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Discusses the need for youth development programs in the U.S. Issue on problem prevention among the youth; Concept of youth development; Role of parks and recreation departments in the understanding of youth development.

States that the key to securing additional resources for park and recreation services is to reposition them. Reason for repositioning; Set of repositioning strategies; Approaches to real repositioning.

Looks at the efforts made to alleviate societal problems associated with at-risk youth. Reasons why parks and recreation departments (PARDs) are in a position to address issues facing the youth; Possibility that parks and recreation programs can solve problems. INSETS: Summary of evaluation studies completed or in-progress.;Crime statistics changes due to recreation program initiation.;Features of successful programs for at-risk youth..

The aims of this study were twofold 1 to test the ability of parents and teachers to discriminate the speech of children with repaired cleft palate from that of their unaffected peers and 2 to compare these lay assessments of speech acceptability with the critical perceptual assessments of expert clinicians.

Posterior pharyngeal wall augmentation has been advocated for patients having velopharyngeal dysfunction with a small coronal gap. Nonautogenous augmentation has not been accepted widely because of migration or extrusion of alloplastic implants and resorption of injected materials. Autogenous posterior pharyngeal wall augmentation has been performed for decades by Italian surgeons. A retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of this procedure.

Lateral speech videofluoroscopic evaluations were videotaped preoperatively and postoperatively for 20 patients who underwent sphincter pharyngoplasty. Randomized videotapes were constructed and subsequently evaluated by speechlanguage pathologists experienced in assessing patients with velopharyngeal dysfunction. Rating forms assessing various motion parameters of the posterior pharyngeal wall were completed and analyzed statistically. Results showed that the posterior pharyngeal wall configuration postoperatively was less likely to be rated as smooth relative to the preoperative configuration p0.019. No other statistically significant data were obtained, although there was a trend for posterior pharyngeal wall movement rated as discretepreoperatively to be described as generalizedpostoperatively. We conclude that when comparing preoperative and postoperative parameters, sphincter pharyngoplasty does not significantly affect posterior pharyngeal wall motion. Posterior pharyngeal wall configuration is less likely to be categorized as smooth after sphincter pharyngoplasty relative to the preoperative condition. Although sphincter pharyngoplasty has been shown to improve velopharyngeal function, there is little evidence from this study to suggest that preexisting posterior pharyngeal wall motion causes sphincteric movement. Plast. Reconstr. Surg.101 1457, 1998.

Objective This paper reports on the rates of failure of operations (pharyngeal flap and sphincter pharyngoplasty) performed for management of velopharyngeal dysfunction, and outcome following their revision.Design Anatomic abnormalities associated with unacceptable vocal resonance and nasal air escape following pharyngeal flap and sphincter pharyngoplasty were critiqued. The results of primary pharyngeal flap were evaluated for 65 patients, and the results of primary sphincter pharyngoplasty were evaluated for 123 patients. All patients were treated for velopharyngeal dysfunction. The definition of surgical failure was based on persistent hypernasality and/or nasal turbulence on perceptual speech evaluation, and incomplete velopharyngeal closure on instrumental evaluation, at least 3 months postoperatively.Setting All patients were evaluated and managed at the Cleft Palate and Craniofacial Deformities Institute, St. Louis Children's Hospital, a tertiary cleft care center.Patients, Participants All patients had failed surgical management initially, either with pharyngeal flap or sphincter pharyngoplasty, and all underwent repeat preoperative and postoperative perceptual speech evaluations; real-time lateral phonation fluoroscopy including still reference views; and flexible nasendoscopy of the velopharynx using standard speech protocols.Interventions Revisional surgery for both procedures consisted of either tightening of the sphincter pharyngoplasty or pharyngeal flap port(s) or reinsertion of the sphincter pharyngoplasty or pharyngeal flaps following dehiscence.Main outcome Measures The main outcome measure was normalcy of velopharyngeal function, i.e., elimination of perceptual hypernasality and instrumental evidence of complete velopharyngeal closure. The rates of pharyngeal flap failure and sphincter pharyngoplasty failure were determined for those patients requiring surgical revision.Results Thirteen of 65 patients (20%) who underwent primary pharyngeal flap required revisional surgery. Of these 13 patients, eight were managed successfully with a single revisional operation. The remaining five patients (38%) continued to exhibit velopharyngeal dysfunction and underwent a second revision consisting of tightening or augmentation of the lateral ports. Speech results were satisfactory in all patients so treated; however, hyponasality with no other airway morbidity occurred in all five. Twenty of 123 patients (16%) who underwent primary sphincter pharyngoplasty required surgical revision. Of these 20 patients, 17 were managed successfully. For both procedures, the principal cause of failure was partial or complete flap dehiscence.Conclusions Rates of primary pharyngeal flap failure are roughly equivalent to rates of primary sphincter pharyngoplasty failure. Pharyngeal flap and sphincter pharyngoplasty failures can be salvaged with revisional surgery, which can provide a velopharyngeal mechanism capable of complete closure. Revisional surgery is usually associated with denasal speech.

‘All things in nature,’ said Sullivan, have a shape, that is to say, a form, an outward semblance, that tells us what they are that distinguishes them from ourselves and from each other ….’. ‘Whether it be the sweeping eagle in his flight or the open apple-blossom, the toiling work-horse, the blithe swan, the branching oaks, the drifting clouds, over all the coursing sun, form ever follows function, and this is the law.’

There is little information in the cleft palate literature concerning the relationship between surgeon volume and clinical outcomes. It is unknown whether such a relationship applies specifically to velopharyngeal dysfunction and the need for secondary physical management of the velopharynx. The purpose of this paper was to explore the concept of an operative learning curve for different surgeons with respect to palatoplasty. Impact of case volume and procedure type on the occurrence of secondary palatal management the main outcome measure was assessed.

35 nursery school children, 4 to 5 yr. of age, were given trials during which they were allowed to play with blocks colored red, blue, green and gray that were presented in varied spatial arrays. Position preferences were more important than color preferences in Ss' use of blocks. This study emphasized the prominent role of stimulus context in play behavior.

Die Zucht von Calliphora erythrocephala und ein mit diesen Fliegen durchgeführter Test zur Bestimmung der Wirksamkeit insektizider Substanzen werden beschrieben. Hierbei wird der eben ausgewachsenen Fliege die Substanz, gelöst in 0,001 bis 0,002 ccm absol. Alkohol, so aufgetropft, daß volle Wirksamkeit percutan gewährleistet erscheint. Die mit dieser Methode durchgeführte Testung der Organe DDT-vergifteter größerer Tiere (Frosch und Maus) ergibt die geringste Giftigkeit des Gehirnextraktes gegenüber Leber, Lungen, Milz, Nieren und Muskulatur. Versuche an Maden, Puppen und Fliegen zeigen die verschiedene Wirksamkeit von DDT und HCC in den verschiedenen Entwicklungsstadien der Fliege, und durch sie wird wahrscheinlich gemacht, daß das DDT und HCC nicht in wirksamer Menge durch die dicken Chitinplatten, sondern durch Gelenkspalten, Sinnesorgane und Stigmen der Insekten eindringt. Endgültige Klarheit konnte hierbei nicht erzielt werden.

This article describes the various successes and failures encountered in a year long sociorecreation program for conduct disorder children. The experience indicated that the conduct disorder child can be helped to achieve greater satisfaction in a recreation setting if the setting is structurally conducive to the control of his deviant behavior. The traditional models of free play and socially centered programing were tried first but failed. They could only be effectively utilized once the requisite social, physical, and behavioral skills had been acquired in a structured setting. A description is provided of the program's staff, structure, and content as well as certain leadership principles which emerged throughout the year.

The position preferences of 4 groups of nursery school Ss were studied in a laboratory playroom. A large and small trestle were interchanged between center and corner positions in a series of play sessions. The frequency with which Ss used trestles in each position was recorded. A significant difference between sessions for 3 groups indicated that the trestle in the center position received more use than the one in the corner. Also, the large trestle placed in the center was used more than the small trestle when it was in the center position. The interaction of position and trestle size was noted along with the importance of studying other specifiable parameters affecting a child's use of play equipment.

Detailed measurements of freehand copies of a geometric figure were made in order to assess the utility of such drawings for reflecting changes in skilled manual performance. For normal Ss, reliability was satisfactory only for short time-intervals and for certain parameters. However, measures of size of drawings and the placement of spiral lines appeared to show differential sensitivity to stimulant, tranquilizer, and stress conditions.

Measures of skilled motor performances, both of a task-oriented (tests of eye-hand coordination) and incidental (control of facial and ocular muscles) nature were recorded for a sample of 20 healthy young adults before and after single administrations of perphenazine, opipramol, imipramine and placebo at doselevels commonly supposed to produce mood or behavioral effects. It was anticipated that such performances would be sensitive even to slight changes in the subjects' physiological and psychological state; the aim was to test the power of tests of subtle skills in providing indices of slight to moderate behavioral effects.

The article presents a study which determines the effect of camp training on the abilities of experienced and new counselors to develop the attitudes, behaviors, and skills necessary to effectively undertake their duties at camp. At a Midwest Christian sports camp, 40 counselors completed a retrospective pre-and post-test survey and an analysis of variance (ANOVA) was also conducted. Results show that both new and experienced counselors finished the training with similar levels of competence.