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th1 Ori E is a young, moderate mass binary system, a rarely observed case of spectral-type G-giants of about 3 solar masses, which are still collapsing toward the main sequence, where they presumably become X-ray faint. We have obtained high-resolution X-ray spectra with Chandra and find that the system is very active and similar to coronal sources, having emission typical of magnetically confined plasma. It has a broad temperature distribution with a hot component and significant high energy continuum; narrow emission lines from H- and He-like ions, as well as a range of Fe ions, and relative luminosity, Lx /L bol = 10-3, at the saturation limit. Density, while poorly constrained, is consistent with the low density limits, our upper limits being ne < 1013 cm-3 for Mg XI and ne < 1012 cm-3 for Ne IX. Coronal elemental abundances are sub-solar, with Ne being the highest at about 0.4 times solar. We find a possible trend in Trapezium hot plasmas toward low relative abundances of Fe, O, and Ne, which is hard to explain in terms of the dust depletion scenarios of low-mass young stars. Variability was unusually low during our observations relative to other coronally active stars. Qualitatively, the emission is similar to post-main-sequence G-stars. Coronal structures could be compact or comparable to the dimensions of the stellar radii. From comparison to X-ray emission from similar mass stars at various evolutionary epochs, we conclude that the X-rays in th1 Ori E are generated by a convective dynamo, present during contraction, but which will vanish during the main-sequence epoch possibly to be resurrected during post-main-sequence evolution.

We present a detailed spectral study (photoionization modeling and variability) of the "Big Dipper" 4U 1624-490 based on a Chandra-High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer (HETGS) observation over the [?]76 ks binary orbit of 4U 1624-490 . While the continuum spectrum can be modeled using a blackbody plus power law, a slightly better fit is obtained using a single G = 2.25 power-law partially (71%) covered by a local absorber of column density $N_{\rm H,\ Local}=8.1_{-0.6}^{+0.7}\times 10^{22}\, \rm cm^{-2}$. The data show a possible quasi-sinusoidal modulation with period 43+13 -9 ks that might be due to changes in local obscuration. Photoionization modeling with the XSTAR code and variability studies of the observed strong Fe XXV and Fe XXVI absorption lines point to a two-temperature plasma for their origin: a highly ionized component of ionization parameter xhot [?] 104.3 erg cm s-1 (T [?] 3.0 x 106 K) associated with an extended accretion disk corona of radius R [?] 3 x 1010 cm, and a less-ionized more variable component of x [?] 103.4 erg cm s-1 (T [?] 1.0 x 106 K) and $\rm \xi \approx 10^{3.1}\;erg\;cm\;s^{-1}$ (T [?] 0.9 x 106 K) coincident with the accretion disk rim. We use this, with the observed Fe XXV and Fe XXVI absorption line variations (in wavelength, strength, and width) to construct a viewing geometry that is mapped to changes in plasma conditions over the 4U 1624-490 orbital period.

We present analyses of a 50 ks observation of the supergiant X-ray binary system Cygnus X-1 (Cyg X-1)/HDE226868 taken with the Chandra High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer (HETGS). Cyg X-1 was in its spectrally hard state and the observation was performed during superior conjunction of the black hole, allowing for the spectroscopic analysis of the accreted stellar wind along the line of sight. A significant part of the observation covers X-ray dips as commonly observed for Cyg X-1 at this orbital phase, however, here we analyze only the high count rate nondip spectrum. The full 0.5-10 keV continuum can be described by a single model consisting of a disk, a narrow and a relativistically broadened Fe Ka line, and a power-law component, which is consistent with simultaneous Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer broadband data. We detect absorption edges from overabundant neutral O, Ne, and Fe, and absorption line series from highly ionized ions and infer column densities and Doppler shifts. With emission lines of He-like Mg XI, we detect two plasma components with velocities and densities consistent with the base of the spherical wind and a focused wind. A simple simulation of the photoionization zone suggests that large parts of the spherical wind outside of the focused stream are completely ionized, which is consistent with the low velocities (<200 km s-1) observed in the absorption lines, as the position of absorbers in a spherical wind at low projected velocity is well constrained. Our observations provide input for models that couple the wind activity of HDE 226868 to the properties of the accretion flow onto the black hole.

We present simultaneous Chandra High-Energy Transmission Gratings (HETG) and Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) observations of a "soft state" of the black hole candidate 4U 1957+11. These spectra, having limited hard X-ray excess, are an excellent test of disk atmosphere models that include effects of black hole spin. The HETG data show, by modeling the broadband continuum and direct fitting of absorption edges, that the disk spectrum is only very mildly absorbed, with NH = (1-2) x 1021 cm[?]2. These data additionally reveal ll13.449 Ne IX absorption consistent with the warm/hot phase of the interstellar medium. The fitted disk model implies an inclined disk around a low-mass black hole rotating with normalized spin a* [?] 1. We show, however, that pure Schwarzschild models describe the data extremely well, albeit with large disk atmosphere ``color-correction'' factors. Standard correction factors can be attained if one incorporates mild Comptonization. We find that the Chandra observations do not uniquely determine spin, even with this otherwise extremely well-measured, nearly pure disk spectrum. XMM-Newton RXTE observations, taken only six weeks later, are equally unconstraining. This lack of constraint is partly driven by the unknown mass and distance of 4U 1957+11; however, it is also driven by the limited Chandra and XMM-Newton bandpasses. We therefore present a series of 48 RXTE observations taken at different brightness/hardness levels. These data prefer a spin of a* [?] 1, even when including a mild Comptonization component; however, they also show evolution of the color-correction factors. If the rapid-spin models with standard correction factors are to be believed, then the RXTE observations predict that 4U 1957+11 can range from a 3 M black hole at 10 kpc with a* [?] 0.83 to a 16 M black hole at 22 kpc with a* [?] 1.

We present Chandra HETGS observations of the Herbig Ae star HD 104237 and the associated young stars comprising lower mass stars, in the 0.15-1.75 M mass range, in their pre-main-sequence phase. The brightest X-ray source in the association is the central system harboring the Herbig Ae primary and a K3 companion. Its X-ray variability indicates modulation possibly on timescales of the rotation period of the Herbig Ae star, and this would imply that the primary significantly contributes to the overall emission. The spectrum of the Herbig Ae+K3 system shows a soft component significantly more pronounced than in other K-type young stars. This soft emission is reminiscent of the unusually soft spectra observed for the single Herbig Ae stars HD 163296 and AB Aur, and therefore we tentatively attribute it to the Herbig Ae of the binary system. The HETGS spectrum shows strong emission lines corresponding to a wide range of plasma temperatures. The He-like triplet of Mg XI and Ne IX suggests the presence of plasma at densities of about 1012 cm[?]3, possibly indicating an accretion-related X-ray production mechanism. The analysis of the zeroth-order spectra of the other sources indicates X-ray emission characteristics typical of pre-main-sequence stars of similar spectral type, with the exception of the T Tauri HD 104237-D, whose extremely soft emission is very similar to the emission of the classical T Tauri star TW Hya and suggests X-ray production by shocked accreting plasma.

Massive stars rarely show intrinsic X-ray variability. One exception is th2 Ori A, which has shown strong variability over the last 5 years. We observed a large outburst of the X-ray source with the High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer on board Chandra and compare the emissivity and line properties in states of low and high flux. The low state indicates temperatures well above 25 MK. In the high state we find high emissivities in the range from 3 to over 100 MK. The outburst event in stellar terms is one of the most powerful ever observed and the most energetic one in the ONC, with a lower total energy limit of 1.5 x 1037 ergs. The line diagnostics indicate that the line-emitting regions in the low states are as close as within 1-2 stellar radii from the O star's photosphere, whereas the hard states suggest a distance of 3-5 stellar radii. We discuss the results in the context of stellar flares, magnetic confinement, and binary interactions. By matching the dates of all observations with the orbital phases of the spectroscopy binary orbit, we find that outbursts occur very close to the periastron passage of the stars. We argue that the high X-ray states are possibly the result of reconnection events from magnetic interactions of the primary and secondary stars of the spectroscopic binary. Effects from wind collisions seem unlikely for this system. The line properties in the low state seem consistent with some form of magnetic confinement. We also detect Fe fluorescence indicative of the existence of substantial amounts of neutral Fe in the vicinity of the X-ray emission.

Details of the design, fabrication, and ground and flight calibration of the High Energy Transmission Grating (HETG) on the Chandra X-Ray Observatoryare presented after 5 years of flight experience. Specifics include the theory of phased transmission gratings as applied to the HETG, the Rowland design of the spectrometer, details of the grating fabrication techniques, and the results of ground testing and calibration of the HETG. For nearly 6 years the HETG has operated essentially as designed, although it has presented some subtle flight calibration effects.

Details of the design, fabrication, and ground and flight calibration of the High Energy Transmission Grating (HETG) on the Chandra X-Ray Observatory are presented after 5 years of flight experience. Specifics include the theory of phased transmission gratings as applied to the HETG, the Rowland design of the spectrometer, details of the grating fabrication techniques, and the results of ground testing and calibration of the HETG. For nearly 6 years the HETG has operated essentially as designed, although it has presented some subtle flight calibration effects.

We further investigate subpixel event repositioning (SER) algorithms in application to Chandra X-Ray Observatory (Chandra) CCD imaging. SER algorithms have been applied to backside-illuminated (BI) Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer (ACIS) devices and demonstrate spatial resolution improvements in Chandra ACIS observations. Here a new SER algorithm that is charge split-dependent is added to the SER family. We describe the application of SER algorithms to frontside-illuminated (FI) ACIS devices. The results of SER for FI CCDs are compared with those obtained from SER techniques applied to BI CCD event data. Both simulated data and Chandra ACIS observations of the Orion Nebular Cluster were used to test and evaluate the achievement of the various SER techniques.

Subpixel event repositioning (SER) techniques have been demonstrated to significantly improve the already unprecedented spatial resolution of Chandra X-ray imaging with the Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer (ACIS). Chandra CCD SER techniques are based on the premise that the impact position of events can be refined, based on the distribution of charge among affected CCD pixels. ACIS SER models proposed thus far are restricted to corner split (3 and 4 pixel) events and assume that such events take place at the split-pixel corners. To improve the event-counting statistics, we modified the ACIS SER algorithms to include 2 pixel split events and single-pixel events, using refined estimates for photon impact locations. Furthermore, simulations that make use of a high-fidelity backside-illuminated (BI) CCD model demonstrate that mean photon impact positions for split events are energy dependent, leading to further modification of subpixel event locations according to event type and energy, for BI ACIS devices. Testing on Chandra CCD X-ray observations of the Orion Nebula Cluster indicates that these modified SER algorithms further improve the spatial resolution of Chandra/ACIS, to the extent that the spreading in the spatial distribution of photons is dominated by the high-resolution mirror assembly, rather than by ACIS pixelization.

The time-averaged 30 ks Chandra AO1 High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer observation of the microquasar GRS 1915+105 in the low hard state reveals for the first time in this source neutral K absorption edges from iron, silicon, magnesium, and sulphur. Ionized resonance (r) absorption from H- and He-like species of Fe (XXV, XXVI) and possibly Ca XX are also seen as well as possible emission from neutral Fe Ka and ionized Fe XXV (forbidden or the resonance emission component of a P Cygni profile). We report the tentative detection of the first astrophysical signature of X-ray absorption fine structure in the photoelectric edge of Si (and possibly Fe and Mg) attributed to material in grains. The large column densities measured from the neutral edges reveal anomalous Si and Fe abundances and illustrate the importance of high-resolution X-ray measurements for assessing material that surrounds bright X-ray sources, especially if depletion onto grains plays a prominent role. Scenarios for which the anomalous abundances can be attributed to surrounding cold material associated with GRS 1915+105 and/or for which the enrichment may signify either a highly unusual supernova/hypernova or external supernova activity local to the binary are discussed. We attribute the ionized features to a hot disk, disk wind, or corona environment. Based on H- and He-like Fe (XXV, XXVI), we estimate constraints on the ionization parameter (log x [?] 4.15), temperature (T > 2.4 x 106 K), and hydrogen equivalent number density (n [?] 1012 cm-3) for this region. Variability studies with the simultaneous RXTE data show that the light-curve count rate tracks the changes in the disk blackbody as well as the power-law flux, with the most significant variations observed in the former. The Chandra data show spectral changes that also track the behavior of the light curve and may point to changes in both the ionizing flux and density of the absorber. A 3.69 Hz quasi-periodic oscillation and weak first harmonic are seen in the RXTE data.