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Ship activity patterns depicted by the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (ICOADS), the Automated Mutual-Assistance Vessel Rescue System (AMVER) data set, and their combination demonstrate different spatial and statistical sampling biases. These differences could significantly affect the accuracy of ship emissions inventories and atmospheric modeling. We demonstrate (using ICOADS) a method to improve global-proxy representativeness by trimming over-reporting vessels that mitigates sampling bias, augment the sample data set, and account for ship heterogeneity. Apparent underreporting to ICOADS and AMVER by ships near coastlines, perhaps engaged in coastwise (short sea) shipping especially in Europe, indicates that bottom-up regional inventories may be more representative locally. Primarily due to the long time series available publicly for ICOADS data, the improved ICOADS data set may be the most appropriate global ship traffic proxy identified to date to be used for a top-down approach. More generally, these three spatial proxies can be used together to perform uncertainty analyses of ship air-emissions impacts on a global scale (http://coast.cms.udel.edu/GlobalShipEmissions/).

Objective: To investigate the epidemiological and clinical features of multiple primary malignant neoplasms (MPMNs)., Methods: One hundred and twenty-five cases of more than or equal to three primary malignant neoplasms detected in the period of 1958 to 2001 were studied retrospectively in terms of frequency, age of onset, sex ratio, tumor location and the interval between sequential tumors., Results: The overall incidence of MPMNs was 0.090%; for three, four and five MPMNs was 0.078%, 0.009% and 0.001%. The mean age of onset of MPMNs was 64 years. The sex ratio, of male to female, was 1.0:1.2. The mean time interval was 7.1 years, and it reduced from 5.7 to 2.4 years in a descending order of the first, second, third, forth and fifth primary tumors. Three, four and five primary malignant neoplasms were predicated respectively in the large intestine, breast, lung, esophagus, uterus, skin; the large intestine, breast, skin stomach, urinary bladder, uterus; and the large intestine, breast, skin, parotid glands., Conclusions: The overall incidence of multiple primary malignant neoplasms seems to ascend. The age of onset of MPMNs tends to be increase. The incidence of in women is higher than in men. The time interval from the first to fifth primary tumor is decreasing. The susceptible organs are identical organ, bigeminal organs or organs of the same system.

Objective: To study the epidemiological, pathological, clinical features and therapy of collision carcinoma., Methods: Seven patients were studied retrospectively against the background of the literature from 1980 to 2001, including the incidence, age of onset, sex ratio, predilection sites, clinical signs, pathological features and therapies., Results: Collision carcinoma is rare, but more common in males than in females. The peak onset age is more than 65 years. It is found frequently in the stomach, liver, uterine, esophagogastric junction, and lung. Without special clinical features, it is difficult to diagnose. Pathological findings are the only way to make a correct diagnosis before operation. Operation is the major therapy, assisted by chemotherapy or/and radiotherapy when necessary. Collision carcinoma represents a coexistence of two adjacent but histologically different malignant neoplasmas without histological admixture in an organ., Conclusions: Collision carcinoma is rare but composed of mosaics of two malignant tumours. The clinical features of collision carcinoma need further investigation.

Objective: To investigate the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of breast cancer associated with multiple primary malignant neoplasmas (MPMNs)., Methods: The data of 519 patients of breast cancer associated with MPMNs admitted to the Cancer Hospital, CAMS and diagnosed by operation and pathology in the period of 1958 to 2001 were studied retrospectively to analyze the morbity, age of onset, sex ratio, predilection site of tumor, and the interval time between sequential tumors. The 519 patients, all female, were divided into four groups: bilateral primary breast cancer (1st group), synchronic Paget's disease (PD) associated with breast cancer in the same breast (2nd group), breast cancer as the first tumor associated with MPMNs (3rd group), and breast cancer as the second or third tumour associated with MPMNs (4th group)., Results: The constituent rate of bilateral primary breast cancer, synchronic Paget's disease (PD) associated with breast cancer in the same breast, breast cancer as the first tumor associated with MPMNs, and breast cancer as the second or third primary tumour associated with MPMNs was 3.0%, 0.8%, 3.2%, and 2.5% respectively. The median age of onset was 42.5, 47.3, 51.4, and 51.8 years respectively for the four groups. The mean interval time between the appearance of the first tumor and the appearance of the second tumor was 5.4, 0, 8.6, and 7.6 years in the four groups respectively. The predilection sites of second and third primary cancers in the third group were lung, breast, esophageal, ovary, and large intestine. The predilection sites of first primary cancer in the 4th group were uterus, ovary, large intestine, lung, lymphatic tissue, and esophagus successively. The involvement rate of breast in breast cancer associated with MPMNs was 72.4%., Conclusion: (1) Breast is one of the predilection organs of MPMNs. (2) The predilection organs of breast associated with MPMNs are the target organs of female hormone (eg, breast, ovary and uterus) and the organs involved by radiotherapy for breast cancer (eg, lung and esophagus). (3) Early diagnosis and timely and proper treatment have satisfactory effect.