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Additional file 3: Figure S3. Effects of more complex DIF mutations in BRAF on its heterodimerization with RAF1. HEK293T cells were transfected with either empty pLgBiT-N/pSmBiT-N control plasmidsor expression vectors encoding RAF1WT-SmBiT and the indicated BRAF-LgBiT proteins, either in combination with pMIG e.V.or pMIG KRASG12V. Cells were either treated with 10 µM Sorafenib or DMSO for 4 h prior to measurement. Shown is the mean of three to four biological replicates. HEK293T cells were transfected with either empty pLgBiT-N/pSmBiT-N control plasmids or expression vectors encoding RAF1WT-SmBiT and the indicated BRAF-LgBiT proteins, either in combination with pMIG e.V. or pMIG KRASG12V. Cells were either treated with 10 µM Sorafenib or DMSO) for 4 h prior to measurement. RAF1WT-SmBiT fusion proteins were immunoprecipitated using anti-Myc antibody. Following Western blotting, immunoprecipitatesand TCLs were probed with anti-HA and anti-Myc antibodies. Shown is a representative experiment from two biological replicates.

Background and AimsAllometric scaling between stomata and xylem for terrestrial woody plants is a widely observed pattern that may be constrained by water transport. Floating-leaved plants, a particular life form of aquatic plants, have leaves in direct contact with both air and water and a poorly developed xylem that may not be limited by water supply as for terrestrial plants. However, whether such an allometric scaling relationship still exists in floating-leaved plants has not been explored.MethodsWe analysed 31 floating-leaved species/varieties with a range in leaf area covering six orders of magnitude. For all 31 floating-leaved plants, we studied the allometric relationships between leaf area and petiole transverse area, and between total stomatal area and petiole vascular area.Key ResultsThe slopes of both relationships were similar to the slope of the allometric relationship (1.23) between total stomatal area and xylem area of 53 terrestrial plants. However, for ten of them with xylem that can be clearly defined, the strong positive relationship between total stomatal area and petiole xylem area had a significantly smaller slope than that of terrestrial plants (0.64 vs. 1.23). Furthermore, after considering phylogeny, the scaling relationships between total stomatal area and petiole traits in floating-leaved plants remained significant.ConclusionsWe speculated that for floating-leaved plants, the hyperallometric relationship (slope >1) between the construction of leaf/stoma and petiole was promoted by the high demand for photosynthesis and thus more leaves/stomata. While the hypoallometric relationship (slope Background and Aims Allometric scaling between stomata and xylem for terrestrial woody plants is a widely observed pattern that may be constrained by water transport. Floating-leaved plants, a particular life form of aquatic plants, have leaves in direct contact with both air and water and a poorly developed xylem that may not be limited by water supply as for terrestrial plants. However, whether such an allometric scaling relationship still exists in floating-leaved plants has not been explored. Methods We analysed 31 floating-leaved species/varieties with a range in leaf area covering six orders of magnitude. For all 31 floating-leaved plants, we studied the allometric relationships between leaf area and petiole transverse area, and between total stomatal area and petiole vascular area. Key Results The slopes of both relationships were similar to the slope of the allometric relationship (1.23) between total stomatal area and xylem area of 53 terrestrial plants. However, for ten of them with xylem that can be clearly defined, the strong positive relationship between total stomatal area and petiole xylem area had a significantly smaller slope than that of terrestrial plants (0.64 vs. 1.23). Furthermore, after considering phylogeny, the scaling relationships between total stomatal area and petiole traits in floating-leaved plants remained significant. Conclusions We speculated that for floating-leaved plants, the hyperallometric relationship (slope >1) between the construction of leaf/stoma and petiole was promoted by the high demand for photosynthesis and thus more leaves/stomata. While the hypoallometric relationship (slope

The objective of this paper was to evaluate the kinetics of the hydrolysis of soybean oil by the action of the Lipozyme® TL IM enzyme varying the operational conditions of molar ratio water/oil (9:1-60:1) and temperature (40-64 °C). To describe the experimental data, a mathematical model based on the kinetic mechanism of Ping-Pong Bi Bi (PPBB) was proposed, in which the following steps were not considered formation of the complex enzyme/oil substrate, and formation of the acylated enzyme/oil substrate complex. The results of enzymatic hydrolysis of soybean oil indicated a yield in free fatty acids of 76% at the molar ratio of 46:1 and temperature of 52 °C. Furthermore, based on the values of the determination coefficient and root mean square error, the mathematical model based on the kinetic mechanism of PPBB showed good agreement with the experimental data in a relatively wide temperature range. Thus, it can be a useful tool for the optimization and assessment of the mechanisms of enzymatic hydrolysis of vegetable oil.

Additional file 2: Figure S2. Side-by-side comparison of growth factor versus oncogenic KRASG12V induced BRAF-LgBiT/RAF1-SmBIT heterodimerization. HEK293T cells were transfected with either empty pMIGor pMIG/KRASG12V and the empty control vectors pLgBiT-N/pSmBit-N or the BRAF-LgBiT and RAF1-SmBiT expression vectors. Cells were either left untreated or stimulated with 100 ng/ml EGF for the indicated timepoints. Note the EGF induced increase in cells expressing BRAF-LgBiT/RAF1-SmBiT that is absent in cells transfected with the empty control vectors. Also note the consistent and highly significant increase in Nluc activity in unstimulated KRASG12V expressing cells compared to EGF stimulated cells transfected with pMIG e.V.

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Co-immunoprecipitation using anti-c-Myc antibodies confirms the enhanced heterodimerization between BRAF-LgBiT and RAF1-SmBiT as well as between RAF1-LgBiT and BRAF-SmBiT proteins in the presence of either KRASG12V or Sorafenib. HEK293T cells were co-transfected with the indicated plasmids and either pMIG empty vectoror pMIG/KRASG12V. Four hours prior to lysis, cells were treated with either 10 μM Sorafenib or the equivalent volume of DMSO. Myc-tagged RAF1-SmBiT or RAF1-LgBiT proteins were immuno-purified using anti-Myc antibody. Top: Immunoprecipitates were loaded on two gels. Purified RAF1 proteins were either detected using anti-Myc or RAF1 antibodies, while co-purified HA-tagged BRAF proteins were detected with anti-HA or anti-BRAF F7 antibodies. Note the expected increased BRAF/RAF1 heterodimerization by KRASG12V or sorafenib. Bottom: Analysis of total cellular lysates demonstrates expression of all Nluc components and confirms activation of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK-pathway by KRASG12V.

Additional file 4.

Durch die projizierte globale Erwärmung werden sich Hitzeextreme verschärfen. Vor allem in den Städten wird die Lebensqualität der Stadtbevölkerung unter sommerlichen Hitzewellen leiden. Im Projekt HeatResilientCity werden bewohnerorientierte Hitzeanpassungsmaßnahmen an Gebäuden und im städtischen Freiraum entwickelt und geprüft sowie Empfehlungen für die Umsetzung gegeben.The HeatResilientCity project applied insights from natural sciences, engineering and the social sciences to develop heat adaptation measures, test their effectiveness and partially implement them in two structurally different real-world laboratories in Dresden-Gorbitz and Erfurt-Oststadt. The present article discusses interventions to plant street trees and to refurbish two different residential buildings. We describe and analyse aspects of the implementation process to identify key factors that enable or constrain adaptation action among different groups of actors. We find that adaptation measures that are objectively effective and supported by residents are most appropriate for implementation. Where residents evince scepticism about adaptation measures, information about their effectiveness and usefulness should be disseminated. Early and targeted involvement of relevant stakeholders, careful communication and the establishment of climate adaptation as a permanent interdepartmental task at municipal level can promote successful implementation of heat adaptation measures.

The following work aims to present the effects of elaborating a radio show about science, intended to help the development of some middle schools, showing important topics as a means to curb the impact of the pandemic on the students in three primary and secondary public schools in Uruguaiana (RS). Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, the curricular activities had to be suspended at the federal level, resulting in drastic changes in teaching methods and forcing teachers and their students to adapt to this new reality. As a way to circumvent the difficulties faced in the Ensino Remoto Emergencial (Emergencial Remote Education, direct translation), the group of resident teachers from Ciências da Natureza – Licenciatura course from Unipampa (Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana Campus) arose with an idea of presenting a radio program about topics from the Natural Sciences curriculum, which was aired in a local station. The show was named “Ciência na Residência” and had 18 episodes in total, seeking to give out important information for the students and their community, using simulated conversations as a method for its presentation, which were structured by the residents. Keywords: Oriented teaching. Teaching. Natural sciences. Remote learning. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar os resultados da elaboração de um programa de rádio sobre ciências voltado a desenvolver conteúdos pertinentes ao Ensino Fundamental II como forma de atenuar o impacto da pandemia sobre os alunos da educação básica de três escolas públicas de Uruguaiana (RS). Em decorrência da pandemia de COVID-19 no ano de 2020, as atividades curriculares presenciais tiveram de ser suspensas em nível nacional, provocando mudanças drásticas nos métodos de ensino e forçando professores e alunos a se adaptarem a esta nova realidade. Como forma de contornar as dificuldades encontradas no Ensino Remoto Emergencial, o grupo de residentes do curso de Ciências da Natureza – Licenciatura da Unipampa (Campus Uruguaiana) trouxe a proposta da apresentação de um programa de rádio sobre assuntos pertinentes ao estudo das Ciências da Natureza, que foi ao ar em uma rádio local. O programa, denominado “Ciência na Residência”, foi concluído com 18 episódios construídos com base no método de simulação de conversa do tipo improviso estruturado entre os participantes e visou entregar informações de qualidade para os alunos e para a comunidade em geral. Palavras-chave: Docência orientada. Ensino. Ciências da Natureza. Ensino Remoto.

The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of gastric acid on the surface roughness and biofilm formation of bulk-fill composite resins. Twenty-seven samples of each composite resin were obtained: G1: Filtek Z250 XT (Z250), G2: Filtek Bulk Fill (FTK), G3: Tetric N-Ceram Bulk Fill (TTC), and G4: Aura Bulk Fill (AUR). The samples were quantitatively analyzed for surface roughness (Ra) using a roughness tester (n=15) and for biofilm formation (Cn) by the counting of colony-forming units (CFUs/mL) (n=9) in three different moments: after polishing (Ra0 and Cn0), after gastric acid immersion (Ra1 and Cn1), and after gastric acid and simulated tooth brushing (Ra2 and Cn2). Qualitative analysis through surface topography (n=3) was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Ra values were subjected to two-way repeated measures ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s test. Cn values were subjected to Kruskal-Wallis analysis, followed by multiple comparisons analysis (α=0.05). Z250 and FTK showed significant increases in surface roughness at Ra1. There were fewer CFUs/mL on TTC and AUR in relation to those of Z250 and FTK for Cn0, Cn1 and Cn2. The SEM images showed that gastric acid increased the formation of cracks, exposure of fillers and micro cavities for all composite resins. After tooth brushing, the topographical changes were more evident but did not influence biofilm formation. The gastric acid promoted both degradation of the surfaces and bacterial adhesion for all composite resins. Resumo O objetivo deste estudo in vitro foi avaliar o efeito do ácido gástrico na rugosidade superficial e na formação do biofilme nas resinas compostas de incremento único. Vinte e sete amostras de cada resina composta foram confeccionadas: G1: Filtek Z250 XT (Z250), G2: Filtek Bulk Fill (FTK), G3: Tetric N-Ceram Bulk Fill (TTC), and G4: Aura Bulk Fill (AUR). As amostras foram analisadas quantitativamente quanto à rugosidade da superfície (Ra) usando um rugosímetro (n=15) e para formação de biofilme (Cn) pela contagem de unidades formadoras de colônias (UFC/mL) (n=9) em três diferentes momentos: após polimento (Ra0 and Cn0), após imersão em ácido gástrico (Ra1 and Cn1), e após ácido gástrico e simulação de escovação (Ra2 and Cn2). Análise qualitative da topografia superficial (n=3) foi avaliada por meio de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Os valores de Ra foram analisados pela ANOVA de duas vias para amostras pareadas, seguido do teste de Tukey. Os valores de Cn foram submetidos ao teste de Kruskal-Wallis, seguido da análise de comparações múltiplas (α=0,05). Z250 e FTK tiveram aumento significativo na rugosidade superficial em Ra1. Houve menos CFUs/mL para TTC e AUR em relação à Z250 e FTK em Cn0, Cn1 and Cn2. As imagens em MEV mostraram que o ácido gástrico aumentou a formação de fendas, exposição das partículas e mcrocavidades para todas as resinas compostas. Após escovação, as mudanças topográficas foram mais evidentes, mas não influenciou na formação do biofilme. O ácido gástrico promoveu degradação da superfície e adesão bacteriana para todas as resinas compostas.

A presente pesquisa objetivou investigar o impacto causado pela Fundação Municipal de Artes de Montenegro (Fundarte) no desenvolvimento da educação musical e cultural no Vale do Caí/RS. A instituição vem, há muitos anos, sendo referência no ensino de música na região e no estado. Em uma abordagem qualitativa, utilizou-se a pesquisa documental como método, sendo coletados documentos institucionais oficiais da Fundarte e reportagens em um jornal local, este, referência em comunicação da região, datadas de 2017 a 2020. O referencial teórico teve como base estudos de Kraemer (2000) e Swanwick (1999), considerando-se a educação musical e suas relações com diversos tempos, espaços e disciplinas. Como resultados, constatou-se que a Fundarte tem um papel importante na difusão e no desenvolvimento da arte e da cultura, oportunizando o ensino e a pesquisa na região do Vale do Caí/RS, bem como nas localidades do entorno. Como desdobramentos, almeja-se que esta pesquisa fomente outras investigações, não somente no que diz respeito à Fundarte, mas, também, de outras instituições da mesma natureza, que contribuem para a história e fortalecem ainda mais a área da educação musical.

We study the relation between board gender diversity and goodwill (GW). GW on the balance sheet is connected to both the firm’s risk-taking and its accounting conservatism which are two popular topics in how gender diversity affects the governance of firms. GW captures the firm’s decision to acquire another business for a price exceeding the received identifiable net assets and the subsequent valuation of the purchase. We propose that board decisions affecting GW could depict information about board gender diversity and its potential effects. Specifically, we examine Nordic listed firms in the period 2009–2018, to determine whether and how female representation on the board of directors is linked to the GW change. Big GW increases are associated with risk-taking and GW write-downs are signs of conservative accounting. Thus, we hypothesize and evidence that firms with substantial GW increases (decreases) are associated with fewer (more) women on the board. These results provide insight on board composition and potentially also on good governance and their consequences for strategic decision-making. Our findings contribute to the board diversity literature in accounting and corporate governance.

Contextualizacao: o presente trabalho relata parte das intervencoes do Laboratorio Metuia/Nucleo UFPB-Uncisal em parceria com as criancas de uma comunidade no municipio de Joao Pessoa/PB. Processo de Intervencao: foram desenvolvidas acoes virtuais, de forma individual e coletiva, com criancas entre 6 e 11 anos, a fim de dialogar, apreender suas demandas e tentar criar estrategias para lidar com as situacoes emergentes e intensificadas pelo contexto em que vivemos. Analise critica da pratica: mesmo diante da complexidade do debate em torno da utilizacao do meio virtual, para o desenvolvimento das atividades praticas em terapia ocupacional social, acredita-se ser possivel, apesar de nao ser o ideal, a utilizacao dos recursos tecnologicos para a intervencao com as criancas. Sintese das consideracoes: o estar com as criancas permitiu continuarmos apreendendo, a partir das suas historias e de suas familias, a intensificacao da desigualdade social causada pela pandemia da Covid-19 no Brasil. Palavras-chave: Terapia Ocupacional. Criancas. Pandemia. Territorio Sociocultural Abstract Contextualization: this work addresses part of an Laboratorio Metuia/Nucleo UFPB-Uncisal investigation in partnership with children from a community in the city of Joao Pessoa/PB. Intervention Process: virtual actions were developed, individually and collectively, with children between 6 and 11 years old, in order to dialogue, understand their demands and try to create strategies to deal with emergent situations, intensified by the context in which we live. Critical analysis of the practice : even given the complexity of the debate surrounding the use of the virtual work enviroment for the development of practical activities in social occupational therapy, it is believed that it is possible, although not ideal, to use such a method for the desired purposes. Summary of the considerations: being with the children allowed us to keep apprehending, based on their stories and their families, about the intensification of social inequality caused by the Covid-19 pandemic in Brazil. Keywords: Occupational Therapy. Children. Pandemic. Sociocultural Territory. Resumen Contextualizacion: el presente trabajo informa parte de las intervenciones del Laboratorio Metuia/Nucleo UFPB-Uncisal en conjunto con los ninos de una comunidad de la ciudad de Joao Pessoa/PB. Proceso de Intervencion: se desarrollaron acciones virtuales, de manera individual y colectiva, con ninos de entre 6 y 11 anos, con el fin de dialogar, comprender sus demandas e intentar generar estrategias para enfrentar situaciones emergentes e intensificadas por el contexto en el que vivimos. Analisis critico de la practica: incluso ante la complejidad del debate en torno al uso del espacio virtual para el desarrollo de actividades practicas en terapia ocupacional social, se cree que es posible, aunque no ideal, utilizar recursos tecnologicos para la intervencion con los ninos. Sintesis de las consideraciones: estar con los ninos nos permitio seguir aprehendiendo, a partir de sus historias y sus familias, la intensificacion de la desigualdad social provocada por la pandemia de Covid-19 en Brasil. Palabras clave: Terapia Ocupacional. Ninos. Pandemia. Territorio Sociocultural

This study investigated the effects of inosine on memory acquisition and consolidation, cholinesterases activities, redox status and Na+, K+-ATPase activity in a rat model of scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment. Adult male rats were divided into four groups: control (saline), scopolamine (1 mg/kg), scopolamine plus inosine (50 mg/kg), and scopolamine plus inosine (100 mg/kg). Inosine was pre-administered for 7 days, intraperitoneally. On day 8, scopolamine was administered pre (memory acquisition protocol) or post training (memory consolidation protocol) on inhibitory avoidance tasks. The animals were subjected to the step-down inhibitory avoidance task 24 hours after the training. Scopolamine induced impairment in the acquisition and consolidation phases; however, inosine was able to prevent only the impairment in memory consolidation. Also, scopolamine increased the activity of acetylcholinesterase and reduced the activity of Na+, K+-ATPase and the treatment with inosine protected against these alterations in consolidation protocol. In the animals treated with scopolamine, inosine improved the redox status by reducing the levels of reactive oxygen species and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and restoring the activity of the antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase and catalase. Our findings suggest that inosine may offer protection against scopolamine-induced memory consolidation impairment by modulating brain redox status, cholinergic signaling and ion pump activity. This compound may provide an interesting approach in pharmacotherapy and as a prophylactic against neurodegenerative mechanisms involved in Alzheimer’s disease.

Cold War History organised this roundtable to commemorate the thirtieth anniversary of the end of the Soviet Union – one of the two superpower poles that defined the Cold War confrontation and inte...

This contribution scrutinises how introducing a statutory minimum wage of EUR 8.50 per hour, in January 2015, impacted German employees’ decision with regard to union membership. Based on representative data from the Labour Market and Social Security panel, the study applies a logistic difference-in-differences propensity score matching approach on entries into and withdrawals from unions in the German Trade Union Confederation (Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund, DGB). The results show no separate effect on withdrawals from or entries into unions after the minimum wage introduction for those employees who benefited financially from it, but a significant increase of entries overall. Thus, unions’ campaign for a minimum wage strengthened their position in total but did not reverse the segmentation of union membership patterns.

Objective To analyze the effect of lavender essential oil associated with massage on spinal pain levels in obese women. Methods The sample included 49 obese women, between 20 and 60 years of age, randomly assigned to three groups: control (n=15), intervention (n=19) and placebo (n=15). The intervention and placebo groups were submitted to eight 35-minute sessions, twice a week for one month, but the essential oil of Lavandula angustifolia was used only in the intervention group. A placebo was used for the placebo group and the control group received no intervention. Pain levels were measured before and after the intervention using the Visual Analog Scale. Results There was a significant decrease in total spinal pain (p=0.004), in the cervical region (p=0.003) and in the lumbar region (p=0.008) in the intervention group. Conclusion Lavender essential oil had a positive impact on the reduction of pain in the spine of obese women, as well as in the specific areas of the cervical and lumbar regions compared to the control and placebo groups. Level of evidence I; Randomized clinical trial. RESUMO Objetivo Analisar o efeito do óleo essencial de lavanda associado à massagem nos níveis de dor na coluna em mulheres obesas. Métodos A amostra incluiu 49 mulheres obesas com idades entre 20 e 60 anos, randomizadas em três grupos: controle (n = 15), intervenção (n = 19) e placebo (n = 15). Os grupos intervenção e placebo foram submetidos a oito sessões com duração de 35 minutos, duas vezes por semana durante um mês, sendo que o óleo essencial de Lavandula angustifolia foi usado apenas no grupo intervenção. Um placebo foi usado para o grupo placebo e o grupo controle não recebeu intervenção. Os níveis de dor foram medidos antes e depois da intervenção pela Escala Visual Analógica. Resultados Houve diminuição significativa da dor total na coluna (p = 0,004), na região cervical (p = 0,003) e na região lombar (p = 0,008) no grupo intervenção. Conclusão O óleo essencial de lavanda teve impacto positivo na redução da dor na coluna de mulheres obesas, bem como em áreas específicas das regiões cervical e lombar em comparação com os grupos controle e placebo. Nível de evidência I; Ensaio clínico randomizado. RESUMEN Objetivo Analizar el efecto del aceite esencial de lavanda asociado al masaje sobre los niveles de dolor espinal en mujeres obesas. Métodos La muestra incluyó a 49 mujeres obesas con edades de 20 a 60 años, distribuidas aleatoriamente en tres grupos: control (n = 15), intervención (n = 19) y placebo (n = 15). Los grupos intervención y placebo se sometieron a ocho sesiones con 35 minutos de duración, dos veces por semana durante un mes, utilizándose el aceite esencial de Lavandula angustifolia solo en el grupo intervención. Para el grupo placebo se utilizó un placebo y el grupo control no recibió ninguna intervención. Los niveles de dolor se midieron antes y después de la intervención, utilizando la Escala Visual Analógica. Resultados Hubo una disminución significativa del dolor total en la columna (p = 0,004), en la región cervical (p = 0,003) y en la región lumbar (p = 0,008) en el grupo intervención. Conclusión El aceite esencial de lavanda tuvo un impacto positivo en la reducción del dolor de columna vertebral en mujeres obesas, así como en las áreas específicas de las regiones cervical y lumbar en comparación con los grupos control y placebo. Nivel de evidencia I; Ensayo clínico aleatorizado.