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In recent times, diesel powered hybrid electric vehicles have attracted their fair share of attention from automakers worldwide. It is a well-known fact that diesel hybrid technology is being used increasingly to improve the performance of a number of city transit buses. The exclusive combination of advanced diesel engines and sophisticated hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) technologies holds much promise for dramatic reductions in both emissions as well as fuel consumption. Currently, transit bus manufacturers incorporate the popularly accepted series or parallel hybrid electric drive train architectures for hybridization depending on specific performance demands. From the point of view of heavy-duty vehicular drive train hybridization, a major debate in the auto industry involves analyzing and comparing both the series as well as parallel HEV systems. Keeping this issue in mind, this paper aims to comprehensively investigate and evaluate series and parallel hybrid electric drive train topologies for heavy-duty diesel transit buses from the point of view of overall efficiency and parametric performance studies. In general, the vital proposal of this paper involves the depiction of suitability of parallel hybrid drive trains over series hybrid drive trains, more specific to city transit bus applications.

This paper presents a new concept of a mobile robot speed control by using two degree of freedom gear transmission. The developed intelligent speed controller utilizes a gear box which comprises of epicyclic gear train with two inputs, one coupled with the engine shaft and another with the shaft of a variable speed dc motor. The net output speed is a combination of the two input speeds and is governed by the transmission ratio of the planetary gear train. This new approach eliminates the use of a torque converter which is otherwise an indispensable part of all available automatic transmissions, thereby reducing the power loss that occurs in the box during the fluid coupling. By gradually varying the speed of the dc motor a stepless transmission has been achieved. The other advantages of the developed controller are pulling over and reversing the vehicle, implemented by intelligent mixing of the dc motor and engine speeds. This approach eliminates traditional braking system in entire vehicle design. The use of two power sources, IC engine and battery driven DC motor, utilizes the modern idea of hybrid vehicles. The new mobile robot speed controller is capable of driving the vehicle even in extreme case of IC engine failure, for example, due to gas depletion., www.ars-journal.com

This paper presents the original compact hybrid planetary transmission drive (CHPTD) as a solution of hybrid drive for urban bus. CHPTD uses only one motor. Planetary gear with two degrees of freedom is directly connected with the motor and internal combustion engine (ICE), which explains its compact construction. The third shaft of planetary gear via differential gear propels traction wheels. The clutch-brake system of CHPTD can reduce the planetary gear degrees of freedom, which permits to obtain three operating modes of hybrid drive system: hybrid, pure electric and pure engine. These operating modes provide possibilities for different bus drive, depending on vehicle starting way, downtown or suburban operations. The flexibility of CHPTD application permits properly adjusting power distribution and splitting power between battery and engine, which is the reason of very efficient driving. CHPTD as a kind of "optimized hybrid drive" consumes significantly less energy (fuel and electricity) than well-known series hybrid drive.

Hybrid electric vehicles are advantageous under formula racing rules, when allowed. A series hybrid drive train was installed in a Formula SAE car, using off-the-shelf engine, generator, ultracapacitors, and AC motor drive. A DC-DC converter was developed to charge the ultracapacitors with constant power at varying voltage. A 75 m acceleration run is completed in 6 seconds. This is slower than the predicted 4.2 seconds in part due to tires slipping.

This paper reports about the design of a peak power unit for hybrid electric vehicles and the modelling of the power control strategy to optimise the drive train's performance. A common DC bus of the hybrid drive train is defined and was provided with a peak power unit using super capacitors, connected via a bi-directional DC/DC converter. This architecture allows a fast load response and a high efficiency of the total electric drive train. An optimised control strategy is needed to ensure an optimal distribution of the power flow between the peak power unit and the main energy source.

Battery modeling and simulation are most useful for designing storage unit for hybrid drives. The background of battery modeling is to determine electromotive force (EMF) in dynamic way (non-measurement) and internal resistance as the function of state of charge (SOQ). This paper presents how to use battery modeling for simulation in hybrid drives and select the proper operating range of battery SOC according to simulation results. The target of simulation is to compare the performance of different types of battery and to find optimal parameters (battery mass, capacity and voltage) of battery pack for hybrid drive system. The simulation is based on the target function of minimum energy consumption (fuel and electricity).

This paper explores concepts for advanced series hybrid vehicle propulsion systems. These concepts are variations on the variable voltage variable frequency (VVVF) concept, where the electrical bus frequency and voltage vary proportionally with the system operating point. The concepts involve doubly fed machines. Each of these concepts has the potential to provide a full series hybrid drive with substantially reduced needs for electronic power conversion. The paper discusses the basic structures and performance of these machines, and provides a tabulation of the machine and power converter requirements over a typical operating range. Finally, conclusions are offered regarding the relative merits of these schemes.

Measured load progressions representable statistically in short test cycles. The load level given by the mean value is represented with less than 1 % deviation. Dynamics also represented depending to the mentioned parameters (deviation less than 12 % (i=1500)) --> Increased accuracy by more input data and smaller class width in the frequency distribution matrices. Multi variable test cycles describing interrelations between the variables are also possible.

In this report, we will discuss a method utilized by Emcore to flip-chip VCSEL die arrays onto transparent substrates, which contain integrated lensing and hybrid drive circuits. This process enables very dense hybrid packages.

Looking for solutions to sustainable mobility since the first petrol crises at the beginning of the 70’ s led to a tremendous development of new technologies for alternative drives. They enabled development of a broad spectrum of various drive systems for ground vehicles. The article gives a review of various concepts of drive systems, starting from electric drives up to fuel-cells and various hybrid drives, where application of new technologies enables better fuel efficiency and better protection of the nature. The article points out the benefits which could be taken from various alternative drive systems and the state-of-the-art of the technologies involved. Examples of application, i.e. vehicles being nowadays on the road, of some alternative drive concepts are shown and their achievements concerning fuel economy and environmental protection are pointed out. The article leads to a conclusion that the problem of fuel economy and protection of the nature concerns every country, and there is not a universal solution to those problems. The threat of the final dead of fossil fuels is closer than ever, and along with the global worming, the situation could rapidly worsen, which will most dangerously affect the developing countries. Therefore every country should act urgently to take part in the development of advanced technologies for alternative drives, and along with it renewable energy production, in order to find out appropriate solutions to sustainable mobility, which will most probably be largely diversified and certainly will depend on local conditions.

Hybrid drives can substantially reduce the fuel consumption and the emissions of a motor vehicle and additionally increase the traveling comfort and the driving dynamics. Key components of these drives are an electrical machine and an inverter, which consists of many electronic elements. The electronics have to be operated at moderate temperatures, in order to use the full potential of a hybrid drive. For this reason today the inverter normally is arranged separately from the electrical machine into a separate housing. Advancements of the electronic elements in the last years make solutions tangible, which can also provide high power with high environmental and coolant temperatures and are able to work reliably over the specified life time of a motor vehicle. Furthermore, electronics for high operating temperature make variable mounting spaces possible, so the modularity of the hybrid components can be increased and the systems can be assembled in a more compact manner. In this document the requirements on the electronics and the necessary development for these environmental conditions are described

Hybridization implies adding a secondary power source (e.g. electric motor and battery) (S) to a primary power source (P) in order to improve the driving functions (e.g. fuel economy, driveability (performance)) of the vehicle. The fuel economy is strongly determined by the energy management strategy, which determines the power distribution between P, S and the vehicle wheels (V). In this paper the influence of the specifications for P and S on energy management strategy (EMS) have been investigated. The final objective is to determine the minimum required specifications in order to design new hybrid drive train technologies and topologies for future hybrid vehicles.

Position control of a hybrid driven circuit breaker is presented. Hybrid drive is the association of an accurate servo controlled motor and a reliable spring operating mechanism. High accurate position control of the circuit breaker contacts is performed through high dynamic torque control of the motor. Both simulation and experimental results highlight excellent performances

This paper provides a brief overview of a hybrid drives which have become popular in recent years. These drives combine two or more multilevel power inverters to obtain exceptional power quality which is necessary for Naval propulsion applications. Furthermore, for ship propulsion, where it may be difficult to obtain several isolated dc voltage sources, the inverter control can be set so that only one real dc power source is needed (or one per phase in the case of a series H-bridge type). Three types of hybrid drives considered and their advantages and limitations are described. Commonalities of the control of each hybrid drive type is discussed and three control schemes are applied to the various topologies in a set of simulation examples.

This paper presents the concept of a double-layer capacitor (supercapacitor) based hybrid power train for light-rail vehicles and city busses. The components of the power system are build-up around a common DC-bus. To minimize volume, weight and costs of the power train, the buck-boost inverter is integrated into the traction inverter of the induction machine. The supercapacitor battery is connected by an external inductor. Main element of the hybrid drive is its control, which guarantees a save vehicle operation and manages the power of the hybrid power train. In case of a diesel-electric vehicle the most important aim of the developed control is to save energy by an optimised use of the prime mover unit and by receiving the braking energy by the supercapacitor battery. The stored energy will then be used for the next accelerating phase. This paper presents simulations of the hybrid power train and first practical test-bench results which have been recorded from a prototype inverter made for integration into a diesel-electric bus.

The paper presents an innovative drive-train for a small scooter, taking advantage of an hybrid (mechanical-electrical) structure. The single parts of this drive train have been dimensioned and the resulting system has been introduced in a simulation program. According to the simulation results the hybridisation is able to enhance the maximum power of the scooter by 1 kW (over 30%), without changing the fuel consumption, and to allow a pure-electric operation with a range over 11 km. Moreover, when the propulsion power comes only from the onboard batteries, and they are recharged from the electric mains, the operation cost per km is less than one half the cost of corresponding fuel consumption of a vehicle without hybridisation.

The CTR Vehicle Systems and Fuels team a diesel hybrid powertrain. The goal of this experiment was to investigate and demonstrate the potential of diesel engines for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) in a fuel economy and emissions. The test set-up consisted of a diesel engine coupled to an electric motor driving a Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT). This hybrid drive is connected to a dynamometer and a DC electrical power source creating a vehicle context by combining advanced computer models and emulation techniques. The experiment focuses on the impact of the hybrid control strategy on fuel economy and emissions-in particular, nitrogen oxides (NO{sub x}) and particulate matter (PM). The same hardware and test procedure were used throughout the entire experiment to assess the impact of different control approaches.

It should not be surprising that the most important attribute of today's hybrid propulsion system is that total driveline efficiency exceed 80%. When vehicle fuel economy is in excess of 40mpg, a 100 W power loss due to core heating in the traction motor or its attendant power inverter represents a significant impact. Weight is another very important attribute, but its impact is not as noticeable until performance on grades is required. This chapter provides an assessment of the complete hybrid drive system and where the prominent loss mechanisms reside. Particular attention is paid to the traction M/G core and copper losses and the inverter conduction and switching losses. Mechanical friction contributions are noted, particularly with regard to non-conventional designs due to adding the hybrid components.

The performance and fuel economy of a fuel cell powered vehicle are greatly improved by the use of a hybrid drive train. The hybridization allows taking full advantage of the fuel cell system efficiency characteristics. The fuel cell is thus operated at average power demand where it is the most efficient while the batteries supply the traction motors at low power demand and assist the fuel cell at high power demand. The authors propose to investigate the possible fuel cell hybrid drive trains and to compare them on the grounds of fuel economy and feasibility. Then, based on the conclusions of this first analysis, a discussion of the most suitable electric motors follows. This discussion considers the qualities of electric motors that fit both hybrid drive train and fuel cell traction requirements. The motor drive technologies considered include permanent magnet brushless DC, switched reluctance and induction motor drives.

Regeneration is one of the important sources of improving fuel efficiency. When designing the drive train of a hybrid vehicle, special attention must be given to this effect. We analyse the effect of regeneration of the braking energy on the design of the electrical motors and of the battery system. We consider a light urban vehicle and a bus to cover the whole spectrum of possible hybrid vehicles. Induction and permanent magnet synchronous traction motors are designed for both vehicles. We compare and analyse the consequences of their design on the regeneration. The battery behaviour is also considered with the various motors. It is shown that the choice of the motors has little effect on the recuperation and that effective recuperation can be obtained relatively easily if the motors and the braking system are adequately designed and matched. The conclusion is valid practically for all types of hybrid drive trains (series, parallel and series-parallel hybrids).

A new hybrid cylinder/wire drive parallel arm (simply called "a hybrid arm") for manipulating heavy materials in construction and ship building works is proposed. Various hybrid arms with different combination of cylinders and wires are compared with the conventional Stewart platform and a multiwire drive mechanism. Their workspaces considering orientation are evaluated. The most suitable hybrid arm for heavy material handling is the mechanism with three cylinders, four wires, and one connecting rod between the cylinders and the end plate. This hybrid arm is modified into a mechanism with a variable length rod for the application of manipulating a precasting concrete board with a size of 3/spl times/6/spl times/0.2 m/sup 3/ and a weight of 10 t which is used in automatic building construction systems; a prototype of this arm has been designed and developed.

Hybrid drive circuit topologies are presented which contribute to the development of voltage source pulse width modulation (PWM) inverter drives with inherent self-protection against fault currents. The central feature of the hybrid drive is to automatically decouple the DC link capacitance from the drive power converters during fault conditions. The author shows how one of the three forms of the hybrid drive minimizes the current rating of the DC link inductors. Where required, the buck-type hybrid drive can be used to minimize the size of the inductors together with the DC link capacitor. The PWM rectifier hybrid drive permits unity input power factor operation and control of the DC link inductor current during output overhead current conditions. Extensive simulation results are used to demonstrate the performance of the drive during steady state operation and during output short circuit fault conditions. >

In this paper, the power and energy of a passenger vehicle with a typical acceleration profile and several particular drive cycles are examined. Then the power and energy of a flywheel energy storage system (FESS) is studied and the characteristics are compared to the vehicle requirements to see how design decisions may be optimized for the FESS-based hybrid vehicle (HV) application. The special characteristics of the major FESS components (power electronics, motor-generator, and flywheel kinetic energy element) offer an opportunity for optimization for hybrid vehicle operation.

Due to the consideration of fragile security, and longer check-in times and inconveniences due to increased air travel security examination since September 11th 2001, more and more people have turn to ground transportation. Unfortunately, the inefficient, environment-unfriendly and unsafe passenger cars and buses are the only choices available for middle distance trips. Development of high efficiency, clean and high speed railroad passenger transportation system has become more necessary to overcome this weak link. In this paper, the applicability of hybrid drive train technologies for middle-distance passenger train locomotives will be investigated. A systematic design of the diesel based hybrid locomotive helps to increase efficiency, improve fuel economy, reduce emissions and also reduce mass production costs. Furthermore, professional management and maintenance of railroad train locomotives make such new technologies more practical than for road vehicles. The success of such transportation system will have a great positive impact on our social activities, quality of life, energy supply, environment and economy. A diesel based hybrid electric locomotive (HEL) with batteries or an ultracapacitor is an option to reduce fuel consumption and emissions and provide better performance and fuel economy. The reduced fuel consumption helps reduce the amount of pollutants released. Engineering estimation indicate that emissions will be reduced by 70% and fuel efficiency will be increased by at least 30% in hybrid locomotives.

Kinematic analysis and simulation of hybrid drive system are addressed in this study. A seven link mechanism with two degrees of freedom is selected as the configuration of the system. Kinematic analysis is performed by loop closure equations and required inputs of servo motor are given to get desired ram motion scenario. MATLAB/SimMechanics platform is used to model the hybrid driven mechanical system mechanism characteristics. The simulation results are presented herein.

The author describes how standard three-phase pulse-width modulated (PWM) switching patterns can be used to control the boost action of the inverter bridge in a three-phase hybrid drive. The control strategies allow the inverter bridge to operate as a boost-type switch without corrupting the three-phase PWM voltages at the drive output terminals. The maximum permissible voltage gain associated with the inverter boost action is shown to be dependent upon the amplitude modulation depth and the type of modulation scheme being used. >

This paper presents models and control structures for series hybrid drive trains. For the longitudinal dynamics of the series hybrid drive train, models of different components are introduced. On the basis of these models, control structures for the different subsystems are presented. Selected simulations show the potential of these control structures. As for the lateral dynamics, the potential to influence the vehicle dynamics by electric single-wheel motors is also investigated. For this purpose, an extended single-track model and approaches to the robust control of vehicle dynamics are used. Side-wind tests are presented as well as a hardware-in-the-loop testbed for the series hybrid drive train.

The results from an ongoing project whose aim is to design an intelligent controller for hybrid electric vehicles is presented. Such a controller would be required to manage energy flow through the hybrid drive train and for optimum control would require a number of parameters normally available only upon journey completion. This paper presents work to attempt to predict journey distance and duration upon journey departure using data from a single vehicle in daily use, and a clustering method for generation of rules in a fuzzy inference system.

A new technology may provide capacitors to build serial hybrid vehicle drives using a capacitor as the energy storage device instead of a battery. This paper discusses the required power converter configurations for such a drive system. The main factors and parameters influencing the converter design are discussed. The paper presents in detail two selected configurations. The configurations are discussed for two scenarios, one for a capacitor with lower voltage and one for higher voltage. A design example is provided to compare the proposed configurations.

This paper presents the results obtained with a PLC implementation of an intersectional control operating as an external loop in the sectional drives of a multidrive system. The proposed architecture allows use of the existing hardware incorporated in actual drives, eventually adding extra memory capacity. Three control algorithms implemented in the PLC were experimentally evaluated in a four-section experimental equipment, combined with a hybrid drive simulator experimental system. Moderate and high inertia conditions were imposed in the disturbed section. With moderate inertia the maximum angular deviation was reduced to about 60-65 % of the value without intersectional control. With high inertia, using a speed difference PI-control algorithm, the maximum angular deviation /spl Delta//spl theta//sub max/ was reduced to 9.9 %.

A hybrid cylinder/cable drive parallel arm and its motion control are discussed. The basic idea of the hybrid parallel arm is to make the best use of the mixture of the high power cable drive and the cylinder actuation to obtain a heavy-duty manipulator in construction and ship building applications. A prototype arm has been designed and built based on the analysis and the comparative study of several types of hybrid drive mechanisms, the Stewart platform, and a wire drive mechanism. The tension of wire has to be maintained properly in the hybrid mechanism during its motion. The proposed hybrid arm is a kind of actuation-redundant mechanism and its internal force can be freely controlled. The proposed control algorithm is to give wires proper tension during its motion by exploiting the internal force, The required tension and cylinder force can be obtained by compensating each link position command based on its compliance. The repeatability tests show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in maintaining the overall stiffness of the arm.

This paper presents a hybrid cylinder/wire drive parallel arm. Its workspace is analyzed for the application of manipulating heavy materials in con- struction and ship building industries. The conventional Stewart platform and a multiple wire drive mechanism are compared, and hybrid drive mechanisms are con- sidered in analysis and designing. The total number of cylinder and wire is fixed to seven based on the force closure principle. The actuated cylinder force and wire tension are analyzed based on the kinematics and statics formulated for an arbitrary combination of cylinder and wire mechanism, then its work space is evaluated. An arm mechanism with three cylinders and four wires is proposed in 'the application of manipulating a precasting concrete board with 3 X 6 X 0 .2(m) in size and 10(t) in weight.

Electric vehicles today clearly represent the only solution fulfilling the zero emission vehicles (ZEV) standard. However, they still are not an equivalent alternative to the gasoline driven cars due to the well known problems of today's batteries. The concept of a parallel hybrid drive line can be an optimal combination of both principles of propulsion in that the gasoline engine guarantees for a wide range operation, while the electric propulsion can be used within the restricted zero emission zones [19]. The parallel hybrid drive train described here has been realized at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland. The drive line consists of a spark ignited engine, an electric asynchronous machine, a flywheel, and a wide range continuously variable transmission. An overall control system has been developed for the drive train. This drive line has been integrated in a multi purpose van for real road testing. This paper describes the experimental results from various component testing, from a dynamic test bench and from a chassis dynamometer test bench. Fuel efficiency improvement of higher than 40% are achieved in the urban driving cycles.

The introduction of electrical components into the drive train has sweeping effects on the development process of hybrid cars. One such effect is the need for new test systems both for the electrical components and for testing and designing the hybrid drive train. Kratzer Automation AG has developed new test systems and vehicle energy systems for this purpose, which are described in the following article.

According to the Lyapunov stability theorem, a new general hybrid projective complete dislocated synchronization scheme with non-derivative and derivative coupling based on parameter identification is proposed under the framework of drive-response systems. Every state variable of the response system equals the summation of the hybrid drive systems in the previous hybrid synchronization. However, every state variable of the drive system equals the summation of the hybrid response systems while evolving with time in our method. Complete synchronization, hybrid dislocated synchronization, projective synchronization, non-derivative and derivative coupling, and parameter identification are included as its special item. The Lorenz chaotic system, Rossler chaotic system, memristor chaotic oscillator system, and hyperchaotic Lu system are discussed to show the effectiveness of the proposed methods.

We have investigated the hydrodynamic response of plastic and aluminum foils accelerated by a pulse formed by an x‐ray prepulse followed by the main laser pulse. This illumination scheme, so‐called indirect‐direct drive scheme, has been proposed as an alternative to the direct and indirect drive. The advantages of such a scheme are that it can contribute to solve the problem of uniformity of the direct drive and, at the same time, it can be much more efficient and use simpler targets than the indirect‐drive. Experiments about this hybrid drive scheme have been performed at Limeil with the PHEBUS facility and the standard experimental set‐up and diagnostics. The agreement between experiments and simulations is good for quantities such as the energy of the laser converted into x‐rays and the burnthrough time of the converter foil. To simulate the full hydrodynamic evolution of the converter and target foils separated a distance of 1 mm, 2‐D effects should be taken into account. The basic goals have been to ...

This paper presents the control system of a fully automatized hybrid vehicle which has been realized as a prototype. The hybrid vehicle has been developed at the ika for the Ford Motor Company. It is well-known under the term Ford-EHV. The “electric hybrid vehicle” contains a parallel hybrid driveline which is either powered by a combustion engine or by an electric motor. The power can even be combined in a torque addition gear box. The output is transferred via an automatic transmission to the wheels. This mechanical system has many degrees of freedom concerning the operating strategy. In intensive simulations using longitudinal simulation tools like “STAR”, a so-called 2-dimensional strategy was developed to achieve best efficiency and drivebility.

In this special session, we discuss global climate change concerns, as well as cleanup of wastes and/or toxic materials, their relations to energy and other technologies. We especially bring together scientists to discuss available and/or developable technologies of amelioration or cleanup, for consideration of unusual uses of Lasers, Particle Beams and other plasma Phenomena.

As a result of the role of the automobile in contributing to carbon emissions and in symbolizing the overconsumption of scarce no n-renewable fuel reso urces coupled with the increased media focus on climat e change governments all over the world are intervening in the automobile market with regulation. Rising world oil prices and consumer preferences for enviro nmentally friendly goods has driven automobile manufacture rs to research, develop an d market alternative drive systems. Such advancements are now commo n in the family car market with hybrid electric as well as fully electric cars now ava ilable. However, Porsche are blazing a new trail with their introduction of the new 918 hybrid Sp yder. They plan to trigger acceptance for low emission hybrid drive systems in a market that has had few viable or perhaps even acceptable alternatives to the gasoline combustion engi ne – the supercar segment.

Summary form only given. It is proposed that global, weather can be ameliorated with the aid of a technique using deeply penetrating laser or ion beams which could penetrate beyond 0.15-0.2 g/cm/sup 2/ of target material. It has been shown that hybrid drive and related concepts can reduce convergence ratios of the pulse that ignites the target. It is emphasized that the final pulse can use an arbitrarily small convergence ratio, for the direct ignition of compressed fuel.