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Summary Twenty patients with mycosis fungoides were treated with photochemotherapy using oral psoralens and long wave ultraviolet light (PUVA) over a two-year period. PUVA was effective in producing a diminution of cutaneous deposits of mycosis fungoides with each clinical pattern of presentation. In most patients complete clearing could not be achieved, and in those considered free of disease, sustained total clearing off PUVA could not be maintained. Lack of response to the effect of PUVA if reinstituted for recurrence of disease did not occur. The palliative use of PUVA for the treatment of mycosis fungoides is recommended.

For a unidirectional lamina, the in-plane mechanical properties of interest areE11,E22, ν12, ν12 andG12. Only three of the first four listed are independent. The fourth may be calculated from the reciprocal relationshipE11 ν21 =E22 ν12, which results from stiffness-tensor symmetry. Measurement of any four of the five properties listed will completely characterize the in-plane mechanical properties. A longitudinal uniaxial tension test was used to evaluate longitudinal modulus and Poisson's ratio. A modified rail-shear apparatus was designed to measure shear modulus in a rail-shear orientation, as well as a totally constrained transverse modulus in a uniaxial tension test with an orientation transverse to the longest dimension of the specimen. A flexure test was also used to estimate transverse moduli, since the achievement of the totally constrained transverse-modulus measurement was impaired by the variability of load distribution and constraint across the breadth (10-in. length) of the specimen. An apparatus was designed that applied a line loading to the specimen, simply supported on two opposite sides, with the two remaining sides free. The feasibility of this technique was documented by comparing measured values of the transverse modulus and out-of-plane displacement for a [0°]4 specimen to values obtained from the Levy solution for bending of an orthotropic plate.

The overall morphology of the developing wheat embryo in relation to its neighbouring tissues is described. The embryo is “isolated” early in development, but appears to be a powerful sink for nutrients. It is supplied initially by hydrolysis of the nucellar parenchyma and later by hydrolysis of neighbouring endosperm cells, which are completely digested. Later on, the nucellar epidermis forms specialised cells that may be transfer cells opposite the groove at the base of the embryo. The accumulation of starch and protein appears to begin first in the basal tissues of the scutellum and coleorhiza.

CP1 is a yeast protein which binds to the highly conserved DNA element I (CDEI) of yeast centromeres. We have purified CP1 to near homogeneity; it is comprised of a single polypeptide of molecular weight 58,400. When bound to yeast CEN3 DNA, CP1 protects a 12-15-base pair region centered over CDEI. Methylation interference experiments show that methylations of residues located outside of the 8-base pair CDEI sequence have no detectable effect on CP1 binding, suggesting that the DNA sequences important for CP1 recognition are confined to the CDEI octanucleotide. The equilibrium constant for CP1 binding to CEN3 DNA is relatively low, 3 x 10(8) M-1. Using a novel method to determine relative DNA binding constants, we analyzed the effect of CDEI mutations on CP1 binding. A C to T point mutation at position 5 (CO1) reduces the equilibrium constant about 35-fold, while the insertion of an additional T at this position (CAT) reduces the equilibrium constant 1,400-fold. The effect of these mutations on mitotic centromere function in vivo was assessed using a plasmid stability assay. While the CO1 mutation had a slight effect, the CAT mutation significantly impaired function, implying that CP1 binding is required for the optimal mitotic function of yeast centromeres.

Stiffness reductions, resulting from fatigue damage, were measured for unnotched [±45]s, [0/90] s, and [0/90/ ±45 ] s boron/epoxy laminates. Deg radation in the various in-plane stiffnesses (Exx, Byy, Gxy) were measured using a combination of uniaxial tension, rail shear, and flexure tests. An attempt was made to predict stiffness loss at failure from a secant modulus criterion. Damage growth and stiffness loss were load-history dependent, hence, the secant modulus criterion is not a valid criterion for general application.

Edge delamination tension fatigue tests were conducted on AS4/PEEK composite lami nates to determine the fatigue delamination behavior of these graphite reinforced, semi crystalline thermoplastic matrix composites. The strain at onset of edge delamination, ∈ c, observed during fatigue tests of (35n/ — 35 n/0n/90n)s laminates, where n = 1,2, was plotted as a function of fatigue cycles, N. The delamination onset strain decreased dramatically with fatigue cycles and then began to level off to an endurance limit at 106 cycles. The delamination onset strains were used to calculate critical strain energy release rate, Gc, values as a function of fatigue cycles to provide a more generic representation of the fa tigue delamination behavior of the material, i.e., one that is independent of layup and ply thickness. Although the static interlaminar fracture toughness of the AS4/PEEK compos ite is much greater than the toughness of graphite epoxy composites, the delamination fa tigue Gc threshold, calculated from the cyclic strain endurance limit at 106 cycles, was only slightly greater than the delamination fatigue threshold for graphite epoxy composites. This comparison, however, was based only on the contribution of mechanical strain to the strain energy released. An asymmetric (0 2/906)T AS4/PEEK curved panel was heated in an oven to determine the stress free temperature of the composite, and quantify the contri bution of residual thermal stresses to the strain energy release rate at delamination onset. The contribution of residual thermal stresses to delamination in AS4/PEEK was substan tial due to the large temperature range between manufacture and room temperature. More work is needed to fully characterize the influence of residual thermal and moisture stresses, and the degree of crystallinity of the PEEK matrix, on the strain energy release rate for delamination growth, and the interlaminar fracture toughness of the composite.

Seventy-seven children admitted with a provisional diagnosis of acute osteomyelitis over a three year period have been reviewed. Acute haematogenous osteomyelitis was confirmed in 45 of these patients whose ages varied from three days to 14 years with a mean of 6.2 years. All patients were treated with intravenous fusidic acid and cloxacillin with splintage for three weeks followed by oral antibiotics for a further period of six weeks. Only seven patients required operation. One patient had recurrence of infection; all other patients were cured with no evidence of chronic osteomyelitis. It is suggested that surgical drainage of acute haematogenous osteomyelitis is seldom needed and that high intravenous doses of antibiotics in combination with splintage are adequate treatment in most cases.

TPA (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate) is an effective tumor promoter that affects a variety of ion transport processes. To examine the relationship between effects on transport and growth and differentiation, we have been studying the actions of TPA on frog skin, a particularly well-characterized epithelium. We have reported that high concentrations of TPA stimulate base-line short-circuit current (ISC) and inhibit the subsequent natriferic action of vasopressin. The current study of 89 preparations extends those findings. The Km of the stimulatory effect of TPA is approximately 3 nM; this high affinity indicates that the transport phenomenon does not simply reflect a nonspecific interaction of phorbol ester with the plasma membranes. TPA acts largely or entirely at the mucosal surface of both split and whole skins; thus the sidedness of the effect does not arise from adsorption onto the underlying connective tissue when TPA is applied to the serosal surface of whole skin. Amiloride, an inhibitor of apical Na+ entry, abolishes ISC across frog skins pretreated with TPA. The phorbol ester also increases ISC across split skins, preparations which do not produce net Cl-transport. Indomethacin (1 microM) blocks PGE1 release, but does not alter the response to TPA at a fivefold lower concentration than previously used. NDGA (nordihydroguaretic acid, 10 microM), an inhibitor of the lipoxygenase pathway, partially inhibited the responses of ISC to 8 nM TPA. The present results indicate that frog skin is highly responsive to TPA at concentrations known to activate protein kinase C in broken-cell preparations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Synopsis Modifications to the Figg method for in situ determination of the air permeability of concrete are recommended. These are the use of a hole size of 10mm diameter × 40 mm deep with a silicone rubber plug 20 mm from the surface and a digital solid-state manometer. The time, in seconds, taken for a pressure change from 55 to 50 kN/m2below atmospheric is taken as a measure of the air permeability. A table of protective quality of cementitious materials is tentatively proposed.

Absorptive cell abnormalities during fat absorption have recently been demonstrated by electron microscopy in some patients with small intestinal stasis syndrome. We questioned whether deconjugated bile salts, produced by jejunal bacteria, might cause these abnormalities. The hypothesis was tested by feeding an intragastric test meal to three normal volunteers after prior overnight infusion with conjugated or unconjugated bile salts or with bicarbonate-buffered saline. No definite morphological evidence of injury to jejunal absorptive cells was discerned after infusing 1 or 2 mM deoxycholate. A method of evaluation was developed to overcome various pitfalls in electron-microscopic assessment of fat absorption. The only consistent electron-microscopic difference was seen after overnight infusion of deoxycholate, i.e., a marked decrease in the numbers of fat particles in the apical areas of absorptive cells located 10 and 20 cells below the villus tip. This finding was not seen after overnight infusion of conjugated bile salts or buffered saline, or after no overnight infusion. This marked decrease in apical fat particles was also observed in our patients with stasis syndrome. Possibly, it is explained by an inhibitory effect of unconjugated bile salts on reesterification of free fatty acids by the jejunal mucosa.

The fibrinolytic activity of blood draining from the stomachs of patients with gastroduodenal disease has been compared with the fibrinolytic acitivity of blood in the systemic venous circulation and with the blood draining from normal stomachs. Gastric venous blood from normal and diseased stomachs contains greater amounts of plasminogen activator than simultaneously sampled systemic venous blood. However, gastric venous fibrinolytic activity does not differ between the normal and diseased stomachs and thus indicates that increased gastric venous fibrinolysis is not just a characteristic of the diseased stomach. The studies suggest that stress may cause activation of the fibrinolytic system in gastric venous blood with the release of small amounts of free plasmin. It is postulated that local fibrinolysis may play a part in potentiating gastric hemorrhage.

The case records of 274 horses with fractures of the distal phalanx were reviewed. Fifty-two horses had bilateral forelimb fractures, for a total of 326 distal phalanx fractures. The fractures were classified into one of five previously described types, based on the radiographic anatomic configuration of the fracture. Solar margin fractures, which have been briefly described in other reports and previously classified as type V fractures, were identified in 132 horses. This type of fracture is distinct from other distal phalanx fractures. Due to the high incidence of solar margin fractures, these fractures were classified as a separate type (type VI). Follow-up radiographic examinations to assess fracture healing were available for 36 horses. Twenty-two horses with distal phalanx fractures (three type I, nine type II, two type III, one type IV, one type V, and six type VI) had radiographic evidence of complete bony union of the fracture at a mean of 11 months after injury. Eight horses with complete type II fractures involving the articular surface had bony union of the body and solar margin, but not the subchondral bone at the articular surface, a mean of 11 months after injury. Six horses (four type II and two type IV) had little radiographic evidence of bony healing during the follow-up period. All fractures that eventually healed had evidence of progression toward bony union by 6 months after injury.

A BALB/c 3T3 preadipose cell line defective in Na+K+Cl- cotransport (3T3-E12a cells) has been used to study the relationship between phorbol ester-induced rapid changes in cation fluxes and changes in expression of a gene known to be modulated by this agent. In contrast to its effect on parental 3T3 cells, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) did not inhibit either furosemide-sensitive 86Rb+ influx or the rate of 86Rb+ efflux from preloaded mutant cells. TPA-induced changes in intracellular K+ content were diminished in 3T3-E12a cells as compared with parental cells. Thus, mutation of the Na+K+Cl- cotransport system renders overall potassium transport in mutant cells largely insensitive to modulation by TPA. The morphological and functional responses of 3T3 and 3T3-E12a cells to TPA were also compared. In contrast to the extensive and long-lasting changes in morphology of 3T3 cells after 0.16 microM TPA addition, only slight and shorter-lived morphological effects of TPA were observed in 3T3-E12a cells. The transport properties of mutant cells were not totally unresponsive to TPA since hexose transport (2-deoxyglucose uptake) could be stimulated in both cell types. To establish a possible link between early changes in cation fluxes and activation of gene expression by TPA, the induction of the enzyme ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) was studied in detail. Addition of fresh medium containing serum or exposure to hypoosmotic conditions resulted in the induction of ODC in both 3T3 and 3T3-E12a cells. However, TPA failed to cause an increase in ODC activity in mutant cells, although a substantial induction of the enzyme was seen in parental cells. These results suggest that rapid changes in ion fluxes mediated by the Na+K+Cl- cotransport system are necessary for at least one of the phorbol ester-induced changes in gene expression in responsive cells.

Abnormal pulmonary radiopacities were identified in 13 racing horses in which a diagnosis of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) had been confirmed. The lesions were in the caudal lung lobe in all horses; seven were on the right and three on the left, and the laterality for three could not be determined. In ten horses the opacities, which were large and peripherally located, obliterated the thoracophrenic angle. They merged with the silhouette of the diaphragm and had a circular or ovoid surface directed toward the hilum. The intensity of opacification of the consolidated areas varied, and they often were not sharply marginated. Dorsal displacement of the pulmonary arteries was noted in the region of the radiopacity in seven horses. Varying volumes of pleural effusion were observed in nine horses. Serial radiographic examinations were performed in seven horses. The pulmonary radiopacities cleared within ten days in two horses. In the remaining five horses, gradual resolution, characterized by a reduction in lesion size with improved margination, occurred during several months. The central region of the radiopaque lesion commonly had a patchy appearance, suggesting cavitation. Normal pulmonary vascular and interstitial markings were evident following complete resolution of these lesions. The cause of these abnormal pulmonary opacities has not been determined. Pathologic-radiologic correlations will be required to improve understanding of the pathophysiology of EIPH in the racing horse.

The hypothesis that penicillin acts as an active-site inhibitor cell wall biosynthesis was tested by a method of partial proteolytic mapping of penicillin-binding sites versus substrate-binding sites in cell wall D-alanine carboxypeptidases. This enzyme was obtained from four genera of bacteria, purified, and tested.

The establishment of Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands in the roots of Eucalyptus obliqua L'Herit. (susceptible), E. sieberi L. Johnson (susceptible) and E. sjohnii (R. T. Bak.) R. T. Bak. (tolerant) was studied for up to 24 h after the roots were inoculated with zoospores. In the interactions studied, rapid disruption of root tissues was associated apparently with the successful establishment of the parasite, P. cinnamomi. Host protoplasts often appeared collapsed or shrunken well in advance of invading hyphae; this effect was considered to be an example of false plasmolysis as most internal cell membranes were fragmented although the plasma membranes remained intact. Cell death appeared to precede any observable modification of cell walls but once hyphae had established in the root cortex diffuse hydrolysis of cell walls was observed. As similar ultrastructural changes were observed in infected roots of the three eucalypts and as host cell death proceeded rapidly in all, it was concluded that a hypersensitive type reaction of host cells was not a possible resistance mechanism in tolerant eucalypts.

This study was initiated to determine if the extent and intensity of lung lesions associated with exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH) in horses could be predicted from thoracic radiographs. Sets of thoracic radiographs from 24 horses with varied histories of EIPH were subjectively coded for radiographic quality, and perceived extent and intensity of diffuse interstitial opacity by three radiologists who had no knowledge of the corresponding autopsy results. Codes assigned from radiographs for the chosen parameters were compared with coded estimates of lung surface staining assigned at post mortem and volume measurements of haemosiderin deposits and bronchial arterial neovascularisation recorded from lung slices in separate studies. The non-parametric Spearman rank correlation test was used to test for statistical significance. All radiographically coded estimates of lesion severity were positively correlated with post mortem measurements of actual lesion involvement, but only the correlation between coded estimates of lesion opacity versus haemosiderin deposits and bronchial artery neovascularisation were statistically significant (P less than 0.05). Correlations between radiographic codes for lesion extent versus haemosiderin deposits and neovascularisation were just beyond the level of significance (P greater than 0.05 less than 0.1). These findings indicate that there are graded, radiographically discernible increases in interstitial opacity related to actual lesion severity. However, under the conditions of the study, accurate prediction of lung pathology in individual cases based on radiographic criteria was precluded by the wide variance of the coded values. The authors believe that with good radiographic technique and careful criteria selection, satisfactory prediction of lesion severity in EIPH cases could be achieved.

The mechanisms of penetration of Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands into seedling eucalypt roots were studied by light and electron microscopy. Culture grown seedlings of root-rot tolerant Eucalyptus st johnii and root-rot susceptible Eucalyptus obliqua were inoculated with both zoospores and mycelium. Zoospores encysted on roots of both species and the germ tubes penetrated without the formation of appressoria. Swellings, previously described as appressoria, were formed when the germ tube was slow to enter the host by intracellular penetration. Vegetative hyphae penetrated both inter- and intracellularly into the zones of root elongation and differentiation, often through root hairs. Evidence of hydrolysis of the host cell-wall at the point of penetration was observed in electron micrographs. Several hours after the germ tube penetrated the epidermis, a thick plug of amorphous material formed in the germ tube slightly below the level of the outer walls of the epidermal cells, sealing off the hypha within the root. Behaviour of zoospores and germ tubes and the mechanism of penetration were similar on both hosts. Micrographs do not suggest any kind of a hypersensitive reaction by the host cells during the early stages of infection.

Summary The growth of seedlings of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) was studied at different soil nitrogen levels. At all nitrogen levels, and at all stages of growth studied, perennial ryegrass seedlings produced more dry matter than cocksfoot. After the initial two-weeks period, the dry-matter production ratio of perennial ryegrass to cocksfoot was greater at the lower levels of nitrogen than at the higher. At high nitrogen levels the relative growth rates of the two species were similar, but at lower nitrogen levels the relative growth rate of perennial ryegrass was significantly greater than that of cocksfoot in the second two weeks of growth, and significantly less than that of cocksfoot in the fourth two weeks of growth. The results are discussed in relation to early competition as affected by soil nitrogen, light, and temperature, between these two species in pasture mixtures.

Hydrolyzed walls (birefringent, Periodic acid/Schiff negative, remnants of primary walls that also lack polyuronides with free carboxyl groups) are demonstrated in the primary xylem of wheat and bean leaves. Walls with similar properties have been found in the primary xylem of a variety of tissues from different species, and are believed to be ubiquitous. It is shown that the pit membrane of intervessel pits between tracheary elements of willow is also a hydrolyzed wall. Combined with the observation byLiese (1965) it seems likely that the removal of non-cellulosic polysaccharides from primary walls unprotected by lignin is a general phenomenon that occurs late in the autolysis of all tracheary elements. Parenchyma cells that abut autolyzing tracheary elements appear to react to hydrolytic attack in a number of ways that are illustrated and discussed.

The solutions of the coupled differential equations arising in the quantum mechanical discussion of the collision of an atom with a rigid, rotating diatom are written as Neumann series, i.e., expanded in terms of spherical Bessel functions. The coefficients of these series are generated by a set of coupled recursion relations. The formalism is limited to potentials less singular than r−2 at the origin.

Soybean seedlings treated with ethylene exhibited small increases in ribonucleic acid content in the elongating section of the hypocotyl. Chromatin isolated from the elongating section of ethylene-treated seedlings showed a 35 to 60% increase in the capacity for RNA synthesis. The ethylene-induced response was saturated at 1 microliter/liter of ethylene and was fully expressed after 3 hours. Auxin caused marked accumulation of RNA and DNA in the elongating and basal tissue of the hypocotyl. Chromatin isolated from these auxin-treated tissues showed an 8- to 10- fold increase in RNA synthetic capacity as measured in vitro. Ethylene added with auxin reduced the auxin enhancement of nucleic acid synthesis in the elongating and basal tissues. Both ethylene and auxin treatment of the seedlings inhibited nucleic acid accumulation and chromatin activity in the apical tissue. Ethylene did not appear to mediate the auxin effects on nucleic acid synthesis in soybean hypocotyl with the possible exception of inhibition in the apical tissue.The RNA which was synthesized by chromatin isolated from control and auxin- and ethylene-treated tissues was characterized by nearest neighbor analyses. The nearest neighbor frequencies of the RNA products synthesized by chromatin isolated from auxin- and ethylene-treated hypocotyl tissue were different from each other and different from the control RNA product.Seedlings treated in sealed containers exhibited growth, RNA, and DNA responses, especially to ethylene, different from those of seedlings treated in continuous flow containers.

1. The polychromatic staining of plant cell walls by toluidine blue O is described and illustrated. 2. The effects of various common fixatives and the effects of the pH of the staining solution are evaluated. 3. Simple and rapid procedures are described for preparing stained temporary mounts of fresh material, or permanent mounts of embedded and sectioned material. 4. The relationship between the polychromatic staining observed and the lignification of the walls is discussed.

The Fredholm expansion method is used to evaluate the S-wave phase shifts for: (i) the elastic scattering of electrons by (a) the static potential of atomic hydrogen, (b) a hydrogen atom, with exchange taken into account by the use of symmetrized wave functions; (ii) the elastic scattering of particles by exponential and screened Coulomb potentials. It is found that, whereas the Born series often converges slowly, even at quite high impact energies, the Fredholm expansion usually converges fairly rapidly to the exact value of the phase shift. In the cases the authors have investigated the second Fredholm approximation is superior to the second Born approximation except sometimes at low impact energies. However, it should be noted that the first Fredhom approximation is usually much inferior to the first Born approximation at all impact energies and so should not be used.

The problem studied is the effect of a time-sharing environment on the structure of programs and on the addressing strategies which may be employed in the hardware. An account is given of some very recent developments toward reduction in the system overhead needed to facilitate time-sharing. One hardware-software scheme designed to implement this reduction is described in some detail.

The Relativistic Proton Spectrometer (RPS) on the Radiation Belt Storm Probes spacecraft is a particle spectrometer designed to measure the flux, angular distribution, and energy spectrum of protons from ∼60 MeV to ∼2000 MeV. RPS will investigate decades-old questions about the inner Van Allen belt proton environment: a nearby region of space that is relatively unexplored because of the hazards of spacecraft operation there and the difficulties in obtaining accurate proton measurements in an intense penetrating background. RPS is designed to provide the accuracy needed to answer questions about the sources and losses of the inner belt protons and to obtain the measurements required for the next-generation models of trapped protons in the magnetosphere. In addition to detailed information for individual protons, RPS features count rates at a 1-second timescale, internal radiation dosimetry, and information about electrostatic discharge events on the RBSP spacecraft that together will provide new information about space environmental hazards in the Earth’s magnetosphere.

This paper describes the Magnetic Electron Ion Spectrometer (MagEIS) instruments aboard the RBSP spacecraft from an instrumentation and engineering point of view. There are four magnetic spectrometers aboard each of the two spacecraft, one low-energy unit (20–240 keV), two medium-energy units (80–1200 keV), and a high-energy unit (800–4800 keV). The high unit also contains a proton telescope (55 keV–20 MeV).

The Radiation Belt Storm Probes (RBSP)-Energetic Particle, Composition, and Thermal Plasma (ECT) suite contains an innovative complement of particle instruments to ensure the highest quality measurements ever made in the inner magnetosphere and radiation belts. The coordinated RBSP-ECT particle measurements, analyzed in combination with fields and waves observations and state-of-the-art theory and modeling, are necessary for understanding the acceleration, global distribution, and variability of radiation belt electrons and ions, key science objectives of NASA’s Living With a Star program and the Van Allen Probes mission. The RBSP-ECT suite consists of three highly-coordinated instruments: the Magnetic Electron Ion Spectrometer (MagEIS), the Helium Oxygen Proton Electron (HOPE) sensor, and the Relativistic Electron Proton Telescope (REPT). Collectively they cover, continuously, the full electron and ion spectra from one eV to 10’s of MeV with sufficient energy resolution, pitch angle coverage and resolution, and with composition measurements in the critical energy range up to 50 keV and also from a few to 50 MeV/nucleon. All three instruments are based on measurement techniques proven in the radiation belts. The instruments use those proven techniques along with innovative new designs, optimized for operation in the most extreme conditions in order to provide unambiguous separation of ions and electrons and clean energy responses even in the presence of extreme penetrating background environments. The design, fabrication and operation of ECT spaceflight instrumentation in the harsh radiation belt environment ensure that particle measurements have the fidelity needed for closure in answering key mission science questions. ECT instrument details are provided in companion papers in this same issue. In this paper, we describe the science objectives of the RBSP-ECT instrument suite on the Van Allen Probe spacecraft within the context of the overall mission objectives, indicate how the characteristics of the instruments satisfy the requirements to achieve these objectives, provide information about science data collection and dissemination, and conclude with a description of some early mission results.