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Human-Computer Interaction systems are rapidly changing. In such interactions, human performance might be essential for the system to function in the best possible way. Thus the need to optimize for interaction design that take human emotion in to account are advancing. Great challenges are involved in capturing emotions, for instance that human emotion are complex, and difficult to quantify. In this thesis theory about body language and emotions are adapted in an attempt to introduce a new tool for Affective Engineering. This is done through developing a pilot chair sensor setup and test its capabilities towards capturing emotional states. A pilot experiment setup is used to test association between posture sensed by the chair and level of mental activation or arousal. Statistical analyzes on the data recorded is done to compare established measures of arousal with posture data from the chair. The analyzes show some tendencies toward association between movement and arousal, but more comprehensive analyzes are needed to introduce the setup as a new tool for affective research. The main take away from this thesis would be the experimental framework that was developed, which with small modification can be used for testing tools to be used in interaction studies. Keywords: Affective Engineering, Arousal, Body Language, Emotions, Interaction Studies, Unembedded Sensing

Redistribution of cover mass is an aluminium potroom operation which is straining upon the workers at Alcoa Mosjøen. Though it is unpopular to perform, it is very much required for the production of top quality primary aluminium. A future goal for Alcoa is to substitute the current manual process with an automated guided vehicle (AGV), capable of performing the operation semi or completely autonomously. This thesis describes the early stage development of a subsystem for this vehicle. The thesis objective is set to automate inside access to the smelting pots. This is acquired through gripping, handling and storing of removable hatches. To provide task automation, a system consisting of a robotic manipulator and a specialised gripper tool has been developed. From the gripper development, a high-resolution aluminium prototype has been created. The prototype is capable of gripping, handling and storing of pot hatches securely through a mechanical self-clamping mechanism. With a purely mechanical gripper concept, Alcoa is provided with a robust, easily maintainable and energy independent gripping solution. Through robot research, the possibility of exploiting the AGV propulsion along the pot has been identified. This has led to a 2-axis articulated robot concept, stationary placed on the AGV platform. Through scaled down testing of the robot and gripper system, dual simultaneous cover handling has been achieved. Further research has confirmed that off-the-shelf robot solutions exist, fulfilling the specific attributes required for AGV implementation. Feedback from Alcoa states conviction of system feasibility, and a kick-start of the automation project has been initiated as a result.

This project originated as an open-ended product development challenge on the topic of autonomous tugboats, supported by Kongsberg Maritime. The vision behind the project is twofold. In part, it is a futuristic vision of swarms of autonomous tugboats inhabiting the worlds harbours . The other part is to show that by applying the PD tools and methods taught at TrollLABS, we can make significant headway in an emerging field of development, using very little time and resources. The focus of this project has been to develop and realize a realistic, scale test setup for implementation and validation of different strategies for ship control by autonomous tugboats, and to Demonstrate a working proof of concept strategy on this setup in collaboration with Rebecca Lillian Cox. The test setup is low-cost, easy to use and can adapt to experiment with an array of different parameters pertaining to autonomous tugboats. Because this is a master's thesis in product development, the methods and tools use to manage the project have been an equally important part of the thesis. The most important tools and methods used are adaptations of Concurrent Engineering, Design For X and Agile, and the main motivation behind the choice of these has been to keep a quick pace throughout the project, without making design mistakes that result in major rework. While the scope of the project forced the author to take many shortcuts in technical implementation, often at the expense of performance and technical depth, the learning outcome in terms of product development management has been tremendous. Having acted as mechanical, electrical, control and software engineer, manufacturer and product manager in a single project, he has gained a unique perspective on the work-flow and interaction between these fields. He considers this experience invaluable in a world where the fields of engineering are more interwoven than ever. This, the functional test setup and a study on autonomous tugboat operations have been the main results of this project.

The much-debated topic of physiologically differentiating emotions has been of great interest to the research community in recent times. While many studies focus on facial reactions, the rest of the body is rather unexplored. This thesis takes upon the challenge of experimentally piloting and testing whether we can measure positive and negative emotional valence changes through physiological reactions in a user interaction setting. 34 adult subjects played variations of Tetris while collecting electromyography (EMG) data on the neck and forearm, and leaning distance in a seated position. Three scenarios were designed with different levels of valence and arousal (high valence-low arousal, low valence-high arousal, high valence-high arousal), upon which physiological data was analyzed. Valence was used as a within-subjects factor via self-report measurements by the Russell Affect Grid (Valence-Arousal grid) and Positive Affect Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). Results showed that there was no statistically significant difference in physiological data between the scenarios (p=.761, p=.191 and p=.093 for EMG neck, EMG arm and leaning distance, respectively). However, the data showed tendencies in increased leaning distance from negative to positive valence. Furthermore, the thesis focuses on how one without much knowledge within the field of human experimentation can prototype and iterate one's way to such an experimental design, applying product development models to achieve this.

Start-ups and new product development projects are fuzziness and ambiguity set in motion. In the chaos of these early phase projects, more and more research is turning activities like prototyping, marketing, funding and production into a science, but there is still much left to chance. This master thesis is an attempt to add to the science of early stage development activities and take them out of the black box, trying to understand how to successfully create communication type prototypes for technically trained audiences vs. financially trained audiences. During the work on this problem, I discovered that a more interesting relationship is between those who possess knowledge about the technical aspects of a prototype, and those who do not. This is due to the fact that one s education and work experience does not provide a complete picture of one s knowledge. Also, in order to understand what determines an evaluation one has to understand what aspects of a prototype affects the judgement, and in what degree. Thus, in addition to background, I wanted to understand how design resolution and function affects the judgement of the audience. To understand the evaluations of prototypes I designed an experiment using real start-up prototypes: Wiral, a lightweight cable cam system and MovieMask, a face accessory for mobile devices to simulate a cinematic experience. The experiment was used to gather data on the effects of background, design resolution and function on prototype evaluations. The experiment was then run with 18 participants with different professional backgrounds at different locations in Norway and the US. I then performed a statistical analysis on the data registered from the experiments. The experiment setup, participant requirements and time restrictions resulted in a low sample size, reducing the impact of the statistical analysis in this thesis. However, the statistical analysis did reveal some statistically significant results for background, design resolution and function. There was not enough evidence to conclude the effect of these variables, but there was an interesting correlation between the tests showing that the evaluations of MovieMask and Wiral had large differences in distributions, when testing for the effects of background, design resolution and function indicating that the concepts themselves are affected differently. Lastly I present interpretations of results, implications, limitations of the study and a recommendation for further work on the subject.

Founded on the pre-master project Industrial Internet: Sensor Applications and Measurements in a Workshop Setting (A1) as a starting point for thinking about early stage product development in the industrial internet, this thesis tries to bridge the gap between research and hype on one side and a practical approach to prototyping. Wayfaring was used as the main method for gaining insights on how an advanced industrial machine was used and how data may be incorporated in feedback loops or repositories. Machine learning was used on a dataset of 165 instances of machine uses to predict familiarity with the machine. The learner was not able to significantly beat always choosing the majority class. Still, insights into how to prototype the data gathering and handling may be used by others to improve the interplay between man and machine. Data was collected from six sources to monitor usage of a laser cutter. A coding scheme were developed to quantify each user session. This prototype driven-approach allowed for prototyping, testing, and learning in two dimensions with data and without data. Insights from probing and need finding with users produced a rich description of what users want from a machine and how they are using it. Further attention should be on using adaptive interfaces and feedback relevant to certain users. This area was only touched-upon and will likely be a promising venue for further research in an industrial internet context.

With increasing pressure on knowledge creating companies to innovate faster and better, there is an apparent need for leveraging knowledge transfer both within the organization and within groups of individuals. While the transfer of explicit information, facts, drawings and data are widely covered by current engineering design research, few efforts highlight the importance of leveraging the tacit knowledge within product development. This thesis aims at enabling this tacit knowledge transfer; the learnings, insights and experiences, through the use of prototypes in the early stages of development. Aimed at both practitioners and academics, this thesis presents three academic papers, containing a theoretical framework for exploring said knowledge transfer. Additionally, a thorough elaboration of select theoretical topics is presented, meant to supplement the content of academic papers. To further explore the use of prototypes for knowledge transfer in product development, a two-part controlled research experiment has been designed and run using 33 participants being either professional practitioners or mechanical engineering graduate students. Here, we test the impact of (both high and low) prototype affordance on three hypotheses; the Problem and Concept Understanding Hypothesis , the Design Fixation Hypothesis and the Learning Activity Hypothesis . In our results, we find some statistical support for stating that prototype affordance has a significant impact on concept evaluation (and therefore understanding). However, we also find that there is not enough evidence to state that prototype affordance has a significant impact on either problem understanding, design fixation or quality of design. Lastly, insights containing interpretations, limitations and implications are presented, stating that there is a need for further exploration of knowledge transfer through prototypes.

The ship bridge environment is complex and the task of navigating large vessels is a highly demanding task. This leads to a large responsibility resting on the officers shoulders, thus developers should aim to ease the crew members everyday working environment. In this thesis, Affective Engineering is combined with a Wayfaring approach to help develop a new controller interface and test aspects of inflicting nature on the captain s attention and mental resources. This is done through a pilot experiment setup measuring cognitive load of the user while interacting with a novel controller design. The new design proposed is a multifunction interface with dedicated input devices, substantially smaller than existing versions. Further statistical analysis of the recorded experimental data is performed, comparing the new design to one of old characteristics. The main intention with the work presented is to serve as a pilot for further introduction of Affective Engineering in maritime industry development. The experiment showed some tendencies towards possible solutions for measuring aspects of cognitive load, control device interaction and concept evaluation of a novel controller interface.

Throughout this thesis the wayfaring model has been applied in a product development case of a smart ski. Based on a vision of making a ski that changes properties based on input from the ski several critical functions have been identified and explored. Following the findings in this work and from general definitions of smart products, we defined what a smart ski actually should be like. The different critical functions of a smart ski have been tested in terms of functional prototypes to confirm and exemplify the definition of a smart ski. A large number of sensors were evaluated to find the most applicable sensor to monitor ski performance. A test setup consisting of sensor(s), recording equipment and an analyzing tool has been developed from ground up in order to benchmark the different behaviors of a ski. Several ways of manipulating a ski have been explored. What was found most interesting was to manipulate the ski by having a dynamic mass distribution. Simple algorithms to control a system were tested briefly in order to confirm that the control system can work. Big opportunities were seen in artificial intelligence and machine learning, but remain unexplored within this thesis. A conceptual ski is suggested based on the findings and definition. In addition, a paper based on the findings of this thesis will be submitted to the journal of the International Sports Engineering Association (ISEA).

Visual information is vital for user behaviour and thus of utmost importance to design. Consequently, tracking and interpreting gaze data has been the target of increasing amounts of research in design science. This research is in part facilitated by new methods, such as eye-tracking, becoming more readily available. Visual attention is the principle mechanism that governs where we direct our gaze. Understanding the factors that influence how attention is directed is therefore necessary for understanding user intentions and gaze patterns. In this paper, we provide an overview of the characteristics and factors that have been experimentally shown to capture attention, as well as those factors that modulate the capture and direction of attention. We do so by drawing on the large body of evidence provided by cognitive psychology, as we believe this research area could potentially provide a source of untapped potential for design research and practice.

Industrien i Møre og Romsdal er kjent for raskt å svare på nye markedsmuligheter i en stadig mer globalisert økonomi. IKuben er en næringsklynge med 35 av disse selskapene som medlemmer. De har et felles ønske om å lære mer om utfordringene og mulighetene i det industrielle internett. Undersøkelsene startet ved å forstå de ulike interessentene for en slik workshop gjennom intervjuer, eksperter, medfasilitering av workshops og testing av prototype verktøy. Funnene ble analysert og dannet rammene for den industrielle Internet Workshop (IIW) 1.0. Det å bruke workshops i undervisningssammenheng viste seg å fungerer bra: Både i forhold til undervisning om det industrielle internett, men også bruk av metodikken som utgjør rammene for workshoppen, Design Thinking. Innenfor disse rammene kan man samkjøre den strategisk tenkningen til konsernsjefen med den tekniske kunnskapen til teknikeren. Dette kan tilføre stor verdi til selskapet gjennom bedre bruk av data. For å lære av hver workshop må det være en plan for hvordan en samler data. Det samme gjelder for bedrifter. I tillegg til å lære hva de skal bruke eksisterende data til, må de lære seg hvordan man måler den riktige dataen.

This document describes the process and the outcome of a master project conducted at the Department of Engineering Design and Materials at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology in the spring of 2016. The purpose of the project was to explore the possibilities for the production of a small series of prototypes and conduct an experiment to find the most favorable method for Blueye to manufacture their prototypes in the future. This paper starts with a brief introduction and explains the background for the thesis. Furthermore, the paper continues with Chapter 2 where the methods used to solve the task are described; design thinking and Wayfaring. Chapter 3 is dedicated to understand the current situation through knowledge gained by design thinking. Through empathizing with Blueye and an injection molding manufacturer, it was discovered that due to the expensive tools concerning injection molding, there is a need to acquire knowledge about more favorable prototype methods. This could possibly reduce the prototype s time to market and reduce cost of production of a future 0-series. Furthermore, the theoretical background are established for the experiment and for the wayfaring model, which is an early-phase product development methodology. The method is based on a broad, short sprint approach and not following a fixed plan . An experiment on how to prototype with injection molding, 3D printing, castings with 2-component resin and milling were performed. Testing was angled experimentally, by allowing findings revealed through testing, determine the road ahead. It was quickly revealed that rapid tooling had potential in the form of small scale casting production, various molding materials was therefore tested. To take this concept further, there was performed a basic finite element analysis to document the effect of favorable geometric structures according to guidelines for molding and casting. This task is relevant to readers interested in the following topics: Rapid prototyping Comparison of various prototype methods Wayfaring model Design of casting parts for prototyping Finite element analysis of ABS plastic

This master s thesis originates from initial work during the summer of 2015. At the research facility TrollLabs at NTNU assigned by Kongsberg Maritime, a division of Kongsberg Gruppen, an international technological corporation. The shipping industry is one of the world s most important trading businesses, carrying the majority of international trade items. The recreational part of shipping, such as cruises, is also a popular way to spend the holidays for many passengers across the world. A huge responsibility is resting on captains to safely navigate the ship in every condition. The design of typical workstations of the ship s integrated systems has seen very little development through the decades. During particular manoeuvres such as docking and undocking, the helmsman often find himself in awkward positions with limited access to control devices and necessary view due to poorly designed workstations. This thesis is the result of a work during the spring of 2016, which lays a foundation for a re-design of workstations at the bridge wing of the ship. Using the tools and mind-set of Design Thinking and Wayfaring along with the science of ergonomics, I have gathered knowledge and presented ideas for a user-centred workstation for a bridge wing. With an ergonomic view I have explored different working positions through an experimental study using a functional prototype and suggested solutions on ways of adjusting the workstation based on the most relevant working positions. The work has led to new knowledge about how the workstation should be designed to fulfil the ship bridge officers needs. A suggestion for further work is presented at the end.

This paper is the description of the method and result of the master project of Petter Ildgruben at the Department of Engineering Design and Materials (IPM) at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) in the spring of 2016. The goal of this master s thesis has been to explore the barriers that novel users face in makerspaces, specifically when interacting with the 3D printer, the laser cutter and the Computer Numerical Control (CNC) mill and how to overcome them. The first chapter presents the background for the thesis. Some of the literature and earlier experiments related to this topic is explored and some lacking knowledge is identified which forms the groundwork for the thesis. Chapter two presents the methods of research employed to explore these barriers, which consists of experiencing the barriers myself, interviewing other novel users and observing users interacting with the machines. The results give grounds for a new method of teaching users how to use makerspaces, what is new about this method is the focus on barriers and making the novel user aware of the ones that he overcomes to build confidence. A tool to ease the decision of what machine to use is also proposed, this tool utilizes the TRIZ principles to help machine selection based on product characteristics. This tool is meant as a template for further development in each makerspace considering what machines are available. Key Words: Prototyping, Makerspace, 3D-printer, laser cutter, mill, early-stage prototyping, novel users, action research, teaching in makerspaces

The wayfaring model is a product development approach that uses continuous exploration, ideation, prototyping and testing to reach a final destination. This thesis describes the wayfaring journey of the development of a tile and grout-cleaning tool for Henkel AG & Company, KGaA. The aim was to create one or more prototypes for testing and presentation of the concept. The journey started with gaining as much knowledge as possible about the problem and solution space through benchmarking, bathroom dirt research and early stage cleaning experiments. This led to a divergent ideation phase where several concepts were rapidly prototyped and tested before the convergent evaluation phase resulted in the chosen concept: Manual cleaning iron . The next part of the journey included the development of the design of the tool, the ergonomics of the handle and the mechanical brush function solution. This was realized by combining different tools such as hand drawing, 3D-modelling and printing, as well as mechanical machining. The result was two prototypes, one proof of design, and one proof of function prototype. The functional prototype was tested concerning the handle ergonomics, hand and wrist posture, force transmission, visual result feedback and user satisfaction. The results were encouraging, and some were even better than those of an pre-existing competing tool. The entire process is well documented, and improvement suggestions for further development are included in the thesis to facilitate a continuation of the project by Henkel.

Because of expensive tooling, injection molding is only suited for large production volumes. Consequently, this makes it hard to justify making prototypes and small production volumes. In spite of recent advances in additive manufacturing, this technology can still not capture performance properties of injection molded products. This report proposes several ways of prototyping injection molded components by means of direct rapid tooling. By Wayfaring, several techniques could be explored. Molds were built using rapid prototyping techniques such as fused deposition modeling, selective heat sintering, laminated object manufacturing, polymer jetting and CNC-milling. The molds were tested using a desktop injection molding machine, and the molded components were tested using a three point bending setup. Furthermore, a more complex mold was CNC-milled and tested in a full scale injection molding machine with the tool insert method. The tested techniques were evaluated with respect to cost, efficiency and effectiveness. From the study, it was found that polymer jetting could fabricate the molds quickest and with best quality of the tested techniques. Furthermore, it was found that desktop injection molding could be a good way of prototyping small components, while the tool insert method is better suited for larger, more complex geometry, and for low-volume production.

Development of the next generation pressure sensor for kongsberg Maritime

An application has been developed in order to analyze data results from experiments revolving adsorption and diffusion of hydrogen in X70 and Fe 3wt.% Si steel. The experiment was performed under cathodic charging conditions at varying temperatures from 30 degrees to 75 degrees, in custom made equipment designed according to the ASTM standard [1]. The principle of the equipment was based on the article written by Devanathan and Stachurski [2] where a permeation technique is described. Hydrogen is produced electrochemically in one cell, before it diffuses through the specimen and is detected in the other cell. The application developed in this paper reads the result data retrieved from this procedure, and extracts two coherent columns representing the current readings and the elapsed time. By utilizing Fick s laws of diffusion, Iino s numerical methods, and other contributing theoretical work different approaches to compute and display parameters describing material properties is implemented. The ASTM standard engages the analysis of the experiment data according to Fick s laws and the elapsed time method in order to compute the concentrations and the effective diffusion coefficient respectively. These approaches are also represented in the application, but they do not consider the trapping present in the material, and therefore gives an inaccurate approximation of these occurrences. Iino s methods are used to acquire more information concerning reversible and irreversible traps in the material.

Vibrations of one type or another are present almost every minute of our daily lives. Much research has been done on high-frequency vibrations influence on human physiology, though less is known about the impact of low-frequency vibrations. This thesis investigates low frequency, whole-body vibrations influence on human physiology. We ve attempted to determine if there is a correlation between resting heart rate and vibration magnitude in 40 adult test-subjects exposed to intervals of differing vibration magnitude. 40 students (age 19 to 34) were subjected to five consecutive 4-minute intervals of differing whole-body vibrations, with constant amplitude of 5 cm. A significant (p < 0.02) reduction in mean heart rate was found between interval 3 (0.52 Hz) and interval 4 (0.28 Hz). No other significant changes between consecutive intervals were found, though a general decrease in heart rate over time was observed. These results could indicate that a reduction in vibration magnitude has a relaxing effect on the human body, though further studies are needed to verify this. The results of this thesis suggest that heart rate alone does not provide sufficient information about vibrations effect on human physiology. Future studies should consider additional physiological factors to monitor when conducting this type of experiment.

Founding on the pre-master project Photography a new tool in needfinding (Wulvik et al., 2015) as starting point and based on theory from the fields of needfinding and visual thinking, an explorative experiment has been piloted, run and analysed. The goal of the experiment was to test the influence of focal length and depth of field on the verbal ideation output from designers tasked with improving situations shown in pictures. Output was measured by: number of insights, solutions, questions and the total sum of these. Focal length and depth of field were given two values each, pushing towards extremes in both directions. Focal length was given the values of 24mm (wide-angle) and 100mm (telephoto). Depth of field is mostly controlled by aperture, and apertures of f/2.8 and f/16 (f/11) were used to create small and large depth of field. Four different situations were photographed with all four combinations of the focal length and depth of field (24mm & f/2.8, 24mm & f/11, 100mm & f/2.8, 100mm & f/16), a total of 16 pictures to be used as stimuli in the experiment. To get as much data as possible from the participants, each was shown four pictures, one from each situation and paired with different variable combinations. 18 participants were a part of the final experiment, each looking at four pictures. A total of 72 data points were collected. Data was collected through audio recording and eye tracking. Each participant was placed in front of a monitor with an eye tracker placed underneath and given a hand-held microphone. During the experiment, the participant was asked to think out loud so that their thoughts could be captured with audio. The eye tracker captured their gaze position. After the experiment, audio data was coded into insights, solutions and questions based on an emergent coding scheme. Even though eye-tracking data was recorded, it was not finally used for the results of this pilot experiment due to difficulties with interpreting gaze data. Eye tracking technology and knowledge is rapidly improving, so if any breakthroughs in analysis should occur in the near future, data is stored and available for analysis. No statistically significant results were found when running independent samples t-tests for focal length and depth of field. However, though not statistically significant, an indication towards the effect of increased output of solutions when using a longer focal length was found with a calculated significance value 0.894. This potential difference is corresponds with initial hypothesis H1: Longer focal lengths provide more output because more equal attention is given to visual elements. Based on results from and identified error sources in this pilot experiment, areas of improvement for a second experiment have been proposed and are currently put into place.

This project has in two stages explored the possibilities and potential for improving the mechanical properties of the laminated paper material created with Mcor Technologies 3D printer IRIS. The first stage explored the effects of coating, soaking or vacuum infusing five hardening agents wood glue, diluted wood glue, urethane wood lacquer, epoxy wood finish, and lamination epoxy on specimens of the material, whose strong and weak axis were afterwards tested with three-point bending tests. Except for the lamination epoxy, none of the agents responded well to the infusion or improved the material s properties particularly with any of the treatments. The lamination epoxy however, did, and was therefore investigated further with a second series of eight 2 by 2 cm specimens that were longer than the first, to provide more reliable results from the bending test. The measurements were compared to theoretical specimens of pure epoxy and aluminium, whose corresponding bending stiffness and strength was calculated using classic beam theory. Infused and heat treated, the composite paper laminate was stiffer than the theoretical aluminium in both orientations, twice so if accounting for the difference in density, and over two thirds as strong compared to its weight. Key-words: 3D printing, paper composite, vacuum infusion, epoxy, three-point bending

This thesis provides three different design solutions for hydrogen permeation cells based on Devanathan and Stachurski method for hydrogen charging. The first part of the thesis is built as a background analysis for the development processes. The focus lies on how the experiment functions and its critical parts, and how others have solved it. Available systems have been analyzed and studied, and more are presented from the literature. A user is followed to further inspect the needs of the experiment both in terms of simplicity and function. This information is gathered, and it is created a table of what the system must and should contain. For the industrial system, the development is built up by first suggesting concepts for the crucial parts in the system. The crucial parts are considered as the parts not being bought by another producer. Several solutions are presented to each of the parts, before two different concepts are presented. These concepts are the tube and the box. The individual parts are discussed in terms of how they would perform under the given conditions. After this a final design is suggested and presented as CAD-models. One critical part of the industrial cell is the effectiveness of the heating with regards to heat loss. Calculations are performed that show that the fluid inside the cells should be able to be heated to the desired temperature in less than one hour, while cooling will take longer time than wanted. The laboratory system will use water for heating. Two concepts are suggested. This can be done by either a double walled cylinder made of glass, or by using tubes. For the double walled cylinder two different CAD-models are presented: One that focuses on using a sample holder, the other that focuses on pressure to seal the electrolyte from the outside. Calculations of flow through the double walled cells are done, and it is suggested that a positive displacement pump with a capacity of 5.4 l/min is used to make sure the water is able to heat the whole cell. For the checking the stresses in the cells, a FEA is done, to make sure that the glass will not break. The force is reliant on the pressure needed to compress the O-rings for sealing. An approximation with a force of a 1000N on the edge of the cylinder gives stresses that are at the most 37.8 MPa. This will not break the glass and will compress an O-ring. To find out if the O-ring seals it must be calculated non-linearly, but it is easier to test. The Nano-indenter system has different problems than the other systems. The cells are vertical and bubbles will attach easier to the surface of the sample. Testing is done to determine which method that can be utilized to remove the bubbles. After testing a system using flow as the bubble removal is suggested. The development progresses in iterations by continuously improving problems that can occur during the experiment until a final suggestion is made. It is emphasized that this model should be function tested under better conditions.

Continuing the development subject to the pre-master project, the purpose of this master thesis was to properly address the implementation of an induction heating system into a compact embodiment of the EMPIG InFlow system, as described in the pre-master report, through conceptual development and preliminary feasibility assessments. The principle of and technology related to electromagnetic induction heating was researched through literature and extensive dialogue with EFD Induction, a leading supplier of induction heating equipment and longtime cooperator of EMPIG, and a basic framework for current and future development was defined. The main limiting factors were identified as relating to the high frequency of the alternating current involved in the induction heating process, e.g. by complicating the transmission of electric power from the power supply to the induction coil. As thesis client, EMPIG was continuously involved, and had deciding authority, in the shaping of the project vision. To realize the flow assurance functionality within the layered meandering pipe structure, a modular, mobile induction heater concept is proposed. The concept features a retrievable induction coil, carried by an all-electric actuated mechanism comprising sufficient degrees of freedom for the coil to traverse the entire pipeline unobstructed, except for the four vertical pipe bends which must be otherwise accommodated. Though no reasonable mechanism also able to traverse said vertical pipe bends has been identified thus far, a continuous scan heating work path across the respective horizontal layers of pipeline was enabled through an advantageous restructuring of pipes and supports. The induction coil design featured in the concept proposed herein is not optimal with respect to heating efficiency, and will generate significant amounts of heat in operation. To minimize complexity, the opportunity of a passive cooling scheme for the coil was investigated through computational analyses of natural convection heat transfer from copper metal submerged in seawater. Though the credibility of said theoretical investigation has not been properly assessed, and it as such is insufficient for drawing a final conclusion, results were positive and substantiating for the belief that a passive cooling scheme is achievable. Though introducing uncertainty to the concept in the form of additional moving parts, the proposed modular heater concept ensures redundancy through simultaneous application of multiple units, as well as fail-safe operation and possibly enables the secure in-field storage of both spare units and malfunctioning units awaiting intervention.

Observing design activities can give insights that can be used to improve the activities and give feedback to participants. In the past the process of observing and analyzing design activities was done manually with video which is very resource demanding. With the launch of the Microsoft Kinect 3D depth sensor and later an improved version in 2014, automatically tracking human behavior became much easier. The thesis evaluates the suitability for the Kinect sensor to contribute to automating design observations and give real-time feedback to participants. A thorough analysis of the Kinect v1 and v2 sensors is conducted. A proof of concept for an observation setup and a sensing application is developed. The sensing application tracks participants from a ceiling mounted position and estimates real-time mechanical energy-use and creates heat maps of their movements. A prototype of a design experiment is developed to test the application and observation setup. The results show that, except for some challenges inherent to the depth sensing technology, the Kinect v2 sensor shows great potential for contributing to automating design observation setups. Finally, issues to be aware of when using Kinects specifically in design observation and Design Observatories are highlighted. Future work involves developing a permanent design observatory with Kinect sensors and exploring how the audio capabilities and gesture analysis software for the Kinect can be used in design observation.

The Fibo Car is a game interface consisting of a kit of car parts. A virtual model of the assembled parts is generated on a computer and used in a physics engine based gameplay. This product vision is the source of this master s thesis task where the main goal was to develop a critical function prototype of the physical/virtual interface. The challenge of this task was to create a prototype that contained integrated technology from multiple engineering disciplines. After six weeks, a functioning prototype was completed using an incremental style of product development process. Based on this prototype and process, two papers were submitted and accepted for publishing at a conference on entertainment computing. The prototype was then further improved and shown at a live demonstration for potential investors. The final prototype is a complete set where external car parts can be attached to a central part and a rotating 3D model will appear on-screen with the corresponding structure. A list of process related learnings form the conclusion of the project.

Studies on the effect from music on people have been ongoing for thousands of years, and with the technology and knowledge available today it is easier to investigate the underlying reasons for why music affecting us the way it does. Music is said to be a multidimensional art form utilizing the medium of sound, and because of this multidimensional nature studies of music are easily confounded. In this thesis, an experiment has been constructed to investigate the effect from speed of music on prototyping. Our hypothesis is that music with a higher BPM will result in a higher activity and/or better results during a prototyping session. The experiment was constructed by analysing available literature and other information to find suitable ways to measure the effect from music, as well as how to develop the music and test setup in order to avoid unnecessary confounding. The chosen means of measurement was quantitative measurements and movement of the test subjects. During two weeks in June/ July 2015 the experiment performed with summer school children at the science museum Heureka in Finland. With the data gathered, it was not possible to confirm our hypothesis, but because of some elements, such as the age of the children and location of the experiment it cannot be discarded it either. The experiment should therefore be retried at a later and more suitable time, with people in an older age group and at a more controlled location

Die Höhe der Reduktion des Kraftstoffverbrauchs für elektrifizierte Antriebsstränge als Plug-In Hybride realisiert hängt sehr stark von der Art der Nutzung ab. Die Arbeit analysiert das Nutzungsverhalten in seinen wesentlichen Größen und leitet darauf aufbauend ein Vorgehen ab, entsprechend dem Nutzungsverhalten eine Initialdimensionierung des elektrischen Antriebssystems vorzunehmen. Diese Initialdimensionierung wird wird validiert und in Abhängigkeit verschiedener Randbedingungen bewertet. The fuel efficiency of Plug-In Hybrid power trains is dependent on the type of use. The work presents an approach to analyze the driver's behavior in order to estimate a system dimensioning of the electric drive train. The analysis is realized with help of cluster analysis and energetic simulation model of the power train.This system dimensioning is validated and evaluated in terms of changing conditions like charging frequency.

The Master thesis was original intended to be an attempt to make a direct competitive product to today s workout equipment using magnetic resistance. Since the resistance will be controlled digital, the option of making MagnetGym a closed circuit with inputs from the muscles was uttered. The thesis was then extended with biofeedback resistance control. With biofeedback, from EMGs sensors, the hypothesis was that the exact percentage of muscle activation, and therefore the percentage of force a person can generate, can be measured. This indulging the MagnetGym into today s ranks of smart products. The thesis focus will be on product development, dividing MagnetGym into sections and give proof of concept to each section. MagnetGym was divided into resistance, EMG and controls. Controls was divided into three subcategories; resistance regulator, resistance control, and resistance selection. Throughout the work period restrictions occurred, with limited budget and knowledge the end product ended up being not as in depth as hoped. Each section was evaluated to find the best solution, to solve the problems that ended in prototypes that were tested. The resistance will be generated by solenoids where the core will be moved. The resistance regulator will be done by PWM to control the amount of power traveling through the coil. The resistance control, which supervise that the resistance is correct, is a load cell between the user and the resistance. Resistance selection was in this thesis done by a LCD ad-on with buttons for the microcontroller Arduino, which will connect the MagnetGym together making it a closed circuit. The MagnetGym was connected to the body with EMG, also an ad-on for Arduino. The proof of concept went fine, however the final prototype would not work. Because of the budget and knowledge restrictions an optimal prototype with correct components and coils was not accomplished. The prototype was made with alternative components that would give proof of concept, no more. The MagnetGym is a mediocre idea that probably will not be competitive with traditional and already existing gym equipment according to this thesis. The coil will generate a lot of heat, which means cooling is needed. This will make the gym equipment more high maintenance than necessary resulting in a less cost efficient gym equipment. However the EMG idea can be the future of training, the tests and theory shows that the interpretation will be difficult task to overcome, but with further experiments there is hope.