryless measures of network centrality. • We study financial contagion across banks, shadow banks and insurers of 18 advanced economies in the period 2006–2018. • We show the relevance of higher-order representations of temporal networks and higher-order node centralities. • Banks emerge as the main sources and transmitters of stress and are interconnected with shadow banks. • Contagion from the insurance sector mostly occurs during the global financial crisis. • Higher-order metrics can be used to more accurately identify systemic risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the event study method, we observe that due to Silicon Valley Bank (SVB) collapse, US and European banks experience negative returns, while Chinese banks remain relatively less affected. Our results also show that assets like oil, gold, and cryptocurrencies exhibit positive returns, suggesting that investors may seek refuge in these perceived safe havens. Additionally, our study findings show that the SVB's financial distress has a detrimental effect on the stocks of banking companies in the US and Europe, whereas it has a positive impact on the stocks of technology companies in these regions. Our results highlight the importance of proactive risk management and regulatory interventions, as demonstrated by the US regulator's approach. Moreover, investors may be heed of the positive returns in safe-haven assets like oil, gold, and cryptocurrencies during periods of financial distress. Diversifying portfolios to include these assets can be a prudent strategy. Furthermore, regulators must consider a stricter regulatory framework to counteract contagion risk and to ensure financial system stability in the case of a future bank collapse such as the SVB debacle. While our study offers valuable insights into the contagion effects of SVB distress, we acknowledge a potential limitation of our study as the event study method, which is robust in capturing immediate market reactions, may present a challenge in comprehensively assessing the long-term implications. [Display omitted] • We use event study method to study the Silicon Valley Bank (SVB) collapse effects. • US, Europe banks respond negatively while Chinese banks remain mostly insensitive. • Cumulative aggregate abnormal returns imply the SVB fall impacts positively technology stocks. • Solid risk management practices & regulatory interventions are crucial for financial stability. • Financial systems connectedness must be monitored by regulators to minimize potential contagion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence suggests that there are differences in the capacity for empathy between males and females. However, how deep do these differences go? Stereotypically, females are portrayed as more nurturing and empathetic, while males are portrayed as less emotional and more cognitive. Some authors suggest that observed gender differences might be largely due to cultural expectations about gender roles. However, empathy has both evolutionary and developmental precursors, and can be studied using implicit measures, aspects that can help elucidate the respective roles of culture and biology. This article reviews evidence from ethology, social psychology, economics, and neuroscience to show that there are fundamental differences in implicit measures of empathy, with parallels in development and evolution. Studies in nonhuman animals and younger human populations (infants/children) offer converging evidence that sex differences in empathy have phylogenetic and ontogenetic roots in biology and are not merely cultural byproducts driven by socialization. We review how these differences may have arisen in response to males' and females' different roles throughout evolution. Examinations of the neurobiological underpinnings of empathy reveal important quantitative gender differences in the basic networks involved in affective and cognitive forms of empathy, as well as a qualitative divergence between the sexes in how emotional information is integrated to support decision making processes. Finally, the study of gender differences in empathy can be improved by designing studies with greater statistical power and considering variables implicit in gender (e.g., sexual preference, prenatal hormone exposure). These improvements may also help uncover the nature of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders in which one sex is more vulnerable to compromised social competence associated with impaired empathy.