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Synthesis of new series of 1,2,4-triazole with 1,2,3-triazole and piperidine ring using ZrOCl2·8H2O as a catalyst in ethanol has been described. The yields obtained are in the range of 80-85%. All the synthesized compounds ( 3a- 3o) are novel and were evaluated for their in vitro antifungal activities using standard agar method. Docking study of the newly synthesized compounds was performed, and results showed that all new compounds have similar binding mode in the active site of fungal enzyme P450 cytochrome lanosterol 14α-demethylase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: An improved synthetic protocol for a novel series of 2-(4-(2-substituted aminothiazole-4-yl) phenoxy)-2-methyl propanoic acid derivatives has been developed using different methods of synthesis. The synthesized compounds are evaluated for their hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic activity by high fat diet induced hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia in Sprague–Dawley rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple, rapid, and precise method is developed for the assay determination of tranexamic acid (Tr) in pharmaceutical dosage form. The method was developed with HPLC, ELS detector and Alltima cyano 100A (250 x 4.6 mm, 5µ) column, the mobile phase composed of aqueous solution of 0.05% v/v trifluoroacetic acid and acetonitrile (60:40 v/v, pH 2.85). The instrumental settings are flow rate of 0.5 mL min-1, column temperature at 300C and detector drift tube temperature set at 97°C, a detector nitrogen gas flow set at 2.6 SLPM, gain 1 and 5 µL sample injection volume. Theoretical plates were 20007. Tailing factor was 1.38. The described method shows excellent linearity over a range of 50 to 150% of assay concentration. The correlation coefficient was 0.9987. The relative standard deviation of six measurements for peak area and retention time less than 2% and 0.5% respectively. The proposed method was found to be suitable and accurate for assay determination of Tr in pharmaceutical preparations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) is used as an efficient catalyst for the synthesis of 2,4,5-triaryl-1H-imidazoles via condensation of benzoin/benzil, ammonium acetate, and aromatic aldehydes. The easy work-up, higher yields and shorter reaction time are the advantages of the method presented here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A series of 3-(4,6-disubtituted-2-thioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin-5-yl) propanoic acid derivatives has been synthesized by condensation of thiourea, 5-(4-subtituted phenyl)-5-oxopentanoic acid and substituted aldehyde. The synthesized compounds were screened for their anti-inflammatory activity using rat paw edema method. Most of the compounds from the series showed significant (p <0.05) anti-inflammatory activity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The cover image, by Vidya S. Dofe et al., is based on the Article Novel O ‐ Alkylated Chromones as Antimicrobial Agents: Ultrasound Mediated Synthesis, Molecular Docking and ADME Prediction, DOI: 10.1002/jhet.2868 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compounds (IVc), (IVd), and (IVi) are found to be more potent than respective standard drugs against Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus and Aspergillus flavus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The enzyme pantothenate synthetase panC is one of the potential new antimicrobial drug targets, but it is poorly characterized in H. pylori . H. pylori infection can cause gastric cancer and the management of H. pylori infection is crucial in various gastric ulcers and gastric cancer. The current study describes the use of innovative drug discovery and design approaches like comparative metabolic pathway analysis (Metacyc), exploration of database of essential genes (DEG), homology modelling, pharmacophore based virtual screening, ADMET studies and molecular dynamics simulations in identifying potential lead compounds for the H. pylori specific panC. The top ranked virtual hits STOCK1N-60270, STOCK1N-63040, STOCK1N-44424 and STOCK1N-63231 can act as templates for synthesis of new H. pylori inhibitors and they hold a promise in the management of gastric cancers caused by H. pylori ., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

Exploring a new target for antibacterial drug discovery has gained much attention because of the emergence of Multidrug Resistance (MDR) strains of bacteria. To overcome this problem the development of novel antibacterial was considered as highest priority task and was one of the biggest challenge since multiple factors were involved. The bacterial peptidoglycan biosynthetic pathway has been well documented in the last few years and has been found to be imperative source for the development of novel antibacterial agents with high target specificity as they are essential for bacterial survival and have no homologs in humans. We have therefore reviewed the process of peptidoglycan biosynthesis which involves various steps like formation of UDP-Nacetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), UDP-N-acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc) and lipid intermediates (Lipid I and Lipid II) which are controlled by various enzymes like GlmS, GlmM, GlmU enzyme, followed by Mur Ligases (MurAMurF) and finally by MraY and MurG respectively. These four amide ligases MurC-MurF can be used as the source for the development of novel multi-target antibacterial agents as they shared and conserved amino acid regions, catalytic mechanisms and structural features. This review begins with the need for novel antibacterial agents and challenges in their development even after the development of bacterial genomic studies. An overview of the peptidoglycan monomer formation, as a source of disparity in this process is presented, followed by detailed discussion of structural and functional aspects of all Mur enzymes and different chemical classes of their inhibitors along with their SAR studies and inhibitory potential. This review finally emphasizes on different patents and novel Mur inhibitors in the development phase., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.org.)

The synthesis and screening of tetrazole-substituted biaryl acid analogs 7a-l as bacterial peptide deformylase (PDF) enzyme inhibitors is reported. The compounds 7e (IC 50 value = 5.50 μM) and 7g (IC 50 value = 7.25 μM) showed good PDF inhibition activity. The compounds 7e (MIC range = 10.75-11.66 μg/mL) and 7g (MIC range = 8.91-12.83 μg/mL) also showed potent antibacterial activity when compared with the standard ciprofloxacin (MIC range = 25-50 μg/mL). Thus, the active derivatives were not only potent PDF enzyme inhibitors but also efficient antibacterial agents. In order to gain more insight into the binding mode of the compounds with the PDF enzyme, the most active compounds 7e and 7g, the moderately active compound 7k, and the least active compound 7h were docked against the PDF enzyme of Escherichia coli. The docking study of the most active compounds 7e and 7g against the PDF enzyme exhibited good binding properties. Hence, we believe our synthesized compounds 7a-l could serve as reservoir for bacterial PDF inhibitor development., (© 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

Peptide deformylase (PDF) is a class of metalloenzyme responsible for catalyzing the removal of the N-formyl group from N-terminal methionine following translation. PDF inhibitors are moving into new phase of drug development. Initially, PDF was considered as an important target in antibacterial drug discovery; however genome database searches have revealed PDF-like sequences in parasites (P. falciparum) and human, widening the utility of this target in antimalarial and anticancer drug discovery along with antibacterial. Using structural and mechanistic information together with high throughput screening, several types of chemical classes of PDF inhibitors with improved efficacy and specificity have been identified. Various drugs like, GSK-1322322 (Phase II), BB-83698 (Phase I), and LBM-415 (Phase I) have entered into clinical developments. Developments in the field have prompted us to review the current aspects of PDFs, especially their structures, different classes of PDF inhibitors, and molecular modeling studies. In nut shell, this review enlightens PDF as a versatile target along with its inhibitors and future perspectives of different PDF inhibitors.

The quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) study is the most cited and reliable computational technique used for decades to obtain information about a substituent's physicochemical property and biological activity. There is step-by-step development in the concept of QSAR from 0D to 2D. These models suffer various limitations that led to the development of 3D-QSAR. There are large numbers of literatures available on the utility of 3D-QSAR for drug design. Three-dimensional properties of molecules with non-covalent interactions are served as important tool in the selection of bioactive confirmation of compounds. With this view, 3D-QSAR has been explored with different advancements like COMFA, COMSA, COMMA, etc. Some reports are also available highlighting the limitations of 3D-QSAR. In a way, to overcome the limitations of 3D-QSAR, more advanced QSAR approaches like 4D, 5D and 6D-QSAR have been evolved. Here, in this present review we have focused more on the present and future of more predictive models of QSAR studies. The review highlights the basics of 3D to 6D-QSAR and mainly emphasizes the advantages of one dimension over the other. It covers almost all recent reports of all these multidimensional QSAR approaches which are new paradigms in drug discovery.

A series of new α-aryl propionic acid derivatives had been synthesized through different synthetic routes from the readily available 2-fluoronitrobenzene as key starter. The synthesized compounds were screened for their antiinflammatory activity using rat paw edema method. Azoles (6c, 6h and 6i) have showed considerable good antiinflammatory activity. The present series with some modification may serve as important core for the development of new anti-inflammatory agents.

Inhibition of Histone deacetylases (HDACs) has been emerged as important approach to reverse aberrant epigenetic changes associated with various cancerous and non-cancerous diseases. The field of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDIs) is moving into a new phase of development. The structure of histone deacetylases is well-established and the active sites have been well identified. Various drugs targeting this enzyme are in the pipeline for the treatment of different diseases. Since first-generation HDAC inhibitors proved their clinical fruitfulness and also second generation inhibitors are rationally designed with improved specificity, experts believe that this class will emerge in the treatment of various diseases. Considering these facts present review focuses on HDACs and developments of HDIs in the treatment of various diseases.

Combined nano zinc oxide and titanium dioxide [nano (ZnO-TiO(2))] has been reported first time for the synthesis of novel series of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-6-((5-substituted-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)methyl)thieno[2,3-c]pyridine. All the synthesized compounds (7a-7m) are novel and were screened for their antimicrobial activity against four different strains like Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis and antifungal activity was determined against two strains Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. SAR for the newly synthesised derivatives has been developed by comparing their MIC values with ampicillin, ciprofloxacin and miconazole for antibacterial and antifungal activities, respectively. Among the synthesized compounds, 2,6 dichlorophenyl analogue (7f), 4 fluorophenyl analogue (7k) and 2,6 dichlorophenyl analogue (7l) shows promising antibacterial as well as antifungal activity whereas thiophene substituted compound (7j) shows promising antibacterial activity., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Picroside I and picroside II have been studied intensively because of their pharmacological actions and clinical applications. Numerous methods have been reported for extracting picroside I and picroside II from Picrorrhiza. kurroa rhizomes. This is the first report of picroside I and picroside II extraction using the supercritical carbon dioxide assisted extraction technique., Objective: To develop supercritical carbon dioxide assisted extraction and LC-MS identification of picroside I and picroside II from the Picrorrhiza kurroa Royle rhizomes., Methodology: Surface response methodology based on 3³ fractional factorial design was used to extract picroside I and picroside II from P. kurroa rhizomes. The effects of various process factors, namely temperature (40-80°C), pressure (25-35 MPa) and co-solvent (methanol) concentration (0-10% v/v) on extraction yield of the two compounds were evaluated. The picroside I and picroside II contents were determined using validated LC-MS methodology., Results: The maximum yield of picroside I (32.502 ± 1.131 mg/g) and picroside II (9.717 ± 0.382 mg/g) was obtained at the 10% v/v co-solvent concentration, 40°C temperature and 30 MPa pressure. The conventional Soxhlet assisted methanol extract of P. kurroa powder resulted in 36.743 ± 1.75 and 11.251 ± 0.54 mg/g yield of picroside I and picroside II, respectively., Conclusion: Variation of concentration and extraction time showed a significant effect on the picroside I and picroside II yield. Supercritical carbon dioxide assisted extraction using methanol as a co-solvent is an efficient and environmentally sustainable method for extracting picroside I and picroside II from P. kurroa rhizomes., (Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

Kaur-16-en-19-oic acid was isolated from the bark of Annona reticulata and studied for its analgesic and antiinflammatory activity. Analgesic activity was assessed using the hot plate test and acetic acid-induced writhing, and the antiinflammatory activity using the carrageenan induced rat paw oedema method. Kaur-16-en-19-oic acid, at doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg, exhibited significant (p < 0.05) analgesic and antiinflammatory activity. These activities were comparable to the standard drugs used, and furthermore the analgesic effect of kaur-16-en-19-oic acid was blocked by naloxone (2 mg/kg) in both analgesic models., (Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

The sesquiterpene fraction of Annona reticulata bark was studied by GC/MS. Three major components were identified: copaene (35.40%), patchoulane (13.49%) and 1H-cycloprop(e)azulene (22.77%). The fraction was also screened for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. The sesquiterpene fraction at doses 12.5 and 25 mg kg⁻¹ and the unsaponified petroleum ether extract at a dose of 50 mg kg⁻¹ exhibited significant central as well as peripheral analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. These activities were comparable with the standard drugs used in the respective experiments.

An improved protocol for the synthesis of a novel series of 1,2,4-triazines possessing 1,2,3-triazole and piperidine ring using 1-(1-substituted piperidin-4-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-carbohydrazide, benzil, ammonium acetate and ZrOCl(2).8H(2)O as a catalyst in ethanol-water has been presented. The yields obtained are in the range of 87-94%. All the synthesized compounds (4a-4l) are novel and were evaluated for their in vitro antifungal activity. SAR for the series has been developed by comparing their MIC values with miconazole and fluconazole. Based on activity data SAR for the series has been developed. Compound 4c from the series was equipotent to miconazole against Candida albicans (MIC-25), Aspergillus niger (MIC-12.5) and Cryptococcus neoformans (MIC-25). Compound 4d was equipotent with miconazole against all tested organisms except Cryptococcus neoformans. Also compound 4i was equipotent with miconazole against C. albicans, A. niger and Fusarium oxysporum., (Copyright 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Highly efficient coupling reagents, N-methanesulphonyloxy-2-phenyl benzimidazole and N - p-toluenesulphonyloxy-2-phenyl benzimidazole were designed, synthesized and successfully applied in peptide coupling reactions. Their efficiency was evaluated by synthesizing a number of structurally different amides and peptides as well. The distereomeric purity was examined by HPLC. Also the optical rotations of all the synthesized peptides were measured and found to be quite matching with corresponding values in literature. After completion of reaction, the N-hydroxy 2-phenyl benzimidazole which was the starting material for the synthesis of reagents could be easily isolated during the work up by acid base treatment and could be re-used without significant loss in reactivity. Also the intermediate in the reaction sequence was isolated and characterized by mass and (1)H NMR which could help to comment about the probable mechanism.

Dihydropyrimidines 4a-r have been synthesized by base catalysed condensation of beta-aroylpropanoic acid, guanidine nitrate and aromatic aldehyde. Structures of the new compounds were established on the basis of 1H NMR and IR spectral data. Anti-inflammatory activity in vivo was evaluated and compared with standard drug diclofenac sodium.