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Invasive urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) is associated with poor clinical outcome and is characterized by a genotype that is distinct from superficial disease. Exploiting a multi-component mining strategy on a set of high-throughput genome-wide experimental data, we probed for genes associated with an invasive phenotype. Fresh frozen UCC tissues were profiled using global expression microarrays and array-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH). Differentially expressed genes were functionally annotated by gene ontology and compared to available SAGE libraries and expression array datasets. We identified overexpression of a lipid raft associated protein, Flotillin 2 (FLOT2) in invasive UCC. The FLOT2 locus (17q11-q12) was associated with copy number gains in 15% of the tumors. We further characterized Flot2 protein expression in an independent tissue microarray series by immunohistochemistry. Flot2 protein expression increased with clinical risk. Interestingly, carcinoma in situ (CIS) tumors demonstrated highest level of expression. In vitro, FLOT2 expression increased with the degree of invasiveness of the UCC cell lines. Knockdown of FLOT2 lead to a significant reduction in the invasive phenotype; whilst overexpression of wild-type FLOT2 enhanced invasion in non-invasive cells. The precise mode of action of Flot2 remains to be elucidated but it is predicted to play an important role in transmembrane signal transduction, cell adhesion and endocytosis. FLOT2 overexpression has also been shown to enhance the spreading of cells, formation of filopodia as well as melanoma progression and metastasis. Thus, the functional targeting experiments and gene-dosage dependent FLOT2 overexpression in invasive UCC confirm a link between FLOT2 and pro-invasive cancer phenotype. Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010 because the presenter was unable to attend. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1191.

Summary points Many clinicians are not sure what constitutes clinically relevant haematuria; they are also unsure about when patients with haematuria should be referred for specialist assessment and whether they should be referred to a urologist, nephrologist, or both. In 2006 the National Institute for Health Research, Health Technology Assessment (NIHR HTA) commissioned a systematic review of the evidence for the investigation of microscopic haematuria, with a view to developing an algorithm for assessing patients in primary care.1 They concluded that, “Given the paucity of evidence . . . it is not possible to derive an algorithm of the diagnostic pathway for haematuria that would be solely supported by existing evidence.” None the less, the investigation of microscopic haematuria is important because serious underlying conditions are present in a proportion of patients. #### Sources and selection criteria We drew on evidence published in the systematic reviews of the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, Health Technology Assessment (microscopic haematuria),1 and guidelines for the early diagnosis and management of chronic kidney disease.1 2 We searched electronic databases, including Medline and the Cochrane database, to identify recent publications and studies that were deemed relevant but outside the inclusion criteria of the systematic review. We included the evidence presented in published guidelines for the investigation …

Leveling Crowds: Ethnonationalist Conflicts and Collective Violence in South Asia. STANLEY J. TAMBIAH. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996. + 395 pp., figures, maps, tables, notes, bibliography, index.

Former obstetrician and gynaecologist Monze District Hospital, Zambia (b 1923; q University College Dublin 1952; DTMH FRCOG, FRCPI), d 10 April 2006. Lucy was professed a missionary sister of the Holy Rosary in 1945 and went to Nigeria in 1953. In 1964 she helped open the first two storey hospital there. In 1967 she changed her plans to prepare for the MRCOG in Bristol to help those in need in the Biafran war. She went to Sierra Leone in 1971 and Zambia in 1976, where she died. She was obstetrician and gynaecologist at Monze Mission Hospital until 1999 and largely responsible for Monze being nominated the Fistula Centre for Zambia; a new such centre is planned in her memory. She retired to Lusaka, where she cared for orphans and built clinics. In 2004 she was honoured by President Mwanawasa of Zambia with the Order of Distinguished Service, First Division.

The intimate contact between articular surfaces of the humeral head and glenoid labrum contribute to glenohumeral stability. When the articular surface area of these 2 surfaces is decreased, as with the presence of a bony Bankart lesion or an engaging Hill-Sachs lesion, the shoulder is more prone to dislocation. Although osteochondral allograft transplantation has become widely popular for the treatment of osteochondral defects of the knee, it is less used for treating bony defects of the humeral head. We present a case in which a 16-year-old male athlete with multiple anterior shoulder dislocations underwent arthroscopic repair of a Bankart lesion. His arthroscopic repair ultimately failed and on subsequent magnetic resonance imaging he was found to have a large, engaging Hill-Sachs defect. He underwent arthroscopic osteochondral allograft transplantation to correct the humeral head bony deformity. As of the 1-year follow-up, the patient has had no recurrences and had returned to his normal level of activity.

Bcl-2/Bax ratios in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and their correlation with in vitro apoptosis and clinical resistance

The incoherent scatter radar at Sondre Stromfjord, Greenland, measured electron density profiles from 90 to 500 km during four auroral events over a 3-hour period on February 28, 1987. The profiles were obtained with the radar pointed along the magnetic field near zenith at 15-s intervals. Under the assumption that proton/H atom precipitation was unimportant during these events a representation of the incident electron flux was obtained by fitting calculated profiles with measured profiles in the vicinity of their peaks (lower E region). Maxwellian and Gaussian electron distributions with high- and low-energy tails were used to generate the calculated profiles. The distributions were specified in terms of average energy 〈E〉 and energy flux Q. We find that we can clearly distinguish between profiles that result from a Maxwellian incident electron spectrum and those that result from a Gaussian spectrum. Interpreting Gaussian and Maxwellian spectra as representative of discrete and diffuse aurora, respectively, the measurements indicated good correlation between 〈E〉 and Q for discrete aurora, while essentially no correlation was observed for diffuse aurora. This is consistent with current understanding that discrete auroras are produced by electrons accelerated by magnetic field-aligned potential drops whereas diffuse auroras are produced by pitch angle diffusion of plasma sheet electrons into the loss cone.

Optical emission ratios of the N2 Second Positive Group 0,0 band to N2+ First Negative Group 0,0 band were observed in the magnetic zenith at Sondre Stromfjord in parallel with radar observations of the electron density height profile. The dependence of the optical ratios on the inferred incident electron energies was investigated to assess whether the ratios could be used as an electron energy monitor. Analysis procedures were developed to minimize the effects of atmospheric scattering as well as spectral blending with other emission features. Two independent computational techniques for inferring the electron energies from the electron density profiles were compared and found to agree sufficiently well for the current study. The observed optical emission ratios were found to vary by less than 15% over the incident electron energy range from 2 to 12 keV. Comparisons were made with the ratios predicted by several auroral electron deposition models.

Iron and protein deficiency delays the immunological rejection of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis from the small intestine of rats undergoing a primary infection with the parasite. In the present study, iron and protein deficiency significantly reduced acquired resistance to reinfection with N. brasiiensis. Repletion of deficient animals with iron and protein restored their capacity to mount an effective immune response to a secondary infection with the parasite. These results suggest that chemotherapy of helminthiasis should be integrated with nutritional supplementa- tion. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 32: 553-558, 1979.

Remarkably little is known in detail about the phonetics and phonology of naturally occurring conversational talk. Virtually nothing of interest is known of theinteractionalimplications of particular kinds of phonetic events in everyday talk: in particular about the ways in which participants in talk deploy general phonetic resources to accomplish specific interactional tasks. This is in part a consequence of the tendency of recent research on the phonological aspect of discourse to limit itself to ‘intonation’ as an area of primary interest. This work has moved away from the type of phonological analysis, such as that of Halliday (1967), that states intonational systems in terms of grammatically defined units or sentence types. Workers such as Brazil (1975, 1978, 1981), Brown, Currie and Kenworthy (1981), and Coulthard and Brazil (1981) have pursued Bolinger's suggestion that the relationship between intonation and grammar is ‘casual not causal’ and have sought to relate ‘intonation’ to discourse categories rather than to grammatical ones. These, and similar attempts to deal with aspects of discourse phonology, have suggested some organizational features which traditional linguistic accounts have not dealt with. On the whole, however, these recent attempts have been less than satisfactory for one or more of the following reasons.

A high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) technique is described for the determination of residue levels of the anthelmintic drug phenothiazine in sheep tissues. Phenothiazine was administered to sheep which were slaughtered after withholding periods of 24, 48, and 72 h. Residues of phenothiazine were then extracted from tissue samples by homogenization in methanol. The HPLC analysis of the extracts involved separation on a 10 μm silica column using a mobile phase of 0.3% n-propanol in cyclohexane. The lower limit of detection by ultraviolet absorption at 254 nm was 0.05 ppm

Why did Fiji Indian political rhetoric shift, at Fiji's independence, from Gandhian political grievance to nation, development and harmony? The Indians were brought to Fiji as plantation labor in order to protect the indigenous Fijians from wage labor. A romantic vision of the indigenes guided colonial policy, and became law at Fiji's independence, in a constitution giving indigenous Fijians and their chiefs special privileges. Despite the appeasing rhetoric, an electoral defeat of the indigenous chiefs was followed by military coups, for protection of indigenes against Indians and consolidation of chiefly power. Fiji has proved difficult to ‘imagine’ as a nation.

Rats on a low protein diet, containing 10� casein as the only source of protein, have an impaired capacity to expel primary infections with the nematode Nippostrongilus brasi- liensis and remain susceptible to reinfection. In the present study. the transfer of syngeneic bone marrow cells to rats on a low protein diet reconstituted the expulsion mechanism allowing parasite rejection to occur at the same rate as rats on a sufficient diet. Serum transfer, on the other hand, did not significantly alter the rate of worm expulsion. These results demonstrate that a bone marrow derived component plays an important role in the impaired immunity of rats fed a low protein diet. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 34: 400-403, 1981.

Preliminary observations of dayside high latitude ionospheric plasma convection with the Sondrestrom incoherent-scatter radar indicate that plasma can be observed to enter the polar cap region through rotational reversals at most local times between dawn and dusk and not just in a narrow region around noon. Assuming that rotational reversals are signatures of a solar wind-magnetosphere interaction which drives magnetospheric convection, the observations indicate that this interaction occurs over a longitudinally wide area of the dayside magnetosphere. The observations also show that the distribution of F-region plasma in the polar cap is dependent on ionization sources anywhere between dawn and dusk in the dayside high latitude ionosphere.

Observations of optical emission intensities and incoherent scatter radar returns in the magnetic zenith were compared in a study carried out at Sondre Stromfjord (Λ = 76.1°) in Greenland. The results were used to test the consistency of a theoretical model of ion chemistry and optical emissions in aurora and to explore the accuracy of relations between optical measurements and the average energy of the incident electrons. The incident primary electron spectrum and its temporal variation were inferred from zenith electron density profiles from the radar. The inferred primary energy spectrum at the peak intensity of the event approximated a Maxwellian distribution of characteristic energy 1.3 keV accelerated by an energy increment between 2 and 5 keV. Average energies inferred from the radar electron density profiles, from the N2 + rotational temperature and the I(6300)/I(4278) ratio were in good agreement. The variation of the I(8446)/I(4278) ratio was studied and was found to be promising as an index of average incident electron energy. An empirical relation between this ratio and average energy was derived from the data. The observed values of I(4278) exceeded the theoretical values derived from the ionization rate profiles deduced from the radar data by a factor near 2.0. Observed electron density profiles and theoretical profiles calculated from optical data were in good agreement provided that the optically inferred ion production rates were reduced by the same factor of 2. This discrepancy is probably the cumulative result of small errors in instrument calibrations, viewing geometry, recombination coefficients and the excitation and ionization cross sections used in the model.

The Chatanika incoherent-scatter radar (located near Fairbanks, Alaska, L = 5.6) has been used to study the ionospheric effects of impulsive auroral heating events. In some cases, the time-integrated auroral energy deposition is similar in magnitude to that expected from a high altitude nuclear event outside the fireball region. The resulting ionospheric effects are significant. The elevated temperatures and atmospheric heave contribute to a substantial change in F-region ion chemistry, changing the dominant F-region ion from atomic to molecular species. As a result, a significant depletion of the F-region electron density occurs. Currently, these effects are not accurately predicted by the nuclear codes, as the function of the codes is to predict the large-scale perturbations. The Chatanika radar data can be used to improve the ambient ionospheric models and to improve the predictions of F-region changes resulting from sudden heating events.

Recovering tissue deformation during robotic-assisted minimally invasive surgery procedures is important for providing intra-operative guidance, enabling in vivo imaging modalities and enhanced robotic control. The tissue motion can also be used to apply motion stabilization and to prescribe dynamic constraints for avoiding critical anatomical structures.Image-based methods based independently on salient features or on image intensity have limitations when dealing with homogeneous soft tissues or complex reflectance. In this paper, we use a triangular geometric mesh model in order to combine the advantages of both feature and intensity information and track the tissue surface reliably and robustly.Synthetic and in vivo experiments are performed to provide quantitative analysis of the tracking accuracy of our method, and we also show exemplar results for registering multispectral images where there is only a weak image signal.Compared to traditional methods, our hybrid tracking method is more robust and has improved convergence in the presence of larger displacements, tissue dynamics and illumination changes.

Fiji's colonial government resisted the imperial requirement to respect Indian "customary law," especially in marriage. Administrators readily codified versions of indigenous Fijian "custom" as law but refused to grant legitimacy or authority to customs of the Indians come to Fiji as "coolies" and plantation "labor units." In debate over Indian marriage law-child marriage, bride selling, polygamy, "purdah," licensing of pandits, and so on-they resisted recognizing as valid all forms of Indian custom. The difference in policy followed the spe- cial project of colonial Fiji: the civilizing of the indigenous Fijians. The Indians, brought to Fiji as a means to that end, were considered (unlike the indigenous Fijians) to be "free" of custom already, but to be animalistic by nature and inferior to Europeans by race-a perfect working class. The British thus feared Indian culture as an anomaly threatening their order and progress in Fiji. More than a decade ago, anthropologists and other scholars interested in the history of non-Western peoples were admonished to reexamine colonial relations and their implications. It was argued that anthropology and other disciplines, "by refusing to discuss the way in which bourgeois Europe has imposed its power and its own conception of the just political order on African and Islamic peoples," distorted the realities they wrote about and helped to reproduce colonialist discourse and European power (Asad 1973: 118; see also Said I978). This essay attempts to discuss the way in which the imperial British imposed their own conceptions of the just political order in Fiji. It is not intended as a replacement for study of how indigenous Fijians and Fiji Indians made their own history. Instead, like Kaplan (I989), I propose that insights into the workings of British imperial culture in the Fijian colonial project might be of value, not only for those interested in Fiji or in British ways of making history, but for any scholarship concerned with colonial social fields, and especially situa

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