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Stolon is crucial for competitive ability, stresses tolerance, as well as carbohydrate and nutrition storage in plants. In our previous study, stolon growth as well as the content of both indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and carbohydrates (glucose, sucrose, and fructose) in stolon nodes and internodes were found to be increased due to elevated CO 2 in stoloniferous creeping bentgrass. The objectives of this study were to determine the roles of auxin and the underlying mechanism of auxin in regulating elevated CO 2 -induced improvement on stolon growth and carbohydrate accumulation in stolon nodes and internodes of creeping bentgrass. Plants were treated with foliar applications of auxin (1-naphthalene acetic acid, NAA) and auxin transport inhibitor (2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid, TIBA) at different concentrations to observe their effects on stolon growth. Hence, 10 mg⋅L−1 NAA and 100 mg⋅L−1 TIBA were selected as optimal concentrations to foliarly spray plants grown under either ambient CO 2 (400 µmol⋅mol−1) or elevated CO 2 (800 µmol⋅mol−1). Under water control and NAA treatments, stolon growth (stolon internode number, total stolon length, and stolon biomass) and contents of carbohydrate (glucose, sucrose, and fructose) were significantly increased by elevated CO 2 , but no positive effects were found in TIBA treatments in stolon nodes and internodes of creeping bentgrass. The results confirmed that IAA mediated elevated CO 2 -enhancement in stolon growth and carbohydrates accumulation in stolon nodes and internodes. The increase in IAA level was mainly associated with genes involved in auxin synthesis and transport in stolon nodes and internodes of creeping bentgrass. Our results would provide new insights for the rapid growth of stoloniferous plants under the scenario of continuous rise of the atmosphere CO 2 concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heat stress is one of the most detrimental abiotic stresses to impede plant growth and development. Previous studies found that plant roots were more sensitive to heat stress than leaves. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The objective of this study was to determine whether the differential responses of leaves and roots to heat stress were associated with membrane lipid reprogramming under heat stress. Bermudagrass (Cynodon transvaalensis × C. dactylon) was subjected to control (35/30 °C day/night) or heat stress (45/40 °C day/night) in growth chambers. Phenotype and physiological indexes of bermudagrass were observed and measured at 0, 12, and 24 d and lipidomic analysis was conducted at 24 d of heat stress. After 12 d of heat stress, roots exhibited worse phenotypes with higher decline in biomass and increase in both electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde compared to leaves. Lipidomic analysis showed that leaves have more stable membrane structures than roots in response to heat stress, which was attributed to the up-regulation of phosphatidylglycerol, monogalactosyl diacylglycerol, digalactosyl diacylglycerol, phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylinositol, and saturated and low unsaturated phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, as well as the down-regulation in polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine in leaves, therefore resulting in the greater heat tolerance in leaves than roots. These results indicated that the differential responses of leaves and roots to heat stress were involved in the membrane lipid remodeling. • Roots was more sensitive to heat stress than leaves as reflected by the increased MDA and EL in roots compared with leaves. • Differential responses of leaves and roots to heat stress were involved in the membrane lipid remodeling. • Phosphatidylglycerol, monogalactosyl diacylglycerol, digalactosyl diacylglycerol, phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylinositol, and saturated and low unsaturated phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine were up-regulated in leaves. • Polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine were down-regulated in leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyroglutamic acid [(5-oxoproline (5-oxp)], a non-protein amino acid, can be converted to glutamate to regulate amino acid metabolism in plants. Its roles in plant adaptation to abiotic stresses, including heat stress, are not well understood. The objectives of this study were to determine whether exogenous application of 5-oxp could promote heat tolerance in cool-season perennial grass species and identify the major metabolic pathways that could be activated or responsive to 5-oxp for enhancing heat tolerance. Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) plants were foliar-sprayed with 5-oxp or water (untreated control) prior to and during the exposure to heat stress (35/33 ℃, day/night temperature) or ambient temperature (25/22 ℃, day/night temperature, non-stress control) in controlled-environment growth chambers. Application of 5-oxp improved the heat tolerance of perennial ryegrass, as manifested by the chlorophyll content, photochemical efficiency, cell membrane stability, and antioxidant enzyme activities increasing by 31.2%, 25.7%, 37.2%, and 57.1-258.3%, as well as the reduction in hydrogen peroxide production by 36.8%. Metabolic profiling identified metabolites up-regulated by 5-oxp that are involved in the metabolic pathways of carbon assimilation in photosynthesis, glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle of respiration, proteinogenic amino acid metabolism, glutathione metabolism, and nucleotide metabolism for DNA or RNA synthesis and ATP generation. The up-regulation or activation of those metabolic processes could contribute to 5-oxp-mediated enhancement in the heat tolerance of perennial ryegrass., Competing Interests: Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Not applicable. Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Introduction: Soil phosphorus (P) deficiency limits plant growth and productivity in grassland ecosystems and may moderate the growth-promoting effects of "carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) fertilization effect"., Methods: To evaluate the interactive effects of these two factors on the growth and physiology for annual ryegrass ( Lolium multiflorum Lam.), plants were grown in controlled growth chambers with a range of P supply (0.004, 0.012, 0.02, 0.06, 0.1 and 0.5 mM) under two levels of CO 2 (400 and 800 μmol mol -1 , respectively)., Results: Elevated [CO 2 ] dramatically increased the aboveground biomass and net photosynthetic rates of annual ryegrass by 14.5% and 25.3% under sufficient P supply (0.5 mM), respectively, whereas decreased the belowground biomass and net photosynthetic rates under lower P supply of P 0.004 , P 0.02 , and P 0.06 . Two-way ANOVA results showed that CO 2 × P ( p < 0.001) significantly affected stomatal traits, leaf photosynthesis and biomass. The stimulation of growth and photosynthesis by elevated CO 2 concentration ( e [CO 2 ]) was reduced or highly suppressed, indicating that the sensitivity of annual ryegrass to P deficiency was enhanced under e [CO 2 ]., Discussion: These results indicated that P limitation may offset the positive effects of e [CO 2 ] on plant growth by altering stomatal traits, leaf photochemical processes and biochemical composition in annual ryegrass., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The reviewer LY declared a shared affiliation with the author(s) ZC to the handling editor at the time of review., (Copyright © 2023 Li, He, Chang, Ma, Yu, Liu, Zhang and Hao.)

Abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are known to play roles in regulating plant stress responses. This study was conducted to determine metabolites and associated pathways regulated by ABA, SA and GABA that could contribute to drought tolerance in creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera). Plants were foliar sprayed with ABA (5 μM), GABA (0.5 mM) and SA (10 μM) or water (untreated control) prior to 25 days drought stress in controlled growth chambers. Application of ABA, GABA or SA had similar positive effects on alleviating drought damages, as manifested by the maintenance of lower electrolyte leakage and greater relative water content in leaves of treated plants relative to the untreated control. Metabolic profiling showed that ABA, GABA and SA induced differential metabolic changes under drought stress. ABA mainly promoted the accumulation of organic acids associated with tricarboxylic acid cycle (aconitic acid, succinic acid, lactic acid and malic acid). SA strongly stimulated the accumulation of amino acids (proline, serine, threonine and alanine) and carbohydrates (glucose, mannose, fructose and cellobiose). GABA enhanced the accumulation of amino acids (GABA, glycine, valine, proline, 5-oxoproline, serine, threonine, aspartic acid and glutamic acid) and organic acids (malic acid, lactic acid, gluconic acid, malonic acid and ribonic acid). The enhanced drought tolerance could be mainly due to the enhanced respiration metabolism by ABA, amino acids and carbohydrates involved in osmotic adjustment (OA) and energy metabolism by SA, and amino acid metabolism related to OA and stress-defense secondary metabolism by GABA., (© 2016 Scandinavian Plant Physiology Society.)

Objective: To set the manpower allocation criteria of center of disease prevention and control., Methods: Expected allocation manpower criteria was obtained through adjusting the current manpower allocation of disease prevention and control centers. The principle was to fulfill public function and promote professional efficiency., Results: Based on function requirement, in 3 - 5 years, the manpower allocation criteria of center of disease prevention and control at provincial-level is 336 persons, at city-level is 102 persons, and at county-level is 33 persons, that means in whole country 140016 persons should be needed. In 10 years, the manpower allocation criteria of center of disease prevention and control at provincial-level is 386 persons, at city-level is 112 persons, and at county-level is 38 persons, that means in whole country 159086 persons should be needed., Conclusion: The manpower allocation criteria advanced in the study indicated that current manpower quantity should be greatly reduced. It is an inevitable trend that disease prevention and control centers reduce the staff quantity and promote their quality.

Objective: To evaluate the implementation of public function and items of the centers of disease prevention and control (CDC)., Methods: 161 centers of disease prevention and control have been investigated by two-stage stratified sampling. The implementation analysis of public function and items of CDC is measured by multiplying average operational proportion and average operational degree., Results: (1) For investigated centers, the average rate of function implementation is 42.9%, with 56.0% at provincial level and 43.7% at city level, 41.3% for the county level, while 49.3% in east areas, 45.4% in middle areas and 35.3% in west areas. (2) Among all 7 functional items, the implemented rate of disease prevention and control is 54.3%, 65.8% for emergency treatment, 35.0% for epidemic situation report and information management of health relative factors, 31.3% for inspection and control of health risk factors, 39.1% for the laboratory examination and evaluation, 36.4% for health education and health promotion, and 56.7% for technological guidance and application study., Conclusion: The implemented degree of public function of CDC was generally lower, varied with regions and levels. Among 7 public functional items, the emergency treatment function had the highest implementation, with the lowest for the inspection and control of health relative factors.

Objective: To compare the human resources allocation of CDC in different areas and different levels., Methods: By stratified cluster sampling we get 70 CDC's manpower data, which come from different areas(east, middle part, west)and different levels (province, city, county)., Results: (1) The average number of CDC's staff is 62. (2)CDC of province level are understaffed by 15%, while CDC of county level are overstaffed by 3%, and CDC of county level are overstaffed by 12%. (3) Structure of age: The average age of CDC's staff is 62, people under 35 years old in CDC is 39.4%, people above 55 years old is 3.5% (4) Structure of education: People with graduate degree are only 0.8%, and people come from technicalsecondary school are 57.0%. (5) Structure of specialty: A majority of people's majors are clinical medicine, and the percent of people having a non-medical-major are 36.6%. (6) Area distributing. Distribution of average quality score of staff are imbalance in different areas, the average quality score of staff in east area are 1.07 times than that in middle area, and 1.12 times than that in west area.

Objective: To evaluate the implementation of public function and items of the centers of disease prevention and control(CDC)., Methods: 161 centers of disease prevention and control have been investigated by two-stage stratified sampling. The implementation analysis of public function and items of CDC is measured by multiplying average operational proportion and average operational degree., Results: 1. For investigated centers, the average rate of function implementation is 42.9% ,with 56.0% at provincial level and 43.7% at city level, 41.3% for the county level; while 49.3% in east areas, 45.4% in middle areas and 35.3% in west areas. 2. Among all 7 functional items, the implemented rate of disease prevention and control is 54.3%, 65.8% for emergency treatment, 35.0% for epidemic situation report and information management of health relative factors, 31.3% for inspection and control of health risk factors, 39.1% for the laboratory examination and evaluation, 36.4% for health education and health promotion, and 56.7% for technological guidance and application study., Conclusion: The implemented degree of public function of CDC was generally lower, varied with regions and levels. Among 7 public functional items, the emergency treatment function had the highest implementation, with the lowest for the inspection and control of health relative factors.

Objective: To explicate the operational proportion of public function and items of the centers of disease prevention and control (CDC)., Methods: 161 CDC have been investigated by two-stage stratified sampling to provide the information about the operation of the public function and items of CDC., Results: (1) The average operational proportion investigated CDC is 71.7%, the province level 92.0%, the city level 73.7%, the county level 68.5%. East areas 76.5%, middle areas 71.5%, west areas 68.1%. (2) The operational proportion of disease prevention and control function and emergency treatment function were higher, but that of epidemic situation report and information management of health relative factor, inspection and control of health relative factor, and the laboratory examination and evaluation were lower., Conclusion: Public function and items were rather poorly carried out by the centers of prevention and control in China, especially those in middle and west areas, and those in counties.

This paper introduced the project of "reestablishing the disease control and prevention system of China" in brief, including background, objectives, funding resources, researching objects and sampling methods. This project which funded by National Outstanding Younger Fund and the research fund of MOH aimed at nailing down the key problem existed in disease control and prevention system of China, demonstrating the reasons and mechanism of key problem, developing feasible policy idea and strategy. This paper also introduced some issues concerning the reestablishing of the disease control and prevention system of China: the definition of public function, the standard of human resource allocation and the standard of financing. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 8 provinces, 80 cities and 80 counties have been sampled to provide information that project needed. In addition, this project also cited some data which come from the early study, in which 3 provinces, 12 counties, 49 towns, 179 villages and 9781 rural families have been sampled and investigated.