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The thesis deals with the issues of nursing care in trauma centres in the Czech Republic. Injuries requiring complex and multidisciplinary treatment apart from surgery therapy are still more frequent nowadays. This is why trauma centres have been established in the Czech Republic. Their establishment increases demands for caring staff of non-physician fields. These increasing demands are of mental and physical character and of course demands for further education. The aim of the thesis was to find what opportunities nurses of trauma centres have in the field of further education, what are their biggest problems and how they cope with mental and physical stress in their work. The following hypotheses were set upon qualitative research in the form of unstructured interviews with nurses of trauma centres. Hypothesis 1: Nurses working in trauma centres prefer specialization education to tertiary education. Hypothesis 2: Nurses working in trauma centres cooperate with nurses from other clinical branches on provision of nursing care. Hypothesis 3: Nurses working in trauma centres get education not only in traumatology, but also in further clinical fields. Hypothesis 4: Nurses working in trauma centres cope with mental stress. Hypothesis 5: Nurses working in trauma centres cope with physical stress. Quantitative research in the form of questionnaires was applied on confirmation or refutation of the hypotheses. The research sample consisted of nurses working in trauma centres in the Czech Republic. Upon evaluation of the results hypotheses 1, 2 and 5 were confirmed and hypotheses 3 and 4 were refuted. The research results confirm that the work of nurses in trauma centres is hard in terms of mental and physical stress. There are still some reserves in further education of nurses not only on the part of the top managements but also on the part of the health care staff themselves. The thesis result may help in recruiting new staff to departments where the expected psychical and physical intensity might be an incentive to the care about an employee in the field of mental hygiene and improvement of interdisciplinary cooperation in trauma centres in the Czech Republic.

The purpose of this thesis titled ``The competence of students from selected faculties of Charles University to prevent Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) syndrome{\crq}q is to identify the readiness of selected future specialists (final year students specialising in the relative area) to prevent Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) syndrome. In the theoretical part of this work fundamental definitions, as well as terms relevant to Child Sexual Abuse syndrome (CSA), or Child Abuse and Neglect syndrome (CAN) are mentioned. Furthermore, some aspects of epidemiological indicators are presented showing us proof of Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) syndrome in common populations and therefore a need to address this problem. In the practical part of this thesis quantitative interviews were used, which were implemented by Computer Aided Web Interviewing (CAWI). The subject group was a convenience sample of 579 students in there final year (2007/2008) of studying. Students from the following faculties participated: Charles University {--} 1., 2., 3. Medical faculty, Medical faculty in Hradec Kralove, Medical faculty in Plzen, Faculty of Law, Pedagogic faculty, faculty of Philosophy and Human resources faculty. Five hundred seventy nine respondents studying in academic year of 2007/2008 on selected faculties of Charles University were contacted. The questionnaire that was used comprised of different parts, in which both closed as well as open-ended type of questions were used. The scale was used in the analyses of the primary outcome measures. The absolute frequency, relative frequency, cumulative frequency, independent chi square, analysis of variance medium and sample standard deviation were determined. Both tables and graphs were used to show the frequencies distribution Based on results a standard of minimal knowledge/training was established based on the results. Recommendations were made as to the means for facilitating functional interdisciplinary collaborations. The recommendations presented in this thesis are fundamental and are intended to be used by University professors at of the above mentioned Universities. The standard includes fundamental terminology and logistics. The ultimate goal of this work is that it be applied, and that new and relevant information be added by specific faculties.

Samarbeid er en sentral organisatorisk verdi i psykisk helsearbeid. Gjennom Opptrappingsplan for psykisk helse har tjenestetilbudet for mennesker med psykiske lidelser i løpet av de siste årene fått et betydelig løft. Et sentralt krav i denne planen har vært en langt bedre samordning av tjenester og et mer koordinert samarbeid mellom de forskjellige tjenestetilbyderne. Forutsetningene for samarbeid på tvers av organisasjoner og profesjoner blir nesten utelukkende diskutert og vurdert med utgangspunkt i legefaglige og, i mindre grad, psykologfaglige premisser. Den desidert største gruppen i psykisk helsearbeid både i kommune- og i spesialisthelsetjenesten representerer imidlertid pleie- og omsorgspersonalet. I denne undersøkelsen er samarbeid mellom organisatoriske enheter og profesjoner betraktet ut fra perspektivet til denne gruppen. Empirisk bygger undersøkelsen på en innholdsanalyse av stortingsmeldinger og en omfattende diskursanalyse av intervju. Intervjuene følger kontaktpersonene til 15 pasienter med forskjellige psykiske lidelser over en ettårs periode. Undersøkelsens sentrale funn sammenfattes i det følgende. Samarbeid har tidligere vært omtalt i forbindelse med styring og ledelse. Dette aspektet er langt på vei fraværende i nyere styringsdokumenter der begrep som samordning og tverrfaglighet dominerer. Kravet om tverrfaglig samarbeid rettes først og fremst mot pleie- og omsorgspersonalet, mens yrkesutøvere med formell behandlerstatus langt på vei er unntatt fra dette. Ansvarsgrupper og individuelle planer er de mest brukte instrumentene for å sikre samarbeid på tvers av organisasjoner og profesjoner. I de undersøkte pasientkarrierene har pleie- og omsorgspersonalet ivaretatt kontinuitet og ledelse av disse fora. I intervjuene var behandlerne omtalt som eksterne spesialister, og på denne måten diskursivt ekskludert fra et ansvar for et helhetlig tjenestetilbud til pasientene. Med et diskursanalytisk utgangspunkt avgrenses tre forskjellige handlingsorienteringer for pleie- og omsorgspersonal i psykisk helsearbeid. I en medisinsk diskurs omtaler de sitt arbeid som utførende del av en behandling som yrkesutøvere med offisiell behandlerstatus står ansvarlig for. Langt mindre framtredende er dette avhengige, utførende aspektet i en pleiediskurs. Her vektlegger respondentene en egen behandling som kjerne for sin faglige identitet. Denne behandlingen er knyttet til relativt uklare begrep om miljøterapi og nettverksarbeid. En tredje diskursiv handlingsorientering er beskrevet som en livskvalitetsdiskurs. Her omtaler respondentene behandling som et likeverdig tiltak blant flere som de koordinerer. Behandling, utført enten av behandlere eller av pleie- og omsorgspersonal, utgjør i denne diskursive sammenhengen bare en del av et sammensatt tjenestetilbud. Undersøkelsen konkluderer med at pleie- og omsorgspersonal bør ha et langt større autonomt handlingsrom i utformingen av et sammensatt og tverrfaglig tjenestetilbud. Det argumenteres at dette autonome handlingsrommet bør formuleres både som faglig rettighet og forpliktelse. De tre forskjellige diskursive handlingsorienteringene brukes som utgangspunkt for å utvikle flere organisatoriske og faglige orienteringer for framtidig samarbeid i psykisk helsearbeid, der pleie- og omsorgspersonal kan ivareta oppgavene knyttet til utformingen av tjenestetilbudet for mennesker med psykiske lidelser på en mest mulig effektiv måte. One of the most emphasized organizational values in modern mental health care is that of cooperation. As in most western countries, current government policy in Norway upholds this value as one of the pillars for re-arranging the organizational units within the institutional setting of mental health care. Surprisingly enough, this emphasis on cooperation is much less heartily followed up with systematic evaluations about how this value is realized in the daily organizational working practice. In this study cooperation is investigated from an organizational and a professional perspective. Empirically the study builds on a content analysis of government white papers. The main body of data, however, is produced in interviews. While mental health care usually is evaluated from the perspective of professionals with a formal status as therapists such as physicians or psychologists, the overwhelming majority of professionals maintaining the day to day contact with people suffering from mental distress, is recruited from nursing and non-medical staff. In this study this latter group has been labeled as street-level bureaucrats, and to give an insight from their perspective, interviews with street-level bureaucrats have been conducted along the career of 15 patients suffering from various forms of mental distress during a time-frame of one year. The data from these interviews were analyzed within a discourse analytical framework. The main findings where that cooperation as an organizational value has been used with a varying semantic content during the last three decades. In earlier government publications, cooperation has been used together with signifying terms such as control and leadership. In current government policy, these terms are replaced with coordination and interdisciplinary work. The demand for this new understanding of cooperation is directed mainly towards street-level bureaucrats and hardly ever towards formal therapists. In the interviews it was obvious that cooperation e.g. in case conferences, in the elaboration of individual health care plans and the like, was considered a task for street-level bureaucrats, while the position of therapists was described as a responsibility for expert services rather than for the participation in a holistic service for the patients’ complex needs. As a result from the discourse analysis of the interviews, three different action-orientations for street-level bureaucrats in the mental health services where described. In a medical discourse they have described their work as the executive part of professionals with an official status as therapists. Albeit visible, this understanding was far less emphasized in a nursing discourse. Here the respondents have highlighted milieu therapy as the core of their work and described it in terms of treatment equally effective as pharmacological or psychoanalytical therapy. A third discursive frame of reference describes street-level bureaucrats who regard treatment in general as just one intervention among many they try to coordinate in order to ensure a satisfying quality of life for the patients. The study concludes with an appeal to both professionals and political authorities to establish an organizational structure for mental health care, where street-level bureaucrats in charge of coordinating coherent services for people suffering from mental distress also must have the authority to commit the various service providers to participate in the joint efforts. This demand is elaborated in a number of recommendations for the future organizational and professional structure of mental health services. Einer der zentralen organisatorischen Werte im modernen Gesundheitsdienst für Menschen mit psychischen Leiden ist die koordinierte Zusammenarbeit der unterschiedlichen Einheiten. Wie in den meisten westeuropäischen Ländern, heben auch die politischen Instanzen in Norwegen diese Zusammenarbeit als Fundament eines leistungsfähigen Dienstleistungsapparates hervor. Der zentralen Position dieses organisatorischen Wertes in öffentlichen Rahmendokumenten ist in der Vergangenheit jedoch keine entsprechende systematische Bewertung einhergegangen, wie die Zusammenarbeit zwischen den einzelnen organisatorischen Einheiten und den unterschiedlichen Professionen in der täglichen Praxis aussieht. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wurde dieser Fragestellung durch eine Inhaltsanalyse von Regierungspublikationen nachgegangen. Der Schwerpunkt der Datenproduktion liegt jedoch auf einer umfassenden qualitativen Interviewerhebung. Für gewöhnlich werden die Dienstleistungen im Gesundheitsdienst für Menschen mit psychischen Leiden aus der Perspektive von Ärzten oder Psychologen bewertet – Professionsgruppen also, die den Status eines formellen Behandlers haben. Bei weitem die überwiegende Anzahl an Professionellen, die den täglichen und kontinuierlichen Kontakt mit den Patienten wahrnehmen, rekrutiert sich dagegen aus Berufsgruppen wie Krankenpflegern, Sozialarbeitern u.ä. Deren Perspektive ist in der gegenwärtigen Forschung kaum repräsentiert. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wurden deshalb Interviews mit Personen aus diesen Berufsgruppen auf dem Hintergrund von 15 Patientkarrieren über den Zeitraum von einem Jahr durchgeführt. Diese Interviews wurden mit einem diskursanalytischen Ausgangspunkt bearbeitet. Die Resultate der Untersuchung können folgendermassen zusammengefasst werden. Zusammenarbeit hat sich als organisatorischer Wert im Gesundheitsdienst über mehrere Jahrzehnte behauptet. Der semantische Inhalt dieses Wertes hat sich dagegen verschoben. Während Zusammenarbeit in älteren Regierungspublikationen zusammen mit Begriffen wie Steuerung und Leitung verwendet wurde, sind diese in neueren Rahmendokumenten ersetzt durch Begriffe, die die hierarkischen Konnotationen ersetzen. Beispiele dafür sind etwa Begriffe wie Koordinierung, Kooperation und Interdisziplinarität. Die Forderung nach mehr Zusammenarbeit richtet sich hauptsächlich an die in der Pflege oder Fürsorge Tätigen; kaum aber an die formellen Behandler der Patienten. Deutlich wurde in den Interviews, dass die koordinierende Zusammenarbeit beispielsweise bei Case-Konferenzen oder in der Arbeit mit individuellen Hilfeplänen als eine originäre Aufgabe für Krankenpfleger oder Sozialarbeiter verstanden wurde, während Ärzte und Psychologen nur in Einzelfällen als Experten hinzugezogen und von der Ausarbeitung eines holistischen Dienstleistungsangebotes ausgenommen wurden. Als Resultat der Untersuchung konnten drei unterschiedliche diskursive Handlungsorientierungen für die in der Pflege und Fürsorge Tätigen abgegrenzt werden. In einem medizinischen Diskurs wird die eigene Arbeit als ausführender Teil der Behandlung von Ärzten und Psychologen beschrieben. Auch wenn diese Handlungsorientierung in einem Pflegediskurs sichtbar ist, ist sie jedoch weit weniger dominant. Hier wird die eigene Arbeit hauptsächlich als eine eigene Behandlungsform präsentiert, die sich an den Begriffen von Milieutherapie und Netzwerkarbeit festmacht. Ein dritter Diskurs kann als Lebensqualitätsdiskurs beschrieben werden. Hier orientieren sich die Professionellen hauptsächlich an der Mobilisierung unterschiedlicher Ressourcen um den Bedürfnissen der Patienten zu entsprechen. Behandlung, entweder verstanden als pharmakologische, psychotherapeutische oder auch milieutherapeutische, wird hier nur als eine Möglichkeit unter vielen verstanden, um einen akzeptablen Lebensstandard für den Patienten sicherzustellen. Die Studie konkludiert mit einem Appell sowohl an die unterschiedlichen Professionen im psychischen Gesundheitsdienst als auch an die verantwortlichen Behörden, dass mit der Verantwortung für die Ausarbeitung eines ganzheitlichen Dienstleistungsangebotes für Menschen mit psychischen Leiden auch die Befugniss einhergehen muss, Repräsentanten anderer organisatorischer Einheiten und Berufsgruppen zu einer Zusammenarbeit zu verpflichten. Diese Forderung wird von einer Reihe Empfehlungen für die zukünftige Struktur des psychischen Gesundheitsdienstes begleitet.

This dissertation can be viewed as a domestic violence issue guide. Its theoretical part is structured into three sections. The first one clarifies the basic terms used in the domestic violence-related literature and acquaints readers with individual forms, reasons, consequences and the most often myths associated with the domestic violence. Since certain changes have occurred in the attitude towards the domestic violence lately, especially due to the legal system change, the second part makes reference to, among others, the changes the new legislation have brought. This section also features the international institutions and organizations protecting human rights. The third section of the dissertation focuses on the ways of how to solve domestic violence issue to help the victims, and on interdisciplinary cooperation among all units involved, as well as, on the importance of expert aid towards ravishers. The practical part is devoted to the research itself. The goal of the dissertation was to figure out to what extent both sexes are informed on the domestic violence issue and to map the needs of experts dealing with the domestic violence. To achieve the first goal of the thesis, the quantitative public research was conducted. As the data collection technique the questionnaire method was used. The qualitative research was performed to meet the second goal of the dissertation with semi-standardized interviews as the data collection technique. During this phase, the employees of intervention centres or other facilities giving assistance to the domestic violence victims were interviewed. The research findings including comments are included in the ``Results`` and ``Discussion`` chapters. The Annex to this thesis lists main organizations providing aid in the domestic violence events and includes the contact data of all Intervention Centres in the Czech Republic. Also included is the Safety Plan, designed for individuals endangered by the domestic violence. This dissertation can be of use not only for the people affected by the domestic violence, but also for employees working in organizations dealing with this issue, as well as, for other people who are not indifferent to this issue.

History and identity of Croatian people can be viewed through written and material heritage accumulated over centuries onwards on one side and heritage that emerges at this moment on the other side. // Scientific research projects gathered inside the program (Croatian dictionary heritage and Croatian European identity, Sources for early modern Croatian history, Ethnological database as a knowledge source for ethnical and national identities, Encyclopedic film dictionary) using multidisciplinary approach gather data of Croatian heritage, written and material, and tend to transform written heritage into machine readable form which will enable easier access to older Croatian written documents. The process will open up, still restricted, Croatian heritage for further research and start the process of creating database of material and written heritage locations as a basis of Croatian national identity. Existence of Croatian lexicography and encyclopedica in European science from 16th century witnesses continuation and acceptance of Croatian language and Croatia as a vital part of European identity. // Croatia's' integration in Europe can also be seen in numerous sources of Croatian historical documentation in various cultural institutions all around Europe. Bibliographical lexicon will list less known sources for researching Croatian national history outside Croatia and make them available for future research. // Researches of current and future involvement of Croatia in Europe tend to produce future Croatian heritage through lexicographical analysis of philosophical terminology and creation of encyclopedic cinematography terminology. Research will, in ethnological database also list sources for research of ethnological movements in Croatia, and therefore also in Europe.

Purpose: The aim of the article is to analyse cognitive disorder in persons with aphasia of various aetiology pursuant to brain damage, emphasizing the interdisciplinary cooperation between the professionals of speech therapy and psychology.Methodology: Seven persons with stroke related aphasia of different aetiology participated in the research. For data processing, psychological, neurological and speech therapeutic detailed reports were applied.Results: We observed higher incidence of ischaemic stroke than haemorrhagic stroke. Expressive aphasia occurred in 6 of the 7 clients. Attention disorder and thinking disorder occurred in almost all 6 of the clients. Executive functions were impaired in 5.Conclusion: Given our findings, we tend to aphasia therapy in terms of cognitive rehabilitation. We perceive the interdisciplinary cooperation with specialists from the field of psychology as absolutely necessary. The results of psychological examination of persons with aphasia can significantly influence the effectiveness of speech therapy intervention.

This paper describes the conceptual framework of the Latitudinal Gradient Project that is being implemented by the New Zealand, Italian and United States Antarctic programmes along Victoria Land, Antarctica, from 72°S to 86°S. The purpose of this interdisciplinary research project is to assess the dynamics and coupling of marine and terrestrial ecosystems in relation to global climate variability. Preliminary data about the research cruises from the R/V “Italica” and R/V “Tangaroa” along the Victoria Land Coast in 2004 are presented. As a global climate barometer, this research along Victoria Land provides a unique framework for assessing latitudinal shifts in ‘sentinel’ environmental transition zones, where climate changes have an amplified impact on the phases of water., Este trabajo describe el marco conceptual del proyecto “Gradiente latitudinal” que ha sido implementado por los programas antárticos de Nueva Zelanda, Italia y EE.UU. a lo largo de Victoria Land (Antártida), 72°S-86°S). El objetivo de este proyecto es evaluar la dinámica y el acoplamiento de ecosistemas marinos y terrestres con relación a los cambios climáticos globales. Se presenta información preliminar acerca de los cruceros científicos de los buques R/V “Italica” y “Tangaroa” a lo largo de la costa de Victoria Land en el año 2004. Como un barómetro climático global, esta investigación provee un marco de trabajo único para observar y evaluar cambios latitudinales en zonas de transición medioambiental, donde los cambios climáticos tienen un impacto amplificado en las fases del agua.

The present paper focuses on different aspects of e‐learning. Differences between traditional learning processes on the basis of written texts and e‐learning on the basis of hypertext are discussed in this context. The main differences are to be found in the way of transportation and reception and the kind of presentation of information (multi‐medial). This, of course, has a lot of consequences for both people's socialization and the teaching process itself. Young people in particular need help to find effective ways of using the new possibilities of information transfer. Support should be provided by specially qualified tutors. One of the important conclusions is that e‐learning is a new challenge for studies in different fields as well as a challenge and chance for interdisciplinary cooperation. Article in German. First Published Online: 14 Oct 2010

Aufgrund der rasanten technischen Entwicklung im Bereich der pränatalen Diagnostik in den letzten Jahren werden mehr angeborene Fehlbildungen zu einem früheren Zeitpunkt der Schwangerschaft und detaillierter erkannt. Das führt dazu, dass die zur Autopsie gelangenden Feten zunehmend kleiner sind und komplexere Befunde aufweisen. Gleichzeitig werden die genetischen Ursachen von mehr Erkrankungen, Fehlbildungen und Syndromen aufgedeckt, so dass die DNA-Diagnostik, Chromosomenanlyse u.a. molekulargenetische und biochemische Erkenntnisse die klinisch-genetische Diagnostik zunehmend ergänzen. Durch Festlegung einer gezielten Autopsiestrategie und Nutzung moderner Kommunikationsmittel kann der Pathologe die in den letzten Jahren gestiegenen klinischen Anforderungen erfüllen. Ein Problem ist es jedoch, dass nicht genügend Pathologen auf dem Gebiet der Fetalpathologie spezialisiert sind. Das trifft nicht nur für Deutschland zu, sondern das ist mehr oder weniger eine weltweite Situation. Ein möglicher Lösungsansatz dieses Problems wäre die Nutzung von Softwareprogrammen, die dazu dienen, unerfahrene Pathologen moderne Anleitungen während der Autopsie von Feten zu geben. Das kann mit einer telepathologischen Betreung durch einen Experten auf diesem Gebiet kombiniert werden. Darüberhinaus erlaubt die derzeitige digitalisierte Befunddokumentation den Vergleich aktueller mit gespeicherten Fällen sowie Recherchen und stellt eine gute Basis zur Erstellung von Lehrmaterial dar. Due to the enormous technical developments in recent years in the area of prenatal ultrasound more malformations are detected in greater detail and at an earlier point in time during pregnancy than in the past. As a result, fetuses of increasingly smaller size and with complex diagnoses are presented for autopsy. At the same time, the genetic causes of ever more diseases, malformations and syndromes are being discovered, so that DNA diagnostics, chromosome analysis and, among others, molecular-genetic and biochemical investigations have come increasingly to complement clinical-genetic diagnostics. Through establishment of a clinically oriented autopsy strategy and the use of modern communication media, pathologists can satisfy the increased clinical demands of recent years. The remaining problem is that we do not have enough pathologists experienced in fetal pathology. This is not only true for Germany, it is more less the situation worldwide. One means of dealing with this problem may be the use of software programs to guide inexperienced pathologists through the modern autopsy procedure. This can be combined with the use of telepathological advise given by an expert in the field. Over and above this, digitized documentation of findings can be used in research, which allows the comparison of current with previously saved cases and presents a good basis for the development of education material.

Aufgrund der rasanten technischen Entwicklung im Bereich der pränatalen Diagnostik in den letzten Jahren werden mehr angeborene Fehlbildungen zu einem früheren Zeitpunkt der Schwangerschaft und detaillierter erkannt. Das führt dazu, dass die zur Autopsie gelangenden Feten zunehmend kleiner sind und komplexere Befunde aufweisen. Gleichzeitig werden die genetischen Ursachen von mehr Erkrankungen, Fehlbildungen und Syndromen aufgedeckt, so dass die DNA-Diagnostik, Chromosomenanlyse u.a. molekulargenetische und biochemische Erkenntnisse die klinisch-genetische Diagnostik zunehmend ergänzen. Durch Festlegung einer gezielten Autopsiestrategie und Nutzung moderner Kommunikationsmittel kann der Pathologe die in den letzten Jahren gestiegenen klinischen Anforderungen erfüllen. Ein Problem ist es jedoch, dass nicht genügend Pathologen auf dem Gebiet der Fetalpathologie spezialisiert sind. Das trifft nicht nur für Deutschland zu, sondern das ist mehr oder weniger eine weltweite Situation. Ein möglicher Lösungsansatz dieses Problems wäre die Nutzung von Softwareprogrammen, die dazu dienen, unerfahrene Pathologen moderne Anleitungen während der Autopsie von Feten zu geben. Das kann mit einer telepathologischen Betreung durch einen Experten auf diesem Gebiet kombiniert werden. Darüberhinaus erlaubt die derzeitige digitalisierte Befunddokumentation den Vergleich aktueller mit gespeicherten Fällen sowie Recherchen und stellt eine gute Basis zur Erstellung von Lehrmaterial dar. Due to the enormous technical developments in recent years in the area of prenatal ultrasound more malformations are detected in greater detail and at an earlier point in time during pregnancy than in the past. As a result, fetuses of increasingly smaller size and with complex diagnoses are presented for autopsy. At the same time, the genetic causes of ever more diseases, malformations and syndromes are being discovered, so that DNA diagnostics, chromosome analysis and, among others, molecular-genetic and biochemical investigations have come increasingly to complement clinical-genetic diagnostics. Through establishment of a clinically oriented autopsy strategy and the use of modern communication media, pathologists can satisfy the increased clinical demands of recent years. The remaining problem is that we do not have enough pathologists experienced in fetal pathology. This is not only true for Germany, it is more less the situation worldwide. One means of dealing with this problem may be the use of software programs to guide inexperienced pathologists through the modern autopsy procedure. This can be combined with the use of telepathological advise given by an expert in the field. Over and above this, digitized documentation of findings can be used in research, which allows the comparison of current with previously saved cases and presents a good basis for the development of education material.

Ortodoncija je, kao specijalistička grana stomatologije, na različitim razinama povezana s pojedinim medicinskim, kao i ostalim stomatološkim disciplinama. Multidisciplinarna suradnja je nužno potrebna u liječenju bolesnika s rascjepima usne, tvrdog i mekog nepca, kada u timu sudjeluju perdijatar, ortodont, kirurg, fonijatar, logoped i liječnici drugih profila po potrebi. Posebno je značajan rani pretkirurški ortodontski treatmant, koji olakšava tijek cijelokupnog liječenja rascjepa. Ortodont sudjeluje u tretmanu skeletnih dentofacijalnih anomalija koje zahtijevaju i kirurški pristup u nekoliko faza: u pretkirurškoj ortodontskoj pripremi, za vrijeme kirurškog zahvata, kao i tijekom postkirurškog tretmana. Suradnja ortodonta i pedodonta je, s obzirom na dob bolesnika prirodna i česta na različitim razinama, od zajedničkih sistematskih pregleda, do složenih zahvata, kao što je primjerice ekstruzija subgingivalno frakturiranog zuba. Kod bolesnika koji zahtijevaju protetsku opskrbu, ortodont je često angažiran u pomicanju i uspravljanju nepovoljno inkliniranih zubi potencijalnih nosača fiksnog nadomjestka. U bolesnika gdje je dijagnosticirana parodontopatija i pomičnost, ortodont uspostavlja normalniji postav zubi, te uz parodontološki tretman sudjeluje u njihovoj imobilizaciji. Suradnja s oralnim kirurzima, između ostalog, sastoji se u zajedničkim procjenama indikacija za tretman retiniranih zubi, kao i manjih kirurških zahvata na mekim tkivima usne šupljine koje su zapreka ortodontskom tretmanu. Suvremeni trend u medicini i stomatolog rezultira mnogim specijalističkim i subspecijalističkim disciplinama, što imperativno zahtijeva multidisciplinarnu suradnju svih bolesnika čija dijagnoza takav pristup zahtijeva., Orthodontics as a specialized branch of dentistry is connected at different levels with other dental and particular medical disciplines. A multidisciplinary cooperation is indispensable in treating patients with cleft lip or cleft hard and soft palate, when a pediatrician, an orthodontist, a surgeon, a phonetician, a speech pathologist and other specialists if needed, work as a team. It is especially important to secure an early presurgical orthodontic treatment, which will alleviate total duration of the cleft treatment. The orthodontist participes in treatment of the skeletal dentofacial anomalies demanding a surgical approach in several phases: presurgical orthodontic preparation, during the surgical procedure and during postsurgical therapy. The cooperation of an orthodontist and a pedodontist regarding the age of patients is natural and frequent at different levels, starting from the common systematic examinations to the complex procedures such as the extrusion of the subgingivally fractured tooth. In patients needing a prosthodontic therapy, the orthodontist is frequently engaged in moving and straightening of the poorly inclined teeth that are potential future abutments of the prosthetic replacements. In patients with a diagnosed periodontal disease and tooth migration the orthodontist restores a more natural occlusion and participates in tooth immobilization along with periodontal therapy. The cooperation with oral surgeons consists among others in the joint evaluation of the indications for impacted teeth therapy as well as in minor surgeries of soft tissues in the oral cavity that are an obstruction to orthodontic treatment. The current trend in medicine and dentistry has resulted in many specialized and subspecialized disciplines, imperatively demanding a multidisciplinary cooperation for all patients whose diagnosis requires such approach.