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Low-toxicity tin halide perovskites with excellent optoelectronic properties are promising candidates for photodetection. However, tin halide perovskite photodetectors have suffered from high dark current owing to uncontrollable Sn 2+ oxidation. Here, 2-cyanoethan-1-aminium iodide (CNI) is introduced in CH(NH 2 ) 2 SnI 3 (FASnI 3 ) perovskite films to inhibit Sn 2+ oxidation by the strong coordination interaction between the cyano group (C≡N) and Sn 2+ . Consequently, FASnI 3 -CNI films exhibit reduced nonradiative recombination and lower trap density. The self-powered photodetector based on FASnI 3 -CNI exhibits low dark current (1.04 × 10 -9 A cm -2 ), high detectivity (2.2 × 10 13 Jones at 785 nm), fast response speed (2.62 µs), and good stability. Mechanism studies show the increase in the activation energy required for thermal emission and generated carriers, leading to a lower dark current in the FASnI 3 -CNI photodetector. In addition, flexible photodetectors based on FASnI 3 -CNI, exhibiting high detectivity and fast response speed, are employed in wearable electronics to monitor the human heart rate under weak light and zero bias conditions. Finally, the FASnI 3 -CNI perovskite photodetectors are integrated with a 32 × 32 thin-film transistor backplane, capable of ultraweak light (170 nW cm -2 ) real-time imaging with high contrast, and zero power consumption, demonstrating the great potential for image sensor applications., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Tin halide perovskites (THPs) have demonstrated exceptional potential for various applications owing to their low toxicity and excellent optoelectronic properties. However, the crystallization kinetics of THPs are less controllable than its lead counterpart because of the higher Lewis acidity of Sn 2+ , leading to THP films with poor morphology and rampant defects. Here, a colloidal zeta potential modulation approach is developed to improve the crystallization kinetics of THP films inspired by the classical Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory. After adding 3-aminopyrrolidine dihydro iodate (APDI 2 ) in the precursor solution to change the zeta potential of the pristine colloids, the total interaction potential energy between colloidal particles with APDI 2 could be controllably reduced, resulting in a higher coagulation probability and a lower critical nuclei concentration. In situ laser light scattering measurements confirmed the increased nucleation rate of the THP colloids with APDI 2 . The resulting film with APDI 2 shows a pinhole-free morphology with fewer defects, achieving an impressive efficiency of 15.13 %., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

To improve the accuracy of detecting high NO (nitric oxide) emissions from heavy-duty diesel vehicles (HDDV) by remote sensing (RS), the emissions of one HDDV complied with China V regulation and one HDDV complied with China VI regulation at constant speeds, with and without after-treatment devices, are tested by a portable emission measurement system (PEMS) and RS. The optimized measurement procedures for detecting high NO emissions from China V and China VI HDDVs by RS are summarized. The correlation of RS and PEMS data shows that the ratio of NO to CO 2 (carbon dioxide) is a more appropriate RS measurement than NO concentration alone for identifying high emitters, although NO concentrations of 600 ppm and 100 ppm can be used as a basis for distinguishing between China V and China VI HDDVs, respectively. When the NO/CO 2 ratio is >200 × 10 -4 and 25 × 10 -4 , identifying China V and China VI HDDV high emitters, respectively, is possible. Additionally considering the vehicle speed can reduce the high emitter identification error rate, and excluding data where vehicle acceleration is less than -0.1 m/s 2 can further improve identification accuracy. Four new high-emitter identification methods based on different combinations of measurements are shown to improve identification efficiency with only small increases in identification error. This study provides evidence to support the future development of high-precision RS methodologies for identifying high-emission vehicles., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Autophagy is pivotal in maintaining intracellular homeostasis, which involves various biological processes, including cellular senescence and lifespan modulation. Being an important member of the protein O-mannosyltransferase (PMT) family of enzymes, Pmt1p deficiency can significantly extend the replicative lifespan (RLS) of yeast cells through an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway, which is participated in protein homeostasis. Nevertheless, the mechanisms that Pmt1p regulates the lifespan of yeast cells still need to be explored. In this study, we found that the long-lived PMT1 deficiency strain (pmt1Δ) elevated the expression levels of most autophagy-related genes, the expression levels of total GFP-Atg8 fusion protein and free GFP protein compared with wild-type yeast strain (BY4742). Moreover, the long-lived pmt1Δ strain showed the greater dot-signal accumulation from GFP-Atg8 fusion protein in the vacuole lumen through a confocal microscope. However, deficiency of SAC1 or ATG8, two essential components of the autophagy process, decreased the cell proliferation ability of the long-lived pmt1Δ yeast cells, and prevented the lifespan extension. In addition, our findings demonstrated that overexpression of ATG8 had no potential effect on the RLS of the pmt1Δ yeast cells, and the maintained incubation of minimal synthetic medium lacking nitrogen (SD-N medium as starvation-induced autophagy) inhibited the cell proliferation ability of the pmt1Δ yeast cells with the culture time, and blocked the lifespan extension, especially in the SD-N medium cultured for 15 days. Our results suggest that the long-lived pmt1Δ strain enhances the basal autophagy activity, while deficiency of SAC1 or ATG8 decreases the cell proliferation ability and shortens the RLS of the long-lived pmt1Δ yeast cells. Moreover, the maintained starvation-induced autophagy impairs extension of the long-lived pmt1Δ yeast cells, and even leads to the cell death., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of FEMS.)

Background: Child sexual abuse is a major public health problem with adverse consequences for victims' physical, mental, and reproductive health. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the prevalence of child sexual abuse and its associated factors among 15- to 17-year-old adolescents in mainland China., Methods: From September 8, 2019 to January 17, 2020, a total of 48,660 participants were recruited by 58 colleges and universities across the whole country to complete the self-administered, structured, online questionnaire. This analysis was restricted to 3,215 adolescents aged between 15 and 17 years in mainland China. Chi-square tests and multivariate Logistic regression analyses were performed to identify individual, relationship, and community factors associated with child sexual abuse., Results: The overall prevalence of child sexual abuse was 12.0%. More specifically, 13.0% of girls and 10.6% of boys reported that they were sexually abused prior to 18 years of age. At the individual level, being female, sexual minority identity, younger age, and higher levels of knowledge, skills and self-efficacy regarding condom use were significantly related to increased odds of reporting sexual abuse. At the relationship and community level, adolescents from disrupted families and those entering into a marriage, having casual sexual partners, and having first intercourse at a younger age were more likely to report sexual abuse. On the contrary, those who had never discussed sex-related topics with their family members at home and were offered school-based sexuality education later (vs. earlier) were less likely to report sexual abuse., Conclusion: Multilevel prevention programs and strategies, including targeting adolescents with high-risk characteristics, educating young children and their parents about child sexual abuse prevention and optimizing the involvement of parents, school, community, society and government in comprehensive sexuality education, should be taken to reduce child sexual abuse among 15- to 17-year-old adolescents., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Fu, Xu, Pan, Zhang, Zhang, Zhao, Lin, Ye, Liu, Lan, Luo, Wang, Zhu, Liao, Hong, Chen, Li, Yang, Zhao, Liu, Ruan, Yang and Wang.)

Tumor cells progressively remodel cytoskeletal structures and reduce cellular stiffness during tumor progression, implicating the correlation between cell mechanics and malignancy. However, the roles of tumor cell cytoskeleton and the mechanics in tumor progression remain incompletely understood. We report that softening/stiffening tumor cells by targeting actomyosin promotes/suppresses self-renewal in vitro and tumorigenic potential in vivo. Weakening/strengthening actin cytoskeleton impairs/reinforces the interaction between adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) and β-catenin, which facilitates β-catenin nuclear/cytoplasmic localization. Nuclear β-catenin binds to the promoter of Oct4, which enhances its transcription that is crucial in sustaining self-renewal and malignancy. These results demonstrate that the mechanics of tumor cells dictate self-renewal through cytoskeleton-APC-Wnt/β-catenin-Oct4 signaling, which are correlated with tumor differentiation and patient survival. This study unveils an uncovered regulatory role of cell mechanics in self-renewal and malignancy, and identifies tumor cell mechanics as a hallmark not only for cancer diagnosis but also for mechanotargeting., (Copyright © 2023 Xi Chen et al.)

Objective: To evaluate the effect of gentamicin in surgical perfusion solution on endophthalmitis incidence after cataract surgery., Methods: A retrospective analysis of endophthalmitis incidence was conducted in two groups of patients who underwent cataract surgery, with (Group B) or without gentamicin (Group A) in the surgical perfusion solution. Endophthalmitis incidence, the isolated pathogenic bacteria strains and their antibiotic sensitivity, and the drug-resistant genotype of the pathogens were examined., Results: The incidence of endophthalmitis in patients of group A was 0.8‰. Thirteen pathogenic bacterial strains were isolated from the patient samples in group A, including 8 strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis, 1 Staphylococcus aureus, 1 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 1 Streptococcus bovis, 1 Enterococcus faecium and 1 Morganella sp. The incidence of endophthalmitis in group B patients was 0.2‰, which was significantly lower than that in group A (P<0.05). Five strains of pathogenic bacteria were successfully isolated, including 2 strains of Enterococcus faecium, 1 Enterococcus faecalis, 1 Staphylococcus epidermidis and 1 Staphylococcus aureus. There was no significant difference in the proportion of Staphylococcus strains in all isolated bacteria between the two groups (P > 0.05). However, the proportion of Enterococci isolated in group B samples was higher than that in group A (P < 0.05). There were more gentamicin-sensitive strains than levofloxacin-sensitive strains identified (P < 0.05). Interestingly, aminoglycoside-inactivating enzyme resistance gene was detected in Enterococcus strains., Conclusion: Our data suggest that gentamicin-containing perfusion solution can reduce the incidence of postoperative endophthalmitis in cataract patients. However, the selective pressure imposed by gentamicin may facilitate the development of aminoglycoside-resistant Enterococcos strains., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

The opinions and feelings expressed by tourists in their reviews intuitively represent tourists' evaluation of travel destinations with distinct tones and strong emotions. Both consumers and product/service providers need help understanding and navigating the resulting information spaces, which are vast and dynamic. Traditional sentiment analysis is mostly based on statistics, which can analyze the sentiment of a large number of texts. However, it is difficult to classify the overall sentiment of a text, and the context-independent nature limits their representative power in a rich context, hurting performance in Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. This work proposes an aspect-based sentiment analysis model by extracting aspect-category and corresponding sentiment polarity from tourists' reviews, based on the Bidirectional Encoder Representation from Transformers (BERT) model. First, we design a text enhancement strategy which utilizes iterative translation across multiple languages, to generate a dataset of 4,000 reviews by extending a dataset of 2,000 online reviews on 1,000 tourist attractions. Then, the enhanced dataset is reorganized into 10 classifications by the Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF) method. Finally, the aspect-based sentiment analysis is performed on the enhanced dataset, and the obtained sentiment polarity classification and prediction of the tourism review data make the expectations and appeals in tourists' language available. The experimental study generates generic and personalized recommendations for users based on the emotions in the language and helps merchants achieve more effective service and product upgrades., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Chu, Chen, Yang and Wang.)

The lack of a standardized reliable and valid instrument makes it difficult to measure attitudes toward lesbian women and gay men (ATLG) consistently and thus poses a challenge to compare and contrast intervention measures. This study aimed to validate Herek's ATLG scale among undergraduates in mainland China and identify factors associated with negative attitudes toward LG. A total of 6,036 eligible undergraduates conveniently drawn from 30 provinces across mainland China were randomly split in half. Item analysis was first used to select unrelated or redundant items for deletion. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) were then conducted on the first half of the sample ( n = 3,001), followed by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and reliability analysis in the second half ( n = 3035). Logistic regression analyses were finally carried out to identify their determinants. Six items were removed from the item analysis. EFA supported the existence of two factors (ATL and ATG). CFA results indicated that the two-factor model fit the data better than the one-factor model. Logistic regression analyses indicated that being female, majoring in non-health-related disciplines, attributing homosexuality to uncontrollable causes, non-adherence to traditional gender norms and exposure to homosexual content were significantly associated with less negative attitudes toward both L and G. Urban students were marginally less likely to express negative attitudes toward L but not G, while non-heterosexuals and those who had prior personal contact with homosexuals exhibited less negative attitudes toward G but not L. However, grade showed no significant associations with either ATL or ATG. The retained 14-item version of Herek's ATLG scale has been proven to be a reliable and valid tool. Furthermore, ATL and ATG were determined by different factors and thus would be treated separately. In order to reduce negative attitudes toward LG among undergraduates in mainland China, a comprehensive intervention plan such as conducting comprehensive sex education and pushing the process of legalizing same-sex marriage should be designed, implemented and evaluated., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Wang, Liu, Fu, Chen, Wu, Pan, Yang, Chen, Cao, Li, Wang, Wang, Du, Xiong, Liu, Xu, Xia, Li, Lv and Ruan.)

Background: Unintended pregnancies (UIP) among unmarried sexually active college students in mainland China have emerged as a major reproductive health issue with detrimental personal and socioeconomic consequences. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the prevalence and factors associated with UIP among sexually active undergraduates in mainland China., Methods: Between September 8, 2019 and January 17, 2020, a total of 48,660 participants were recruited across the Chinese mainland to complete the self-administered, structured, online questionnaire. This analysis was restricted to 6347 sexually experienced, never-married 15-26 year old undergraduates. Pearson's Chi square tests and multivariate Logistic regression analyses were performed to identify sociodemographic, familial and individual variables associated with UIP., Results: The overall prevalence of UIP was 17.7%. More specifically, 19.5% of male college students reported they had unintentionally gotten a partner pregnant, while 14.9% of female college students became unintentionally pregnant. Students who experienced UIP were more likely to belong to the older age group (23-26 years), live with only one parent or live without parents at home, report that their family members approve of premarital sex, initiate sexual activity younger than 14 years old and have casual sex partners. Furthermore, females with multiple partners and males who came from low- income households, experienced sexual abuse, perceived difficulties in acquiring condoms and did not know how to use condoms correctly were also at higher risk of experiencing an unintended pregnancy., Conclusion: In order to prevent UIP, a comprehensive intervention measure should be taken to target older students and those engaging in risky sexual behaviors, work with young male students to improve condom use skills, improve the availability of free condoms, optimize the involvement of parents and other family members in their children's sex education., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Reconstruction of network is to infer the relationship among nodes using observation data, which is helpful to reveal properties and functions of complex systems. In view of the low reconstruction accuracy based on small data and the subjectivity of threshold to infer adjacency matrix, the paper proposes two models: the quadratic compressive sensing (QCS) and integer compressive sensing (ICS). Then a combined method (CCS) is given based on QCS and ICS, which can be used on binary-state and multi-state dynamics. It is found that CCS is usually a superior method comparing with compressive sensing, LASSO on several networks with different structures and scales. And it can infer larger node correctly than the other two methods. The paper is conducive to reveal the hidden relationship with small data so that to understand, predicate and control a vast intricate system., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Objective: We aimed to explore the differentiation of immortalized human precartilaginous stem cells (IPSCs) into nucleus pulposus (NP)-like cells induced by transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and examine its biological characteristics., Methods: The IPSCs were seeded onto chitosan/glycerophosphate (C/GP) scaffolds and induced into NP-like cells by adding TGF-β1 under hypoxic conditions. The growth and differentiation of IPSCs were observed, and the formation of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) in the extracellular matrix of differentiating cells was detected by Alcian Blue staining. The expressions of type II collagen and aggrecan genes in NP-like cells were examined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The expressions of Sox9 and β-catenin were analyzed by Western blotting., Results: The IPSCs were observed to grow well on the C/GP scaffolds. After 7 days, Alcian Blue staining demonstrated the formation of GAG. The RT-PCR results showed that expression of type II collagen and aggrecan were upregulated compared with control group (P<0.05, P<0.05). Likewise, western blotting results showed that the expression of Sox9 and β-catenin was upregulated compared with control group (P<0.05, P<0.05)., Conclusions: The findings demonstrate that IPSCs could be differentiated into NP-like cells following induction by TGF-β1.

To investigate effect of the transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in combination with nerve growth factor (NGF) on the repair of spinal cord injury (SCI) in adult rats, spinal cord of adult rats (n= 32) was injured by using the modified Allen's method. One week after the injury, the injured cords were injected with Dubecco-modified Eagles medium (DMEM, Group I), MSCs (Group II), NGF (Group III), and MSCs plus NGF (Group IV). One month and two months after the injury, rats were sacrificed and their injured cord tissues were sectioned for the identification of the transplanted cells. The axonal regeneration and the differentiation of MSCs were examined by immunocytochemical staining. At the same time, rats were subjected to behavioral tests by using the open-field BBB scoring system. Immunocytochemical staining showed that axonal regeneration and the transplanted cells partially expressed neuron-specific nuclear protein (NeuN) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). At the same time, significant improvement in BBB locomotor rating scale (P<0. 05) were observed in the treatment group. More importantly, further functional improvement were noted in the combined treatment group. MSCs could differentiate into neurons and astrocytes. MSCs and NGF can promote axonal regeneration and improve functional recovery. There might exist a synergistic effect between MSCs and NGF.

The epidemiological studies showed close relations between dietary fat and lung cancer, but large gaps still exist in understanding. There were no mechanical indications to confirm some conclusions. In this paper, the possible mechanisms including imbalance of fatty acid ratios, insulin resistance, lipids peroxidation, endocrine mechanism, cytokine abnormality and membrane fluidity changes were reviewed.

Objective: To study the effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) on the rehabilitation of motor function in patients with cerebral infarction., Methods: Two hundred twenty and three patients with the initial attack of cerebral infarction were divided into three groups. (1) One hundred twenty and three patients were randomly further divided into rehabilitation subgroup (n = 63, aged 64.0 +/- 7.9, treated with TMS beginning from the 6 approximately 10 th day after onset) and control subgroup (n = 60, aged 63.5 +/- 7.9). (2) Sixty patients were divided into three subgroups according to the age: 35 approximately 55 (n = 11), 56 approximately 75 (n = 20), and over 76 (n = 30). (3) Forty patients aged 56 approximately 75 were further divided into two subgroups according to the timing of beginning of TMS: subgroup with TMS beginning within 3 months after the initial attack (n = 20) and subgroup with TMS beginning 3 months after the initial attack (n = 20). Except for TMS, the basic treatment was the same for all of the patients. TMS was given once a day for 14 days. Fugl-Meyer score, Barthel index, and central spinal cord motor conduction time (CMCT) were measured twice: just before treatment and after the 14th treatment. A difference less than 20 ms between CMCT values measured before and after TMS and failure to induce CMCT both before and after TMS were regarded as ineffective hess, and a difference more than 20 ms between CMCT values measured before and after TMS and a change from failure to induce CMCT were regarded as effective hess., Results: The effective rate was 90.5% in the rehabilitation subgroup and 68.3% in the control group (P < 0.05). The Fugl-Meyer scores were 36.3 +/- 15.8 and 33.7 +/- 13.7 in the rehabilitation subgroup and control subgroup before treatment respectively (P > 0.05), and were 51.7 +/- 15.7 and 40.0 +/- 13.9 after treatment respectively (P < 0.01). The Barthel index were 39.6 +/- 15.8 and 40.0 +/- 14.9 in the two subgroups before treatment respectively (P > 0.05) and were 50.5 +/- 15.7 and 43.9 +/- 15.3 after treatment respectively (P < 0.05). The Fugl-Meyer scores before and after TMS were 35.8 +/- 11.3 and 61.6 +/- 18.6 in the subgroup aged 35 approximately 55 (P < 0.01), 33.5 +/- 14.0 and 49.2 +/- 16.0 in the subgroup aged 56 approximately 75 (P < 0.001), and 32.1 +/- 10.7 and 37.6 +/- 11.3 in the subgroup aged over 75 (P > 0.05). The Fugl-Meyer scores were 41.2 +/- 15.7 and 59.0 +/- 22.8 before and after TCM respectively in the subgroup with early TMS treatment (P < 0.01), and were 34.3 +/- 13.5 and 45.4 +/- 14.8 respectively in the subgroup with TMS beginning 3 months after the onset (P < 0.05)., Conclusion: TMS is effective on the rehabilitation of motor function in patients with cerebral infarction. The effectiveness of TMS treatment depends on the age of the patients and timing of beginning treatment.