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The article reflects on nomenclature update of sequences since the July 2013 that have been submitted to the World health Organization (WHO) Nomenclature Committee for Factors of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system. It informs that allele have been designated to each sequence and the accession number of the sequence can be used to retrieve the sequence files from GenBank libraries and the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) and also presents two tables listing the sequences.

The article reflects on nomenclature update of sequences that have been submitted to the World health Organization (WHO) Nomenclature Committee for Factors of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system since the June 2013. It informs that allele have been designated to each sequence and the accession number of the sequence can be used to retrieve the sequence files from GenBank libraries and the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) and also presents two tables listing the sequences.

The article reflects on nomenclature update of sequences since the August 2013 that have been submitted to the World health Organization (WHO) Nomenclature Committee for Factors of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system. It informs that allele have been designated to each sequence and the accession number of the sequence can be used to retrieve the sequence files from GenBank libraries and the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) and also presents two tables listing the sequences.

Two tables are presented that list newly and previously assigned sequences of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system to be submitted to the World Health Organization (WHO) Nomenclature Committee for Factors of the HLA through the International ImMunoGeneTics (IMGT)/HLA Database.

A chart is presented that show the nomenclature for factors of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system, as of February 2013.

Estimation of human leukocyte antigen ( HLA) haplotype frequencies from unrelated stem cell donor registries presents a challenge because of large sample sizes and heterogeneity of HLA typing data. For the 14th International HLA and Immunogenetics Workshop, five bioinformatics groups initiated the 'Registry Diversity Component' aiming to cross-validate and improve current haplotype estimation tools. Five datasets were derived from different donor registries and then used as input for five different computer programs for haplotype frequency estimation. Because of issues related to heterogeneity and complexity of HLA typing data identified in the initial phase, the same five implementations, and two new ones, were used on simulated datasets in a controlled experiment where the correct results were known a priori. These datasets contained various fractions of missing HLA-DR modeled after European haplotype frequencies. We measured the contribution of sampling fluctuation and estimation error to the deviation of the frequencies from their true values, finding equivalent contributions of each for the chosen samples. Because of patient-directed activities, selective prospective typing strategies and the variety and evolution of typing technology, some donors have more complete and better HLA data. In this setting, we show that restricting estimation to fully typed individuals introduces biases that could be overcome by including all donors in frequency estimation. Our study underlines the importance of critical review and validation of tools in registry-related activity and provides a sustainable framework for validating the computational tools used. Accurate frequencies are essential for match prediction to improve registry operations and to help more patients identify suitably matched donors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge of an individual's human leukocyte antigen ( HLA) genotype is essential for modern medical genetics, and is crucial for hematopoietic stem cell and solid-organ transplantation. However, the high levels of polymorphism known for the HLA genes make it difficult to generate an HLA genotype that unambiguously identifies the alleles that are present at a given HLA locus in an individual. For the last 20 years, the histocompatibility and immunogenetics community has recorded this HLA genotyping ambiguity using allele codes developed by the National Marrow Donor Program ( NMDP). While these allele codes may have been effective for recording an HLA genotyping result when initially developed, their use today results in increased ambiguity in an HLA genotype, and they are no longer suitable in the era of rapid allele discovery and ultra-high allele polymorphism. Here, we present a text string format capable of fully representing HLA genotyping results. This Genotype List ( GL) String format is an extension of a proposed standard for reporting killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor ( KIR) genotype data that can be applied to any genetic data that use a standard nomenclature for identifying variants. The GL String format uses a hierarchical set of operators to describe the relationships between alleles, lists of possible alleles, phased alleles, genotypes, lists of possible genotypes, and multilocus unphased genotypes, without losing typing information or increasing typing ambiguity. When used in concert with appropriate tools to create, exchange, and parse these strings, we anticipate that GL Strings will replace NMDP allele codes for reporting HLA genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]