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The dynamics of aboveground biomass (AGB) are driven by both climate variation and anthropogenic modification, however, few studies have evaluated the relative importance of these two drivers, especially in a heterogeneous landscape. Taking the Mongolian Plateau as a case study and employing the vegetation optical depth retrieval as a proxy of AGB, this study aimed to determine the relative importance of climatic and anthropogenic drivers on the dynamics of AGB in Mongolia (ML) and the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (IM), China. Spatial panel data model specific to each agro-ecological zone was employed to fulfill the task. The results revealed that: (1) Since the socio-institutional transition in the early 1990s, AGB declined in most parts of the grazing zone of Mongolia. The reduction of precipitation, the rise of temperature and the intensification of livestock grazing were the major drivers behind it. Ranked by their relative importance, the order in the grazing zone with relatively humid climate was: Precipitation &asymp, temperature &gt, livestock grazing, the order in the grazing zone with relatively arid climate was: Precipitation &gt, (2) Since the implementation of a series of ecological restoration programs in the early 2000s, AGB increased in most parts of the grazing zone of IM, and the increase of precipitation was the dominant driver behind it, (3) Since the early 2000s, AGB increased in most parts of the grazing-farming zone of IM. The increase of precipitation, the decline of temperature and the intensification of grain production were the major drivers behind it. Ranked by their relative importance, the order was: Precipitation &gt, grain production &gt, temperature, (4) Since the early 2000s, AGB increased in most parts of the farming zone of IM. The increase of precipitation and the intensification of grain production were the major drivers behind it. Ranked by their relative importance, the order was: Grain production &gt, precipitation.

Исследование региональных программ развития сельского хозяйства и регулирования рынков сельскохозяйственной продукции, сырья и продовольствия до 2020 г. выявило приоритетные стратегии социально-экономического развития агробизнеса на территории Саратовской области. В статье рассматриваются различные подходы государственных институтов власти к обеспечению инновационного развития зернового производства. Стабилизация агроэкономики региона возможна на основе инновационно-инвестиционного развития его инфраструктуры, и в первую очередь семеноводства. Несмотря на то, что научное сопровождение производства семян в Саратовской области имеет многолетние традиции, проведенные исследования выявили, что только 6% сельскохозяйственных товаропроизводителей Саратовской области приобретают элитные семена, а 94% - ориентированы на самообеспечение семенами. Основными причинами этого являются невысокое качество посевного материала и отсутствие в свободном доступе информации о новых сортах и гибридах. К тому же, если в странах ЕС и США основной целью государственного регулирования агропроизводственного рынка является поддержание фиксированных доходов фермерских хозяйств, то в РФ – компенсация части их расходов. В результате, сельскохозяйственные товаропроизводители Саратовской области испытывают постоянный дефицит финансовых ресурсов и вынуждены экономить как на посевном материале, так и на страховании посевов. Для стимулирования спроса на районированные семена зерновых культур на территории региона необходимо дифференцировать направления государственной поддержки на инвестиции в селекцию, модернизацию производства, приобретение семяочистительных комплексов, поточных линий по погрузке и упаковке семян. Создание единого регионального научно-информационного центра семеноводства на базе Министерства сельского хозяйства Саратовской области позволит отрегулировать задачи продажи семян, а также научного сопровождения и консультирования сельхозтоваропроизводителей во время проведения агротехнологических работ., The study of regional programs for the agriculture development and the regulation of markets for agricultural products, raw materials and food until 2020 identified priority strategies for the socio-economic development of agribusiness in the Saratov region. The article examines different approaches of state power institutions to ensure innovative development of grain production. Stabilization of the agro-economy of the region is possible on the basis of innovative and investment development of its infrastructure, and primarily the seed production. Despite the fact that the scientific support of seed production in the Saratov region has longstanding traditions, the conducted studies have revealed that only 6% of agricultural producers in the Saratov region acquire elite seeds, and 94% are oriented to self-sufficiency in seeds. The main reasons for this are the low quality of the seed and the lack of free access to the information on new varieties and hybrids. In addition, if the main goal of state regulation of the agro-production market in the EU countries and the USA is to maintain fixed incomes of farms, in the Russian Federation it is just a compensation for part of their expenditures. As a result, agricultural producers in the Saratov region suffer a constant shortage of financial resources and are forced to save both planting material and crop insurance. To stimulate demand for regionalized seeds of grain crops in the region, it is necessary to differentiate the directions of state support for investments in selection, production modernization, purchase of seed-cleaning systems, and production lines for loading and packing seeds. Creation of a unified regional scientific and information center for seed production on the basis of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Saratov region will allow regulating the tasks of selling seeds, as well as those of scientific support and advice to agricultural producers during agrotechnological work., №6 (2019)

There is a need to further examine and enhance knowledge concerning the relationship among El Niño and La Niña cycles, drought events, and grain production in the Russian Federation, Ukraine and Kazakhstan (RUK) region, which accounts for more than one third of total wheat exports. This report contributes to close this knowledge gap. A data-driven analysis is utilized to gain a better understanding of (a) the potential impact on grain production of droughts linked to the El Niño/La Niña phenomenon in RUK, (b) RUK governments’ policy response to those events and how domestic and regional grain markets are affected, and (c) the implications for food security and poverty in the RUK region. The results from the analysis suggest that the RUK region’s response to climatic events including droughts must change from reactive to preventive and predictive. It must also consider a broad range of interventions to manage risk. Emerging digital technologies offer unique predictive and diagnostic capabilities that can be coupled with climate-smart agriculture to improve resilience to El Niño and La Niña events

В представленном материале, основанном на научных исследованиях авторов статьи, научном опыте и литературных данных показаны проблемы, ограничивающие эффективность производства зерна пшеницы высокого качества. Отмечено, что интенсивные технологии производства эффективны только на почвах с высоким плодородием при научно обоснованном применении минеральных удобрений в комплексе со средствами защиты растений и другими приемами интенсификации земледелия. Приведены необходимые условия для наиболее полного раскрытия генетического потенциала сорта. Обращено внимание на то, что в последние годы урожайность зерна пшеницы растет, но одновременно снижается качество продукции. За последние пять лет уменьшается доля зерна 3-го класса и увеличивается выход продукции более низких классов (4-5), что неблагоприятно для хлебопекарной промышленности. Сделан вывод о необходимости государственной поддержки развития интенсивных технологий при четко выраженных зональных особенностях возделывания пшеницы, повышения роли агрохимслужбы и агрострахования., In the presented material authors base on their own scientific research, scientific experience and literature data demonstrate the problems that limit the production efficiency of high quality wheat. It is shown that intensive production technologies are effective only on soils with high fertility via scientific-based use of mineral fertilizers together with the plant protection products and other means of agriculture intensification. Shown the necessary conditions for the most complete disclosure of the genetic varieties potential. Highlighted that in recent years, the grain yield of wheat growing, but at the same time the quality of the products reduces. Over the past five years reduced the proportion of 3rd quality class grain and increases the yield lower grades (4th and 5th), which creates problems for the baking industry. The conclusion is made about necessity of state support for intensive technologies development with distinctive zonal differences of wheat cultivation and increasing of the role of Agrochemical Service and crop insurance., №2(101) (2018)

Water deficit affects plant development and the overcoming of its effects depends on the genotype, duration of stress, severity of damage and development stage of the plant at water stress. Cowpea is considered tolerant to water deficit, however, studies have shown that its yield can be reduced under this condition. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of water deficit on F2 populations of cowpea and select tolerant genotypes. Thirty F2 populations of cowpea and their parents (BRS-Paraguaçu, Pingo-de-Ouro-1-2, BRS-Xiquexique, CNCx-698-128G, Santo-Inácio and MNC99-510F-16-1) were evaluated in two experiments, one under induced water deficit and other under full irrigation, in the experimental field of the Embrapa Mid-North, in Teresina, State of Piauí, Brazil. A triple lattice incomplete block experiment design was used, with three replications. The experimental plots consisted of six 2-m rows, with spacing of 1.0 m between rows and 0.50 m between plants. The grain production was evaluated and its decrease related to the relative production and tolerance to stress was calculated. The grain production of the genotypes had an average decrease of 29.83% under water deficit. The genotypes from the crosses BRS-Paraguaçu x CNCx-698-128G, BRS-Xiquexique x Pingo-de-Ouro-1-2, CNCx-698-128G x BRS-Xiquexique, CNCx-698-128G x MNC99-510F-16-1, Santo-Inácio x BRS-Xiquexique and MNC99-510F-16-1 x BRS-Paraguaçu had high production and high tolerance to water deficit. RESUMO A deficiência hídrica provoca alterações no desenvolvimento vegetal cuja reversibilidade depende do genótipo, da duração do estresse, da severidade do dano causado e do estádio de desenvolvimento em que a planta sofreu estresse. O feijão-caupi é considerado tolerante ao déficit hídrico, no entanto, estudos demonstraram que seu rendimento pode ser reduzido sob essa condição. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do déficit hídrico em populações F2 de feijão-caupi e selecionar genótipos tolerantes. Foram conduzidos dois ensaios para a avaliação das 30 populações F2, juntamente com seus genitores (1-BRS Paraguaçu, 2-Pingo de Ouro-1-2, 3-BRS Xiquexique, 4-CNCx 698-128G, 5-Santo Inácio e 6-MNC99-510F-16-1), sendo um sob déficit hídrico, imposto e outro sob irrigação plena. Os experimentos foram conduzidos no campo experimental da Embrapa Meio-Norte, em Teresina, PI. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental látice triplo. A parcela experimental foi constituída de seis linhas de 2m, com espaçamento de 1,0 m entre linhas e 0,50 m entre plantas. Avaliou-se a produção de grãos e foi calculado o percentual de redução na produção de grãos associado a índices de produção relativa e a tolerância ao estresse. O déficit hídrico, na média, reduziu em 29,83% a produção de grãos dos genótipos. As populações que apresentaram alta produção e alta tolerância ao déficit hídrico foram: BRS Paraguaçu x CNCx 698-128G, BRS Xiquexique x Pingo de Ouro-1-2, CNCx 698-128G x BRS Xiquexique, CNCx 698-128G x MNC99-510F-16-1, Santo Inácio x BRS Xiquexique e MNC99-510F-16-1 x BRS Paraguaçu.

В условиях лесостепи ЦЧР в Белгородском области проводили сравнительное изучение 5 сортов сои разной скороспелости (Белгородская 48, Белгородская 6, Белгородская 7, Белгородская 8 и Бара) на трех фонах без удобрений и инокуляции семян (контроль); предпосевная инокуляция семян соевым Нитрагином КМ, созданным в ООО «НТЦ БИО», основой которого служит высоковирулентный штамм клубеньковых бактерий Bradyrhizobium japonicum 206; внесение азотного удобрения в дозе 2 ц/га аммиачной селитры в период вегетации (после фазы ветвления) сои. Опыты проводили в засушливом2015г., во влагообеспеченных 2016 и 2017 гг., но в 2017 г. до периода бутонизации сои преобладали низкие положительные температуры, которые оказали отрицательное влияние на продуктивность растений всех изучаемых сортов. Почва опытного участка чернозём типичный среднемощный среднегумусный тяжелосуглинистого механического состава. Выявлены преимущества сорта сои Белгородская 8, растения которого были более высокостебельными и облиственными, формировали больше активных азотфиксирующих клубеньков на корнях, бобов и семян на растениях, отличались повышенной урожайностью и экономической эффективностью. Растения этого сорта обеспечивали более высокие сборы белка и масла с 1 га посевов как на неудобренном, так и на удобренных фонах. Их урожайность составила по трем агрофонам соответственно 25,7 ц/га, 28,4 ц/га и 26,9 ц/га, в среднем 27,0 ц/ га. Урожайность сортов сои Белгородская 48, Белгородская 6 и Белгородская 7 в среднем по фонам уступала сорту Белгородская 8 на 3,6 ц/га, 2,3 ц/га и 2,9 ц/га соответственно. Наименее продуктивным был сорт Бара. Инокуляция семян соевым нитрагином улучшала развитие растений и увеличивала урожайность на 1,0-2,7ц/га, прибыль на 1,39-5,12 тыс.руб./га, уровень рентабельности возделывания изучаемых сортов сои на 2-16 %, минеральное азотное удобрение повышало сбор семян сои на 0,4-1,2 ц/га, при этом прибыль и уровень рентабельности были меньше, чем в контроле, на 0,4-2,8 тыс. руб./га. и 17-24 % соответственно., Under conditions of the forest-steppe of the Central Chernozem Region in Belgorod region, the authors studied comparatively five varieties of soybean of different earliness ( Belgorodskaya 48, Belgorodskaya 6, Belgorodskaya 7, Belgorodskaya 8 and Bara) against three nutrient statuses. The backgrounds were without fertilizers and seed inoculation (control): presowing seeds inoculation by Nitragin KM; application of nitrogen fertilizer in the dose of 200 kg/ha of ammonium nitrate in the period of vegetation (before budding) of soybean. Nitragin KM was developed in OOO “NTTs BIO”; a highly virulent strain of nodule bacteria Bradyrhizobium japonicum 206 is a basis of it. The experiments were conducted in arid 2015, and in 2016 and 2017 with enough water availability; but in 2017 before the budding of soybean, low positive temperatures prevailed, which had a negative effect on the productivity of soybean plants of all varieties under the study. The soil of the experimental plot was chernozem typical, medium-thick, medium-humic, heavy loamy. The advantages of Belgorodskaya 8 soybean variety were revealed. The plants of this variety were higher, had more leaves, beans, and seeds, formed more active nitrogen-fixing nodules on the roots, were more productive, and economically more effective. Plants of this variety provided a higher harvest of protein and oil from a hectare of crops both against unfertilized and fertilized backgrounds. Their yields averaged 2.57 t/ha, 2.84 t/ha and 2.69 t/ha for all agricultural backgrounds; the average productivity was 2.70 t/ha. The yield of soybean ‘Belgorodskaya 48’, ‘Belgorodskaya 6’ and ‘Belgorodskaya 7’ averaged in terms of backgrounds yielded to ‘Belgorodskaya 8’: 360 kg/ha, 230 kg/ ha and 290 kg/ha, respectively. Bara variety was the least productive. Inoculation of seeds with soybean Nitragin improved the development and increased the yield by 100-270 kg/ha, the profit by 1,390-5,120 RUB/ha, the level of profitability of cultivating of the studied soybean varieties by 2-16%. Mineral nitrogen fertilizer increased the harvest of soybean seeds by 40-120 kg/ha, while profit and profitability were less than in the control, by 400-2,800 RUB/ha and 17-24%, respectively.

The present study aimed to assess the efficiency of sowing at variable rates for soybean cultivation in two management zones (MZs) which were defined based on stable attributes and correlated with productivity using the Fuzzy C-means clustering algorithm and the kriging interpolation.Seeding was carried out in the 2015/2016 and 2017/2018 crops with a variation of 20% of seeds and crop row spacing of 0.70m. In each MZ, 8 plots with higher and lower seed density were established. Productivity was measured using a harvest monitor connected to a harvester. Data were filtered and submitted to descriptive analysis. Productivity maps were generated using the inverse square distance interpolation for each seeding density. In the MZ with the highest productive potential (MZ 1), the productivity was 3.39 and 3.18t ha-1, and in the MZ with the lowest productive potential (MZ 2) the productivity was 3.30 and 3.11t ha-1 for the years 2016 and 2018, respectively. Interpolation estimated higher productivity with the application of 15 plants m-1. Based on the economic analysis, it is suggested in this study the application of 214,000 plants ha-1 in both MZs. RESUMO: O trabalho avaliou a eficiência da semeadura à taxa variada para cultura da soja em duas zonas de manejo (ZMs), as quais foram definidas com base em atributos estáveis e correlacionados com a produtividade, por meio do algoritmo de agrupamento Fuzzy C-means e o interpolador krigagem. A semeadura foi realizada nas safras 2015/2016 e 2017/2018, com variação de 20% de sementes e espaçamento entre linhas de 0,70m. Em cada ZM foram estabelecidas 8 parcelas em que variou-se maior e menor densidade de sementes. A produtividade foi medida com monitor de colheita acoplado em uma colhedora. Os dados foram filtrados e submetidos à análise descritiva, os mapas de produtividade foram gerados utilizando-se o interpolador inverso do quadrado da distância para cada densidade de semeadura. Na ZM com maior potencial produtivo (ZM 1) a produtividade foi de 3,39 e 3,18t ha-1, na ZM de menor potencial produtivo (ZM 2) foi de 3,30 e 3,11t ha-1, para os anos de 2016 e 2018, respectivamente. O interpolador estimou maior produtividade com a aplicação de 15 plantas m-1; pela análise econômica, sugere-se, dentro do estudado, a aplicação de 214.000 plantas ha-1 nas duas ZMs.

В целях повышения экономической эффективности и конкурентоспособности производства зерна в России разработана новая версия синергетического подхода, включающая основные понятия и принципы. Предлагаемая версия синергетического подхода является развитием системного подхода. Она основывается на анализе и творческой интерпретации положений школы синергетики, созданной выдающимся ученым С.П. Курдюмовым, главной идеей которой выступают режимы с обострением. Основными понятиями синергетического подхода являются самоорганизация, синергетика, открытая система, сеть, «коэволюция», положительная обратная связь, сверхбыстрые процессы в режиме с обострением. Суть синергетического подхода состоит в том, что объект исследования рассматривается как сложная самоорганизующаяся нелинейная социально-экономическая и биотехнологическая система, которая развивается в режиме с обострением. Основные принципы синергетического подхода следующие: целеполагание, самоорганизация, сеть – основная единица исследования, существует всегда несколько путей развития, положительная обратная связь. Принципиально важно, что положительные обратные связи обуславливают самоорганизацию и развитие сложных систем (зернового хозяйства) в режиме с обострением. Поэтому гипотеза исследования состояла в следующем: рост экономической эффективности и конкурентоспособности производства зерна на долгосрочную перспективу может быть достигнут в результате восстановления/создания положительных обратных связей, устранения проблем-диспропорций по всей цепочке создания добавленной стоимости. Ослабление/усиление обратной положительной связи приводит к существенному замедлению/ускорению развития производства зерна в России. Следовательно, представляется крайне эффективным анализ и синтез положительных обратных связей. С позиций синергетического подхода исследован комплекс проблем (диспропорций, противоречий) развития производства зерна по всей цепочке создания добавленной стоимости: от выращивания зерна до его глубокой переработки и экспорта, предложены решения этих проблем, обоснована необходимость разработки Стратегии развития зернового производства, создание зерновых агропромышленных кластеров., In order to improve the economic efficiency and competitiveness of grain production in Russia a new version of the synergetic approach, including the basic concepts and principles is worked out. The proposed version of the synergetic approach is the development of a systematic approach. It is based on the analysis and creative interpretation of the foundations of the school of synergetics, created by the outstanding scientist S.P. Kurdyumov, the main idea of which is concentrated on the regimes with exacerbation. The main concepts of the synergetic approach are self-organization, synergetics, open system, network, "coevolution", positive feedback, ultra-fast processes in the regime with exacerbation. The essence of the synergetic approach is that the object of the study is considered as a complex self-organizing nonlinear socio-economic and biotechnological system, which is developed in a regime with exacerbation. The basic principles of the synergetic approach are as follows: goal – setting, self-organization, network-the main unit of research, there are always several ways of development, positive feedback. It is fundamentally important that positive feedbacks cause self-organization and development of complex systems (grain farming) in the regime with exacerbation. Therefore, the hypothesis of the study was as follows: the growth of economic efficiency and competitiveness of grain production in the long term can be achieved as a result of the restoration/creation of positive feedbacks, elimination of problems-imbalances throughout the value chain. The weakening/strengthening of the positive feedback leads to a significant slowdown / acceleration in the development of grain production in Russia. Therefore, the analysis and synthesis of positive feedbacks seems to be extremely effective. From the standpoint of a synergistic approach, a set of problems (imbalances, contradictions) of grain production development along the entire value chain has been investigated: from grain cultivation to deep processing and export, solutions to these problems have been proposed, the need to develop a strategy for the development of grain production, creation of grain agro-industrial clusters has been proposed.

Для создания прочной кормовой базы в Новгородской области, в которой приоритет отдаётся молочному животноводству и птицеводству, разработали ресурсосберегающие технологии производства зерна ячменя и других зерновых культур на дерново-подзолистой почве. Дерновоподзолистые почвы занимают 83% от площади пашни области, в которых необходимо постоянно пополнять запасы органического вещества. Для повышения плодородия почвы и увеличения урожайности зерновых использовали малоэнергоёмкий способ поверхностного компостирования соломы на поле с минеральными добавками (известняковая мука, аммиачная селитра, двойной суперфосфат, нитрофоска) и без них в звене зернотравяного севооборота. Установили, что поверхностное компостирование соломы на поле повысило содержание гумуса в почве за звено севооборота на 0,50-1,02 т/га. Применяемые дозы удобрений в звене севооборота обеспечили благоприятный баланс почвы основных элементов питания (интенсивность баланса за звено севооборота по азоту, фосфору и калию более 100%). Использование поверхностного компостирования соломы на поле с аммиачной селитрой обеспечило высокую урожайность зерна ячменя и овса 3,6 и 3,7 т/га с низкой удельной энергоёмкостью производства тонны продукции 3,8 и 4,1 ГДж и рентабельностью 190% и 156% соответственно. При производстве зерна викоовсяной смеси необходимо использовать нитрофоску в дозе 0,6 ц/га, при компостировании соломы на поле, что обеспечивает урожайность 3,4 т/га с одновременным снижением энергетических затрат производства тонны продукции на 13% и высокий коэффициент энергетической эффективности производства 5,9 единицы.For creation of strong fodder base in the Novgorod region in which priority is given to dairy animal husbandry and poultry farming, were developed resource-saving technologies of production of barley grain and other grain crops on sod-podzolic soil. Sod-podzolic soils occupy 83% of the arable area in which it is necessary to constantly replenish stocks of organic matter. To improve soil fertility and increase grain yield, a low-energy method of surface composting of straw on the field with mineral additives (limestone flour, ammonium nitrate, double superphosphate, nitrophoshate) was used and without them in the link of grain rotation. It was found that the surface composting of straw on the field increased the humus content in the soil for the link of crop rotation by 0.50-1.02 t/ha. Applied doses of fertilizers in the link of crop rotation provided favorable soil balance of the main elements of nutrition (the intensity of the balance for the link of crop rotation for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium more than 100%). The use of surface composting of straw on the field with ammonium nitrate provided a high yield of barley and oats grain 3.6 and 3.7 t/ha with a low specific energy consumption tons of products 3.8 and 4.1 GJ and profitability of 190% and 156% respectively. In the production of grain of vetchoat mixture it is necessary to use nitrophosphate in the dose of 0.6 kg/ha, when composting straw on the field, which provides a yield of 3.4 t/ha with simultaneous reduction of energy production costs per ton of production by 13% and high ratio of energy efficiency for 5.9 units.

Besides providing benefits to the environment such as soil protection, release of nutrients, soil moisture maintenance, and weed control, cover crops can increase food production for grain production. The aim of this study was to evaluate the production of biomass and grain cover crops (and its respective effects on soil chemical and physical attributes), yield components, and grain yield of rice in Mozambique. The study was conducted in two sites located in the province of Cabo Delgado, in Mozambique. The experimental design was a randomized block in a 2 × 6 factorial, with four repetitions. Treatments were carried out in two locations (Cuaia and Nambaua) with six cover crops: Millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.); namarra bean (Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet), velvet beans (Mucuna pruriens L.), oloco beans (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.), and fallow. Cover crops provided similar changes in chemical and physical properties of the soil. Lablab purpureus, Vigna unguiculata, and Mucuna pruriens produced the highest dry matter biomass. Vigna unguiculada produced the highest amount of grains. Rice grain yields were similar under all cover crops and higher in Cuaia than Nambaua. RESUMO As plantas de cobertura, além de proporcionar benefícios ao ambiente como a proteção do solo, liberação de nutrientes, manutenção da umidade do solo e controle de plantas daninhas, pode servir para aumentar a produção de alimentos pela sua própria produção de grãos. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a produção de biomassa seca e de grãos de espécies de plantas de cobertura e seu respectivo efeito nos atributos químicos e físicos do solo, componentes de produção e produtividade de arroz em Moçambique. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em dois locais na Província de Cabo Delgado, em Moçambique. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso no esquema fatorial 2 x 6, com 4 repetições. Os tratamentos foram compostos pelas 2 localidades (Cuaia e Nambaua) e 6 coberturas vegetais: Milheto (Pennisetum glaucum L.); Lablabe (Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet), mucuna (Mucuna pruriens L.), feijão oloco (Vigna radiata (L) R. Wilczek), feijão caupi (Vigna unguiculata L.) e pousio. As plantas de cobertura proporcionaram alterações semelhantes nas propriedades químicas e físicas do solo. Lablab purpureus, Vigna unguiculata e Mucuna pruriens produziram a maior quantidade de biomassa seca. Vigna unguiculata foi a cultura de cobertura que produziu a maior quantidade de grãos. A produtividade de grãos do arroz foi semelhante em todas as culturas de cobertura e maior em Cuaia que Nambaua.

Food security is the basis of social stability and development. Maintaining sufficient amounts of arable land is essential for China&rsquo, s food security. In this paper, we consider the relationship between arable land demand to grain demand and production capacity. The changes in national population, grain production, and consumption from 2000 to 2015 are analyzed. Then, we forecast the respective possible changes in the future and accordingly forecast the arable land demand in different possible situations. The results show that the pressure to maintain sufficient amounts of arable land in 2030 may be greater than that in 2040.The higher pressure is due to larger population and lower production capacity. To ensure food security in China, we insist on maintaining 120 million ha of arable land, the &ldquo, red line&rdquo, for food security, and improve the arable land productivity to ensure domestic production and self-sufficiency. In addition, residents should be guided to cultivate sound food consumption habits in order to control per capita grain demand. Lastly, we should also make full use of international resources and markets to relieve the pressure on domestic resources and environments.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-03T15:27:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-01-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-11-04T10:15:41Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 WOS000347616800003.pdf: 82809 bytes, checksum: d51cfaa9db617e9df659936964870fc3 (MD5) Este estudo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho e uso eficiente da terra de diferentes modalidades de consorciação com a cultura do milho e forrageiras. O experimento foi realizado a campo no município de Tangará da Serra/MT. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 3x2+1, sendo três modalidades de consórcio, duas espécies de forrageiras e um tratamento adicional com monocultivo de milho, em quatro repetições. Na cultura do milho em monocultura e em consórcio foram avaliadas a altura da planta e de inserção da espiga, população final de plantas, massa de 100 grãos, produtividade, número de fileiras de grãos e o número de grãos por fileira. Nas espécies forrageiras consorciadas com milho foram avaliados a população de plantas e o acúmulo de matéria seca. As modalidades com Milho + Forrageira semeada na linha e Milho + Forrageira semeada em duas linhas na entrelinha cultivados com a espécie Urochloa híbrida promoveram as melhores produtividades do milho. A modalidade e a espécie afetam a produtividade tanto da cultura do milho quanto das espécies forrageiras. A produtividade de grãos do milho é maior em monocultivo. O maior acúmulo de matéria seca da Urochloa híbrida ocorre na modalidade Milho + Forrageira semeada em uma linha na entrelinha, enquanto, para a Urochloa brizantha as modalidades estudadas não afetam seus rendimentos. A modalidade com melhor uso eficiente da terra é Milho + Forrageira semeada em duas linhas na entrelinha para ambas as espécies forrageiras. This study was developed with the aim of evaluating the performance and land use efficiency of different arrangements of intercropping with maize and forage. The field experiment was conducted in Tangar da Serra/MT. The experimental design was a randomized block in factorial scheme 3x2 + 1, were as three arrangements of intercropping, two species of forage and an additional treatment with maize monoculture in four replication. In maize monoculture and intercropping were evaluated: plant height and ear insertion height, plant population, weight of 100 grains, productivity, number of grain rows and number of grain per row. In forages intercropping with maize were evaluated plant population and dry matter accumulation. The arrangements with Maize + Forage sown in the line and Maize + Forage sown in two rows between rows with the species Urochloa hybrid promoted best corn yields. The modality and species affect both the productivity of maize as forages species. Grain yield of maize is higher in monoculture. The higher dry matter accumulation of Urochloa hybrid occurs in the Maize + Forage sown in one row between rows, while, for the Urochloa brizantha the arrangements studied do not affect their yields. The arrangement with best land use efficiency is Maize + Forage sown in two rows between rows for both study forage species. Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Departamento de Zootecnia e Extensão Rural, Cuiabá 78060900, MT, Brasil Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira (FEIS), Departamento de Fitotecnia, Ilha Solteira 15385000, SP, Brasil Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Departamento de Solos e Engenharia Rural, Cuiabá 78060900, MT, Brasil Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA), Piracicaba BR-13400970, SP, Brasil Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Departamento de Agronomia, Tangará da Serra 78300000, MT, Brasil Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira (FEIS), Departamento de Fitotecnia, Ilha Solteira 15385000, SP, Brasil

Calcium-magnesium silicates improve the soil physicochemical properties and provide benefits to plant nutrition, since they are sources of silica, calcium and magnesium. The objective of this study was to evaluate the grain yield of irrigated corn fertilized with calcium-magnesium silicate. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse in Campina Grande - PB, Brazil, using plastic pots containing 80 kg of soil. The treatments consisted of the combination of four irrigation depths, related to water replacement of 50, 75, 100 and 125% of the crop evapotranspiration, with fertilizer levels of 0, 82, 164 and 246 g of calcium-magnesium silicate, with three replications. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, with the irrigation depths distributed in bands while the silicon levels constituted the subplots. Corn yield was influenced by calcium-magnesium silicate and by irrigation depth, obtaining the greatest grain yield with the dose of 164 g pot-1 irrigated at the highest water level. The water-use efficiency of in corn production tended to decrease when the irrigation depth was increased. The best water-use efficiency was observed when the irrigation level was between 87 and 174 mm, and the dose of silicate was 164 g pot-1. Os silicatos de cálcio e magnésio, quando aplicados aos solos, têm efeito sobre suas propriedades físico-químicas e sobre a nutrição de plantas, uma vez que são fontes de silício, cálcio e magnésio. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produção de grãos de milho, irrigado e adubado com silicato de cálcio e magnésio. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, no município de Campina Grande- PB, utilizando-se vasos plásticos com 80 kg de solo. Os tratamentos resultaram da combinação de quatro lâminas de irrigação, referentes a reposições de água, correspondentes a 50, 75, 100 e 125% da evapotranspiração da cultura, com níveis de adubação de 0, 82, 164 e 246 g de silicato de cálcio e magnésio, com três repetições. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, sendo as lâminas de água distribuídas em faixas e as doses de silício compondo as subparcelas. A produção do milho foi significativamente influenciada pelas dosagens de silicato de cálcio e magnésio e pelas lâminas de água, obtendo-se a maior produção de grãos com a dosagem de 164 g vaso-1 e maior lâmina de irrigação. A eficiência de uso da água na produção de grãos de milho tendeu a diminuir, sempre que as lâminas de irrigação aumentaram. A melhor eficiência de uso da água ocorreu com a utilização de lâminas entre 87 e 174 mm e da dose de silicato de 164 g vaso-1.

Accurately identifying the spatiotemporal variations and driving factors of ecosystem services (ES) in ecological restoration is important for ecosystem management and the sustainability of nature conservation strategies. As the Green for Grain project proceeds, food provision, water regulation and climate regulation services in the Northern Shaanxi Loess Plateau (NSLP) are changing and have caused broad attention. In this study, the dynamic pattern of the normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI) and the main drivers of grain production (GP), water yield (WY) and net primary production (NPP) in the NSLP from 2000–2013 are identified by incorporating multiple data and methods, in order to provide a better understanding of how and why ES change during ecological restoration. WY was simulated by hydrological modeling, and NPP was estimated with the Carnegie Ames Stanford Approach (CASA) model. The results show that vegetation restoration continued from 2000–2013, but fluctuated because of the comprehensive influence of climate and human activity. GP and NPP both exhibited significantly increasing trends, while changes in WY occurred in two stages: decline (2000–2006) and growth (2007–2013). Spatially, significantly increasing trends in NPP and WY were detected in 52.73% and 24.76% of the region, respectively, in areas that correspond with the Green for Grain project and high precipitation growth. Correlation and partial correlation analyses show that there were different dominant factors (i.e., natural vs. anthropogenic) driving ES change in the NSLP from 2000–2013. The change in WY was mainly driven by precipitation, while the improvements in GP and NPP can be attributed to investments in natural capital (i.e., chemical fertilizer, agricultural machinery power and afforestation). We also found that vegetation restoration can produce positive effects on NPP, but negative effects on WY by using response analyses of WY or NPP change to NDVI change, demonstrating that additional research on the role of water in vegetation restoration is needed. Our results provide support for ES management and the sustainable development of ecological restoration in the NSLP.

This article aimed to study the genetic control of some flowers and pod set of common bean and to verify if its estimate varies with environmental conditions and gene pool. A complete diallel was used among six lines, but no reciprocal ones. The treatments were evaluated in three harvests/generations - F2, F3, and F4 - in 2015/2016, in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The plot consisted of 3 lines with 4 m. In the center line, a receptacle to collect the aborted flowers/pods was placed. The traits considered were the number of flowers/plant (N), the percentage of pod set (V), and the production of grain/plant (W). A joint diallel analysis was performed, and the correlations between N, V, and W were estimated. N was 31.9 on average, and V was 40.4%. The average of Mesoamerican parents, for N and V, was higher than for Andean. Specific combining ability explained most of the variation for N, evidencing predominance of dominance effect. For V, specific combining ability was slightly lower than general combining ability, indicating additive loci and also dominance effects. These two traits were very influenced by environment and should be considered a strategy for greater grain yield stability of common bean. Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-18T22:16:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CNPAF2017abreu.pdf: 451326 bytes, checksum: 9d3ee5fc9d30d65c70aa5b50a69b6072 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-01-18

Erworben im Rahmen der Schweizer Nationallizenzen (http://www.nationallizenzen.ch), Using recent advances in statistical crop yield modelling and a unique dataset consisting of yield time series for Russian regions over the period from 1955 to 2012, the study investigates the potential impact of climate change (CC) on the productivity of the three most important grains. Holding current grain growing areas fixed, the aggregate productivity of the three grains is predicted to decrease by 6.7% in 2046–2065 and increase by 2.6% in 2081–2100 compared to 1971–2000 under the most optimistic representative emission concentration pathway (RCP). Based on the projections for the three other RCPs, the aggregate productivity of the three studied crops is assessed to decrease by 18.0, 7.9 and 26.0% in the medium term and by 31.2, 25.9 and 55.4% by the end of the century. Our results indicate that CC might have a positive effect on winter wheat, spring wheat and spring barley productivity in a number of regions in the Northern and Siberian parts of Russia. However, due to the highly damaging CC impact on grain production in the most productive regions located in the South of the country, the overall impact tends to be negative. Therefore, a shift of agricultural production to the Northern regions of the country could reduce the negative impact of CC on grain production only to a limited extent. More vigorous adaptation measures are required to maintain current grain production volumes in Russia under CC.

We conduct an examination of the climate effect to analyze the historical dependence of grain production on temperatures and precipitation levels, and project this dependence to estimate the productivity of different grain types in the mid- and long-terms, given four greenhouse gas concentration pathways. We find that altering temperatures have an equivocal effect on agriculture. The most productive zones of the southern black soil belt is projected to face considerable declines in yields, due to insufficient precipitation levels and high probability of heat waves during the summer vegetation period. The northern part, on the contrary, can experience increases in productivity as a result of milder and drier winters and warmer springs.

Food security is a primary policy priority in China, and has traditionally been the focal point of policies regarding agricultural and rural development. Understanding the evolution of food security policy in China is the key to understanding its current and potential future role in world food markets.

The spatial-temporal patterns of grain production and consumption have an important influence on the effective national grain supply on condition of tight balance in the total grain amount in China. In this paper, we analyze the spatial-temporal patterns of grain production, consumption and the driving mechanism for their evolution processes in China. The results indicate that both gravity centers of grain production and consumption in China moved toward the northern and eastern regions, almost in the same direction. The coordination of grain production and consumption increased slightly from 1995 to 2007 but decreased from 2000 to 2007. There is a spatial difference between the major districts of output increase and the strong growth potential in grain consumption, which indicates an increasing difficulty in improving the regional coordination of grain production and consumption. The movement of the gravity center of grain production is significantly correlated with regional differences in grain production policy, different economic development models, and spatial disparity of land and water resource use. For grain consumption, the main driving factors include rapid urbanization, the upgrade of food consumption structure, and distribution of food industries.

Com este trabalho objetivou-se estimar o potencial médio de produção da cultura do milho em função das variações da disponibilidade hídrica considerando-se a realização da semeadura em diferentes momentos dentro do período recomendado para o município de Guarapuava, Estado do Paraná. Os estudos foram realizados com base na série ininterrupta de dados climáticos do período de 1984 a 2007. A duração do ciclo da cultura foi calculada pelo acúmulo de soma térmica e a disponibilidade de água avaliada pelo balanço hídrico da cultura, ponderando-se a distribuição da precipitação pluvial e a evapotranspiração da cultura. A probabilidade de redução de produtividade de grãos por deficiência hídrica foi estimada considerando-se a porcentagem de redução de produção de grãos a partir da ocorrência de deficiência hídrica nos diferentes estádios do ciclo de desenvolvimento no campo. Verificou-se que a cultura do milho é afetada pela distribuição da disponibilidade hídrica ao longo do ciclo, sendo que a maior probabilidade de perdas de produção por deficiência hídrica ocorre no estádio da antese-fecundação. As semeaduras mais tardias no período recomendado tendem a ocasionar menores riscos de obtenção de produtividade de grãos abaixo da média regional.This study aimed to estimate the average potential of production of the corn crop in consequence of the variation of the water availability and the planting performed at different dates within the recommended period for Guarapuava, Paraná State, Brazil. The study was conducted considering uninterrupted series of climate data for the period from 1984 to 2007. The duration of the crop cycle was calculated by the accumulation of the thermal sum and the availability of water evaluated by the water balance of the crop considering the distribution of the precipitation and the evapotranspiration of the crop. The probability of reduction of the grain yield due to shortage of water was estimated considering the percentage of the reduction of grain production with the occurrence of water deficiency in the different stages of the crop cycle. It was verified that the corn crop is affected by the distribution of the water availability along the crop cycle, with the highest probability of production losses for water deficiency occurring at the stage of anthesis-fecundation. Late planting in the recommended period tend to cause less risks of having grain productivity below the regional average.

China has experienced an uninterrupted growth of grain output during the past decade. However, a long-term analysis indicates fluctuations in productivity and output levels, as well as dramatic shifts in grain crop mix and regional distribution. This paper, therefore, re-examines the major factors behind the dynamics in China’s grain production over the period of 1978–2013. The Index Decomposition Analysis technique, facilitated by means of Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index, is employed to factorize the changes in China’s grain output into four effects, i.e., yield effect, area effect, crop-mix effect and spatial distribution effect. The results show that yield effect, having been the major driver behind the growth, is experiencing a declining trend over time, with crop-mix effect gaining increasing importance. The results also indicate that changes in crop-mix caused an increase in the total grain output during 2003–2013, however this was due to abandonment of soybean farming, which is not sustainable in terms of self-sufficiency. The effect of spatial distribution has been diminishing ever since 1984. Therefore, re-allocation of areas sown is not likely to damper the sustainability of grain farming.

Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar a evolução da capacidade estática de armazenagem de grãos no Brasil por região, comparando com a produção, no período de 1980 a 2015. Esta é uma pesquisa exploratória de caráter descritivo, e o procedimento técnico utilizado foi a análise documental dos relatórios públicos da Companhia Nacional de Abastecimento - CONAB. Os dados foram analisados no programa estatístico Statistical Package for Social Sciences - SPSS, versão 22.0. Primeiramente para análise da evolução da capacidade estática de armazenagem e da produção de grãos por região do Brasil, no período de 1980 a 2015, foram realizadas regressões polinomiais. Em segunda análise observou-se a correlação entre a capacidade estática e a produção de grãos por região, no período de 1980 a 2015, com a utilização do teste de correlação de Spearman, e, para analisar a ocorrência de déficit ou superávit de armazenagem por região foi realizado cálculo em porcentagem. Por último foi descrita a atual situação da localização dos armazéns e do tipo de unidade armazenadora predominante em cada região. É significativo o aumento da capacidade estática de armazenagem de grãos concentrado nos últimos 15 anos, porém, em desproporção com o ritmo da taxa de crescimento apresentado na produção de grãos, estando com a capacidade estática de armazenagem inferior a produção em quatro regiões sendo Centro-Oeste, Sul, Nordeste e Norte. Já a região Sudeste apresenta maior capacidade estática que a atual capacidade produtiva. No Brasil observou-se desde 2002 o aumento do déficit da capacidade estática de armazenagem que em 2015 apresentou o valor de 26%. No Brasil somente 14% da capacidade estática de armazenagem está localizada nas fazendas e a maior parte da capacidade estática se concentra nas unidades coletoras e intermediárias. This study has as objective analyze the evolution of the static capacity of grain storage in Brazil by region, compared to the production, from 1980 to 2015. This is a research exploratory in descriptive character, and the technical procedure used was documentary analysis of public reports National Supply Company - CONAB. Data were analyzed in statistical program Statistical Package for Social Sciences - SPSS, version 22.0. Firstly for to analyze the evolution of static storage capacity and of grain yield per region in Brazil, from 1980 to 2015, were performed polynomial regressions. In the second analysis we observed the correlation between the static capacity and the grain production by region, from 1980 to 2015, using the Spearman correlation test, and, to analyze the occurrence of deficit or surplus storage by region was accomplished calculating percentage. Lastly was it described the present situation of the location of warehouses and the predominant type of storage unit in each region. Is Significant the increased static storage capacity of concentrate grains in the last 15 years, however, in disproportion with the rhythm to the rate of growth presented in grain production, presenting static capacity below the production in four regions, being them the Midwest, South, Northeast and North. Already the Southeast region has a higher static capacity than the capacity productive current. In Brazil it was observed since 2002 the increase in the deficit of static capacity of storage which in 2015 presented a value of 26%. In Brazil only 14% of the static capacity of storage is located on farms and most of the static capacity concentrates on units collecting and intermediate.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T17:11:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao-AnagilaJanenisCardosoSilva.pdf: 387241 bytes, checksum: 6333a1930e36328efecb8d1915cc5248 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-30 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior In the humid tropical soils, the efficiency of nutrient use is very low, especially those required in larger quantities by plants, such as nitrogen. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of using leucena legume biomass coverage associated with mineral fertilizer and humic acid on the availability and efficiency of use of N; evaluate the agronomic performance of the variety of corn QPM BR 473 associated with the following treatments: 133 kg ha-1 of urea as a source of nitrogen (N); 15 t ha-1 leucena (L); 133 kg ha-1 of urea + 15 t ha-1 leucena (N + L); 500 L ha-1 humic acid + 15 t ha-1 leucena (AH + L); 500 L ha-1 humic acid + 133 kg ha-1 of urea (AH + N) and 500 L ha-1 humic acid + 133 kg ha-1 of urea + 15 t ha-1 leucena (AH + N + U). All treatments received 120 kg ha-1 of P2O5, 60 kg ha-1 of K2O and 25 kg ha-1 ZnSO4. The N + L treatment was the highest productivity (5385 kg ha-1), nitrogen remobilization (35.20 kg ha-1), agronomic efficiency (32.61 kg kg-1) and higher recovery efficiency (52.44%). For this investigation, with the data efficiencies mainly shows the agronomic and nitrogen recovery efficiency and nitrogen remobilized and grain production, it can be inferred that the combination of biomass leucena with urea showed the highest productivity , noting that the use of these two sources of nitrogen together in tillage system is an important alternative for small producers in the humid tropics. Therefore, the effect of the existing synchronization between the release of nitrogen by organic and mineral sources was well demonstrated by the data presented in this study, however, the synergy of these sources with the humic acid was not fully clarified. Thus, increasing the efficiency of nutrients by plants through novel mechanisms as the application of humic acid may be a means of improving productivity. However, it is still necessary to better understand the mechanisms involved in this process to improve them. Nos solos do trópico úmido, a eficiência do uso de nutrientes é muito baixa, principalmente daqueles exigidos em maiores quantidades pelas plantas, como o nitrogênio. Os objetivos com esse estudo foram avaliar o efeito da utilização de cobertura com biomassa da leguminosa leucena associada ao adubo mineral e o ácido húmico sobre a disponibilidade e eficiência do uso de N; avaliar o desempenho agronômico da variedade de milho QPM BR 473 associada aos seguintes tratamentos: 133 kg ha-1 de uréia como fonte de Nitrogênio (N); 15 t ha-1 de leucena (L); 133 kg ha-1 de uréia + 15 t ha-1 de leucena (N + L); 500 L ha-1 de ácido húmico + 15 t ha-1 de leucena (AH + L); 500 L ha-1 de ácido húmico + 133 kg ha-1 de uréia (AH + N) e 500 L ha-1 de ácido húmico + 133 kg ha-1 de uréia + 15 t ha-1 de leucena (AH + N + L). Todos os tratamentos receberam 120 kg ha-1 de P2O5, 60 kg ha-1 de K2O e 25 kg ha-1 de ZnSO4. O tratamento N + L foi o que proporcionou maior produtividade (5385 kg ha-1), remobilização do nitrogênio (35,20 kg ha-1), eficiência agronômica (32,61 kg kg-1) e maior eficiência de recuperação (52,44%). Para esta investigação, com os dados das eficiências apresentadas principalmente as eficiências agronômica e de recuperação do nitrogênio, bem como o nitrogênio remobilizado e a produção de grãos, pode-se inferir que a combinação da biomassa de leucena com uréia foi a que apresentou maior produtividade, constatando que o uso dessas duas fontes de nitrogênio juntas em sistema de plantio direto é uma importante alternativa para os pequenos produtores do trópico úmido. Portanto, o efeito da sincronia existente entre a liberação de nitrogênio pelas fontes orgânica e mineral foi perfeitamente comprovado pelos dados apresentados neste estudo, no entanto, a sinergia dessas fontes com o ácido húmico não ficou perfeitamente esclarecida. Sendo assim, aumentar a eficiência de nutrientes pelas plantas através de novos mecanismos como a aplicação de ácidos húmicos pode ser um meio de melhorar a produtividade. Entretanto, ainda é necessário conhecer melhor os mecanismos envolvidos neste processo para aperfeiçoá-los.

в данной статье рассмотрено понятие «конкурентоспособность» и механизмы управления конкурентоспособностью продукции. Авторами выделены основные факторы обеспечения конкурентоспособности продукции АПК, а также основные проблемы производства пшеницы в Республике Крым, оказывающие отрицательное воздействие на уровень ее конкурентоспособности. В работе представлен также механизм управления конкурентоспособностью продукции АПК., the concept of competitiveness and mechanisms of management of competitiveness of production is considered. Major factors of ensuring competitiveness of production of agrarian and industrial complex are allocated. The main problems of production of wheat in the Republic of Crimea making negative impact on the level of her competitiveness are revealed. The mechanism of management of competitiveness of production of agrarian and industrial complex is developed.

The article substantiates the possibility of increasing the economic efficiency of grain production based on improvement of the branch structure of agricultural organizations. Presents the main simulation results of the sectoral structure of the agro organizations on the example of a typical rural municipalities of the southern forest-steppe zone of Republic Bashkortostan.

The organizational and economic problems of the technical and technological providing of grain production are reflected. The modern state of material hardware of the grain production of the Ternopil region is analyzed. Innovative directions of development of technologies of grain production are certain and them hardware in a region.Отражены организационно-экономические проблемы технико-технологического обеспечения зернопроизводства. Проанализировано современное состояние материально-технического обеспечения зернового хозяйства Тернопольской области. Определены инновационные направления развития технологий зернопроизводства и их технического обеспечения в регионе.

"The article deals with current issues of forming a highly grain market. Statistical data reflecting the current state of the problem. Based on studies of the current state of the grain market highlighted the main target indicators defined the conditions for achieving the projected performance of the grain market and its products and recommendations for further development and growth of grain production capacity in Russia."

This study examines the conventional wisdom that off-farm employment contributes to environmental pollution by increasing the use of agro-chemicals. In order to analyse the role of household decision making and village factor markets in more detail, we run simulations with a hybrid farm household/village computable general equilibrium model that is applied to a village in Northeast Jiangxi Province. We find that the negative lost-labour effect of off-farm employment on agricultural incomes is much stronger than the (small) positive income effect. As a result of reduced labour resources and increased leisure consumption, farm households reduce the intensity of rice cultivation as well as the production of (especially) cash crops. The shift in production activities is stronger for migration than for off-farm employment, because migrants cannot combine off-farm work with onfarm work, and because migration reduces the village market price of oxen services. The shift towards less intensive rice production means that off-farm employment (and migration in particular) reduces the levels of chemical inputs and manure used in agricultural production. The decline in fertilizer input is much larger than the decline in manure use, because manure is a nontradable commodity and is applied only once per year. We therefore conclude that migration and, to a lesser extent, local off-farm employment lead to lower incomes from agricultural production, but have benign effects on environmental quality.