541 results on '"Heel strike"'
Search Results
452. A vision based proposal for classification of normal and abnormal gait using RGB camera.
- Author
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Nieto-Hidalgo M, Ferrández-Pastor FJ, Valdivieso-Sarabia RJ, Mora-Pascual J, and García-Chamizo JM
- Subjects
- Accelerometry, Biomechanical Phenomena, Humans, Photography, Algorithms, Gait, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted
- Abstract
Human gait is mainly related to the foot and leg movements but, obviously, the entire motor system of the human body is involved. We hypothesise that movement parameters such as dynamic balance, movement harmony of each body element (arms, head, thorax…) could enable us to finely characterise gait singularities to pinpoint potential diseases or abnormalities in advance. Since this paper deals with the preliminary problem pertaining to the classification of normal and abnormal gait, our study will revolve around the lower part of the body. Our proposal presents a functional specification of gait in which only observational kinematic aspects are discussed. The resultant specification will confidently be open enough to be applied to a variety of gait analysis problems encountered in areas connected to rehabilitation, sports, children's motor skills, and so on. To carry out our functional specification, we develop an extraction system through which we analyse image sequences to identify gait features. Our prototype not only readily lets us determine the dynamic parameters (heel strike, toe off, stride length and time) and some skeleton joints but also satisfactorily supplies us with a proper distinction between normal and abnormal gait. We have performed experiments on a dataset of 30 samples., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
453. Shock attenuation properties at heel strike: Implications for the clinical management of the cavus foot.
- Author
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Grech C, Formosa C, and Gatt A
- Abstract
Background: This study explored the relationship between foot types and corresponding variations in shock attenuating properties of the heel., Methods: Thirty matched participants were assigned to 3 groups: pronated, neutral, and supinated. A low-mass accelerometer was mounted to the calcaneus of the right leg of each participant., Results: Acceleration at heel strike for supinators was significantly higher than that in individuals with pronated and neutrally aligned feet. No significant difference was found in mean and maximum acceleration at heel strike between pronators and neutrals., Conclusion: Cavus feet undergo significantly higher mean and maximum acceleration forces than neutrally aligned and pronated feet.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
454. Femoroacetabular impingement syndrome is associated with alterations in hindfoot mechanics: A three-dimensional gait analysis study.
- Author
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Hetsroni I, Funk S, Ben-Sira D, Nyska M, Palmanovich E, and Ayalon M
- Subjects
- Adult, Biomechanical Phenomena physiology, Case-Control Studies, Hip physiology, Humans, Imaging, Three-Dimensional, Male, Middle Aged, Range of Motion, Articular physiology, Rotation, Weight-Bearing physiology, Young Adult, Femoracetabular Impingement physiopathology, Gait physiology, Heel physiology
- Abstract
Background: Gait analysis studies in patients with femoroacetabular impingement syndrome focused until today on alterations in pelvic and hip mechanics, but distal articulations in this syndrome were not explored. Viewing the inter-relationships between foot and hip mechanics and the importance of the subtalar joint in load attenuation at heel strike and during forward propulsion thereafter, alterations in hindfoot mechanics in this syndrome may have clinical significance., Methods: Three-dimensional gait kinematics were explored with emphasis on hindfoot mechanics in a group of 15 men with cam-type femoroacetabular impingement and compared to 15 healthy men., Findings: Subjects with femoroacetabular impingement had decreased pelvic internal rotation (effect size=0.70) and hip abduction (effect size=0.86) at heel strike, and increased sagittal pelvic range of motion during the stance (effect size=0.81), compared to controls. At the hindfoot level, subjects with femoroacetabular impingement had inverted position at heel strike compared to neutral position in controls (effect size=0.89), and reduced maximum hindfoot eversion during the stance (effect size=0.72). Range of motion from heel strike to maximum eversion was not different between the groups (effect size=0.21)., Interpretation: Young adult men with cam-type femoroacetabular impingement syndrome present excessively inverted hindfoot at the moment of heel strike and reduction in maximum eversion during the stance phase. Viewing the deleterious effects of hindfoot malalignment on load attenuation during the stance, custom-designed insoles may be a consideration in this population and this should be investigated further., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
455. Assessment of health needs in multidisciplinary care
- Author
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Carolyn A Young
- Subjects
Paper ,medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Nursing ,Multidisciplinary approach ,Workforce ,Needs assessment ,Physical therapy ,Humans ,Medicine ,Disabled Persons ,Interdisciplinary Communication ,Surgery ,Interdisciplinary communication ,Comprehensive Health Care ,Neurology (clinical) ,Psychosocial function ,Nervous System Diseases ,Communication skills ,business ,Heel strike ,Needs Assessment ,Health needs - Abstract
Comprehensive care for people with disabling neurological disease—finding the best approach Comprehensive care for people with disabling neurological illnesses is widely acknowledged to require input from many specialisms. The foundation of such multifaceted care should be a detailed assessment of physical and psychosocial function and health needs, ideally by experienced individuals able to work in a transdisciplinary way and possessing excellent communication skills. Such individuals would be capable of both identifying a clinical problem, such as impaired heel strike, and determining the most appropriate treatment, such as stretches from the physiotherapist, botulinum toxin from the physician or orthopaedic release. Clearly clinicians with the wide training and experience for such …
- Published
- 2003
456. CHANGES IN RESULTANT GROUND REACTION FORCE AT HEEL STRIKE IN OLDER INDIVIDUALS
- Author
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Y. T. Wang, W H. Weimar, and C D. Williams
- Subjects
Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,Ground reaction force ,Geodesy ,Heel strike ,Geology - Published
- 2002
457. CHANGES IN RESULTANT GROUND REACTION FORCE AT HEEL STRIKE AT DIFFERENT CADENCE AND LOAD CONDITIONS
- Author
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David D. Pascoe, Y. T. Wang, W H. Weimar, and C D. Williams
- Subjects
Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,Ground reaction force ,Cadence ,Geodesy ,Heel strike ,Geology - Published
- 2001
458. A kinematic method to detect foot contact during running for all foot strike patterns.
- Author
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Milner CE and Paquette MR
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Biomechanical Phenomena, Female, Gait, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Young Adult, Foot physiology, Mechanical Phenomena, Running physiology
- Abstract
The biomechanics of distance running are studied in relation to both understanding injury mechanisms and improving performance. Kinematic methods must be used to identify the stance phase of running when data are recorded during running on a standard treadmill or outside the laboratory. Recently, a focus on foot strike patterns has emerged in the field. Thus, there is a need for a kinematic method to identify foot contact that is equally effective for both rearfoot and non-rearfoot strike patterns. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a new kinematic method could accurately determine foot contact during running in both rearfoot and non-rearfoot strikers. Overground gait data were collected at on 22 runners, 11 with a rearfoot strike pattern and 11 with a non-rearfoot strike pattern. Data were processed to identify foot contact from: vertical ground reaction force, two previously published kinematic methods, and our new kinematic method. Limits of agreement were used to determine bias and random error of each kinematic method compared to ground reaction force onset. The new method had comparable random error at 200 Hz sampling frequency (5 ms per frame) to the previous methods (7 frames vs 6-9 frames) and produced the same offset for both strike patterns (3 frames), while the existing methods had different offsets for different strike patterns (4 or 7 frames). Study findings support use of this new method, as it can be applied to all running strike patterns without adjusting the frame offset, simplifying data processing., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
459. Development and validation of an accelerometer-based method for quantifying gait events.
- Author
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Boutaayamou M, Schwartz C, Stamatakis J, Denoël V, Maquet D, Forthomme B, Croisier JL, Macq B, Verly JG, Garraux G, and Brüls O
- Subjects
- Accelerometry standards, Adult, Algorithms, Biomechanical Phenomena, Foot physiology, Humans, Reference Standards, Walking, Accelerometry instrumentation, Gait, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted
- Abstract
An original signal processing algorithm is presented to automatically extract, on a stride-by-stride basis, four consecutive fundamental events of walking, heel strike (HS), toe strike (TS), heel-off (HO), and toe-off (TO), from wireless accelerometers applied to the right and left foot. First, the signals recorded from heel and toe three-axis accelerometers are segmented providing heel and toe flat phases. Then, the four gait events are defined from these flat phases. The accelerometer-based event identification was validated in seven healthy volunteers and a total of 247 trials against reference data provided by a force plate, a kinematic 3D analysis system, and video camera. HS, TS, HO, and TO were detected with a temporal accuracy ± precision of 1.3 ms ± 7.2 ms, -4.2 ms ± 10.9 ms, -3.7 ms ± 14.5 ms, and -1.8 ms ± 11.8 ms, respectively, with the associated 95% confidence intervals ranging from -6.3 ms to 2.2 ms. It is concluded that the developed accelerometer-based method can accurately and precisely detect HS, TS, HO, and TO, and could thus be used for the ambulatory monitoring of gait features computed from these events when measured concurrently in both feet., (Copyright © 2015 IPEM. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
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460. The determinants of impulsive forces at heel strike of women walking at a naturally selected walking speed
- Author
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David Lloyd, Stephen R. Lord, Jacqui Raymond, and Noel L. Svensson
- Subjects
Preferred walking speed ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Physical medicine and rehabilitation ,Rehabilitation ,Biomedical Engineering ,Biophysics ,medicine ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,Psychology ,Heel strike - Published
- 1992
461. Identification of heel strike transients during running
- Author
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Wangdo Kim, Eric P. Salathé, and Arkady Voloshin
- Subjects
Identification (information) ,Rehabilitation ,Biomedical Engineering ,Biophysics ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,Heel strike ,Seismology ,Geology - Published
- 1992
462. The mechanical behaviour of the running shoe midsole and the human heel pad at heel strike during a running step: A cineradiographic method
- Author
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Dominique De Clercq, R Claeys, M. Kunnen, and Peter Aerts
- Subjects
Heel ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,business.industry ,Rehabilitation ,Biomedical Engineering ,Biophysics ,medicine ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,Structural engineering ,business ,Heel strike ,Geology - Published
- 1991
463. An experimental approach to shock absorption of the human foot during heel strike
- Author
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J.L. van Leeuwen, L.R.M. Kahmann, and H.W.J. Jans
- Subjects
Orthodontics ,Shock absorber ,Rehabilitation ,Biomedical Engineering ,Biophysics ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,Heel strike ,Foot (unit) ,Geology - Published
- 1990
464. Is the foot striking pattern more important than barefoot or shod conditions in running?
- Author
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Shih Y, Lin KL, and Shiang TY
- Subjects
- Adult, Athletic Injuries prevention & control, Biomechanical Phenomena, Foot physiology, Humans, Male, Running injuries, Young Adult, Forefoot, Human physiology, Gait physiology, Heel physiology, Running physiology, Shoes
- Abstract
People have advocated barefoot running, claiming that it is better suited to human nature. Humans usually run barefoot using a forefoot strike and run shod using a heel strike. The striking pattern was thought to be a key factor that contributes to the benefit of barefoot running. The purpose of this study is to use scientific data to prove that the striking pattern is more important than barefoot or shod conditions for runners on running injuries prevention. Twelve habitually male shod runners were recruited to run under four varying conditions: barefoot running with a forefoot strike, barefoot running with a heel strike, shod running with a forefoot strike, and shod running with a heel strike. Kinetic and kinematic data and electromyography signals were recorded during the experiments. The results showed that the lower extremity can gain more compliance when running with a forefoot strike. Habitually shod runners can gain more shock absorption by changing the striking pattern to a forefoot strike when running with shoes and barefoot conditions. Habitually shod runners may be subject to injuries more easily when they run barefoot while maintaining their heel strike pattern. Higher muscle activity in the gastrocnemius was observed when running with a forefoot strike, which may imply a greater training load on the muscle and a tendency for injury., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
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465. Selection of Movement Patterns During Functional Tasks in Humans
- Author
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William Freedman and Linda Kent
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Communication ,Movement (music) ,Ankle angle ,business.industry ,Cognitive Neuroscience ,Biophysics ,Step height ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Movement pattern ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Physical medicine and rehabilitation ,Vertical force ,Reflex ,medicine ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,Ankle ,Psychology ,business ,Heel strike - Abstract
These experiments examine the role of vision and step height in the selection of a simple binary choice of movement pattern by human subjects. The subjects selected a heel strike movement pattern (HS) (as used during level surface locomotion) or a toe strike movement pattern (TS) (as used during stair descent). The functional task involved descending a step of adjustable height followed by level surface walking under vision and nonvision conditions. Triceps surae and tibialis anterior electromyographic (EMG) activity, ankle angle position, and vertical force were examined. As step height was increased, there was an indistinct threshold at which subjects switched from landing with a HS movement pattern to a TS movement pattern. The tibialis anterior and triceps surae precontact EMG burst and subsequent ankle movement for HS and TS trials appear to be part of preprogrammed movement patterns, which are presumably of central origin. The particular mixture of voluntary, stereotypic, and reflex actions for any specified movement is based on the intent or functional outcome desired. The switching to the TS movement pattern as step height increased presumably results in the most efficient and stable movement.
- Published
- 1987
466. Coordination of the upper and lower extremities
- Author
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C.Lamm Warburg, A.M. Gentile, and R.A. Muzii
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Physical medicine and rehabilitation ,Speech recognition ,Biophysics ,medicine ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,General Medicine ,human activities ,Heel strike ,Mathematics ,Step cycle - Abstract
Simultaneous walking and hand clapping were utilized to examine the patterns of coordination between upper and lower limbs. Eighteen normal adult subjects were filmed at high speed under instructions to: (a) walk and clap at a self-determined “preferred” speed, (b) walk as fast as possible while clapping at the preferred speed, (c) walk at the preferred speed while clapping as fast as possible and (d) walk and clap as fast as possible. Temporal data and individual patterns of phase relations were analyzed. Results indicated a disruption of the preferred clap cycle when combine with fast walking. The degree of disruption was a function of the individual coordinative pattern at the preferred rate. It is concluded that: (a) the temporal patterning of the clap cycle can be dictated by the step cycle, (b) heel strike is the point about which the clap cycle is modulated, and (c) subjects can select from various modes of phase linkage.
- Published
- 1984
467. Corrective responses to perturbation applied during walking in humans
- Author
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Marc Bélanger and Aftab E. Patla
- Subjects
musculoskeletal diseases ,Crossed extensor reflex ,medicine.medical_specialty ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,business.industry ,musculoskeletal, neural, and ocular physiology ,General Neuroscience ,STRIDE ,Withdrawal reflex ,Electromyography ,Swing ,Stimulus (physiology) ,musculoskeletal system ,body regions ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Reflex ,Physical therapy ,Humans ,Medicine ,Ankle ,business ,Gait ,human activities ,Heel strike ,Locomotion - Abstract
Modulation of the flexor reflex response during walking in humans following stimulation at 5 points in the step cycle was studied. At heel strike, an extensor response was observed at the ankle and the knee which would allow one to stabilize and plant the ipsilateral foot fast. Later on in the stance, there was a dorsiflexor and an extensor response at the ankle and the knee, respectively, which would result in the removal of the foot from the stimulus without collapsing at the knee. During mid-swing, a flexor reflex response was observed at the ankle and the hip joint. There was a tendency for the normal stride to be longer than the perturbed stride in mid swing and early stance while it was of shorter duration in late stance and early swing.
- Published
- 1984
468. Developmental Characteristics of a Forward Roll
- Author
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Kathleen Williams
- Subjects
Male ,Gymnastics ,Injury control ,Computer science ,Head (linguistics) ,Accident prevention ,Movement (music) ,Age Factors ,Poison control ,Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation ,General Medicine ,Child Development ,Motor Skills ,Nephrology ,Child, Preschool ,Component (UML) ,Humans ,Female ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,Arithmetic ,Child ,Heel strike ,Sign (mathematics) - Abstract
A category checklist of developmental characteristics for the forward roll, modeled after Roberton's “component” approach, was hypothesized for this study. The categories were used to examine the usefulness of a component approach for describing actions occurring during the forward roll. Age-relatedness of category sequences was also explored. Three components were defined: hand/arm, head/neck, hip/leg. Each component was divided into phases which described the temporal course of actions occurring throughout the forward roll, from initial hand placement to heel strike. Within each component phase were hierarchically arranged steps, ordered from primitive to advanced. The potential usefulness of the components as a developmental checklist was examined using three criteria: (1) the comprehensiveness of the category system for describing observed movement behaviors; (2) the observed ordering of each component sequence in relation to the hypothesized ordering; and (3) the sign of the slopes of the ag...
- Published
- 1980
469. Use of motor units in relation to muscle fiber type and size in man
- Author
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Finnbogi Jakobsson, K. Borg, L. Edström, and Lennart Grimby
- Subjects
medicine.diagnostic_test ,Physiology ,Stance phase ,Chemistry ,Healthy subjects ,Electromyography ,Anatomy ,Body weight ,Motor unit ,Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience ,Physiology (medical) ,medicine ,Neurology (clinical) ,Muscle fibre ,medicine.symptom ,Heel strike ,Muscle contraction - Abstract
The use of the musculus tibialis anterior during walking and the type and size of its muscle fibers were determined in 15 young normal subjects (29 +/- 4 years) and in 13 old healthy subjects (70 +/- 3 years). In the average step cycle 16 +/- 6% of the maximal surface EMG was recorded during the swing phase and 44 +/- 15% during 100 msec at the heel strike. Single motor unit recordings showed that low-threshold units fired at 10-15 Hz during the swing and at 20-25 Hz during the heel strike peak. Usually, high-threshold units did not participate in the ordinary step cycle. A significantly higher mean use was found in the old subjects as compared with the young ones presumably due to lower muscle power in relation to body weight. In the young subjects 76 +/- 7% of the muscle fibers were type 1 and 22 +/- 7% were type 2A. In the old subjects 84 +/- 9% were type 1 and 15 +/- 8% were type 2A. In the young subjects the mean cross-sectional area of type 1 fibers was 3950 +/- 950 microns2 and of type 2 fibers was 8070 +/- 1850 microns2. In the old subjects the corresponding numerals were 4050 +/- 890 microns2 and 5700 +/- 1970 microns2, respectively. The significance of physiological variations in use for muscle fiber type composition and size is discussed.
- Published
- 1988
470. Peak dynamic force in human gait
- Author
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Michael Munro, J. M. Mansour, Eric L. Radin, I L Paul, P.J. Abernethy, and S. R. Simon
- Subjects
Materials science ,Heel ,Transducers ,Biomedical Engineering ,Biophysics ,Impulse (physics) ,Body weight ,Contact force ,medicine ,Humans ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,Force platform ,Gait ,Heel strike ,Leg ,business.industry ,Rehabilitation ,Structural engineering ,Biomechanical Phenomena ,body regions ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Transducer ,Force dynamics ,business ,Locomotion - Abstract
Studies were made of the forces generated at heel stroke in human gait using both force plates having a high resonant frequencies (capable of picking up high frequency components in the contact force) as well as a force transducer inserted into the heel of the shoe of the subjects. The output traces were analyzed for the existence of high frequency impulsive loads during a normal walking cycle. The effect of the complicance of the foot and floor was studied with the force transducers. The results showed that during normal human gait the lower limb is subjected to a high frequency impulsive load at heel strike. The severity of this impulse varied with the individual, the velocity and angle with which the limb aproached the ground and the compliance of the two materials coming in contact at heel strike. The magnitude of this peak force varied from 0.5 to 1.25 times body weight and its frequency components from 10 to 75 Hz.
- Published
- 1981
471. Gait reaction reconstruction and a heel strike algorithm
- Author
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A.B. Thornton-Trump and G.W. Brodland
- Subjects
Engineering ,Heel ,business.industry ,Pressure data ,Rehabilitation ,Biomedical Engineering ,Biophysics ,Biomechanics ,Models, Theoretical ,Models, Biological ,Biomechanical Phenomena ,Gait (human) ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,medicine ,Humans ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,Force platform ,business ,Gait ,Algorithm ,Heel strike ,Algorithms - Abstract
A mathematical model of gait ground loading is presented. The model allows the ground reactions produced by any particular single- or multiple-footfall pattern to be constructed, given a sufficient variety of other measured ground reactions. An algorithm which uses center of vertical pressure data only to determine the instants of successive heel strikes on a large force plate is then presented. Experiments show the high accuracy of the heel strike algorithm and show that reconstructions of the vertical component of ground reactions are typically within 3% of corresponding measured reactions. The techniques presented allow certain problems associated with small force plates and other problems associated with large force plates to be largely overcome.
- Published
- 1987
472. Transient Vibrations Caused by Heel Strike
- Author
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J E Smeathers
- Subjects
musculoskeletal diseases ,030222 orthopedics ,Mechanical Engineering ,0206 medical engineering ,02 engineering and technology ,General Medicine ,Geodesy ,Vibration ,020601 biomedical engineering ,Biomechanical Phenomena ,body regions ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Humans ,Heel ,Transient (oscillation) ,Gait ,Heel strike ,Transmissibility (structural dynamics) ,Geology - Abstract
Transient vibrations caused by heel strike and travelling vertically through the body have been monitored using accelerometers taped to the skin. A correction for skin movement based on the transmissibility function is described. The average velocity between the foot and the head for the heel-strike transient is 220 m/s. This velocity is greatest in the legs, 610 m/s, and least in the spine, 90 m/s. Shock absorption occurs mainly in the legs and to a lesser degree in the spine.
- Published
- 1989
473. Electromyographic activity controlled at different times in the human step cycle
- Author
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William H. Ganoe, Linda K. Gorman, and Mary C. Wetzel
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Computer assistance ,Biophysics ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,General Medicine ,Rectus femoris muscle ,Audiology ,Duration (music) ,medicine ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,Red light ,Treadmill ,Stimulus control ,Psychology ,Heel strike ,Simulation ,Step cycle - Abstract
Greater understanding of human stepping patterns will be gained when different successive portions of the step cycle can be attributed to specific origins. In this study the strength of a known behavior, an operant composed of a colored light as discriminative stimulus and electromyographic activity of the rectus femoris muscle as response, was compared with that of other ongoing behaviors at each of five times during the stance (down) and swing (up) phases. Under computer assistance, while subjects walked on a motorized treadmill a green light discriminated a burst of 100–400 msec within a performance duration of 700 msec, while a red light discriminated muscle silence. Red and green lights were scheduled first in systematic and later in random orders across the 10 consecutive steps of each successive trial. The green light produced large successful bursts in every position after relatively little training, to rule out any powerful competing source of reflexive or other stimulus control. These discriminated bursts were accompanied in some instances by longlasting low amplitude activity, either several hundred msec before heel strike or else prior to the colored light. Control for the first low EMG type might have been reflexive (built in) or acquired through conditioning, but control for the second was acquired and depended upon movement produced stimulation that was associated with each position of the light.
- Published
- 1983
474. The HPC-Device: A Method to Quantify the Heel Pad Shock Absorbency
- Author
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Eilif Larsen, U. G. Jørgensen, and Jens Erik Varmarken
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,musculoskeletal diseases ,Heel ,Adolescent ,0206 medical engineering ,02 engineering and technology ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Cadaver ,Transducers, Pressure ,Humans ,Medicine ,Shock, Traumatic ,Heel strike ,Aged ,Aged, 80 and over ,business.industry ,Reproducibility of Results ,Equipment Design ,030229 sport sciences ,General Medicine ,Middle Aged ,020601 biomedical engineering ,Shock (mechanics) ,body regions ,Skinfold Thickness ,Shock absorber ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Drop tests ,Female ,Linear correlation ,business ,Biomedical engineering - Abstract
Previous studies have indicated that the shock absorbency of the heel pad is significant in the pathophysiology of pain conditions connected with heel strike. The purpose of this study was to develop a simple clinically usable method for quantification of the heel pad shock absorbency. The results of our efforts was the HPC-device which consists of a fixing device and a transducer. The HPC-device was found suitable in the evaluation of the heel pad force/deformation characteristics. The reproducibility of heel pad deformation was 0.96. Tests of six cadaver heel pads revealed a high correlation between the HPC result and the shock absorbency found by drop tests. In a normal material (200 heel pads), it was found that the shock absorption decreased with age and that men had significantly higher shock absorbency than women. Men also had significantly thicker heel pads than women. However, there was no linear correlation between the thickness of the heel pad and the shock absorbency, although the thinnest heel pads had the lowest shock absorbency. The HPC-device was found clinically usable and will be used in further testing of the significance of heel pad shock absorption for the development of heel strike dependent over-use injuries.
- Published
- 1989
475. The foot and footwear/1
- Author
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P. K. Sethi
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Heel ,Arches of the foot ,Rehabilitation ,Anatomy ,Body weight ,medicine.disease_cause ,Health Professions (miscellaneous) ,Weight-bearing ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Physical medicine and rehabilitation ,medicine ,Ankle ,Arch ,Psychology ,Heel strike ,Foot (unit) - Abstract
Coming from a country where the majority of people walk in unshod feet and where shoes are an expensive luxury, I would like to offer some unconventional thoughts which might provide a global overview of the problems involved in the design of footwear and foot and ankle orthoses. I was brought up with the traditional concept of the foot being merely a static tripod or a semi-rigid support for superincumbent body weight. The arches of the foot were held to be very important and fie height of the longitudinal arch was correlated with a superior kind of foot. We owe it to Hicks (1961) of Birmingham who taught us to clearly differentiate between a beam, an arch and a truss, and the role of muscles and the plantar aponeurosis in the weight bearing and balancing mechanism of the foot. But the foot can no longer be viewed as a mere weight-bearing device meant only for standing. It has evolved, as the bioengineering team at the University of California (1947) has been telling us over the last two decades, as a dynamic mechanism functioning as an integral part of the locomotor system. The human foot is primarily meant for walking and it is important to understand its behaviour in the walking cycle. The foot is a remarkably mobile mechanism, adapting itself to the contours of the ground as well as responding to the forces transmitted via the suprapedal segments from above. By supinating and pronating, it causes the weight fine to follow a curved pathway leading to an even load distribution on the metatarsal heads. It becomes supple as it is grounded from heel strike to foot flat, and rigid as it prepares itself for heel rise and the final take-off. There is a locking mechanism in the foot, operated
- Published
- 1977
476. Gait Analysis with Reference to Chondromalacia Patellae
- Author
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Paula Z. Dillon, Wynn F. Updyke, and William C. Allen
- Subjects
musculoskeletal diseases ,Orthodontics ,business.industry ,Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation ,General Medicine ,Anatomy ,Femoral rotation ,musculoskeletal system ,medicine.disease ,Gait ,Chondromalacia patellae ,Chondromalacia ,Gait analysis ,medicine ,High speed cinematography ,business ,human activities ,Heel strike ,Normal female - Abstract
This study analyzed the gait of women exhibiting symptoms of chondromalacia patellae, and compared them with a group of women without chondromalacia symptoms. High speed cinematography was used to film the subjects walking on a level surface and a 15 downhill slope. Flexion of the knee on both surfaces during the single support phase was significantly less for the chondromalacia subjects (P < 0.05). increased external femoral rotation was detected in chondromalacia patellae subjects (P < 0.05) during swing phase on level and sloping surfaces. A radical inward femoral rotation occurred immediately preceding heel strike (P < 0.001). We conclude that significant differences in gait are apparent in females exibiting chondromalacia patellae symptoms as compared with apparently normal female knees.J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1983;5(3):127-131.
- Published
- 1983
477. Effects of rotation on the lubrication characteristics of knee joints during normal articulation
- Author
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P.N. Tandon and R.S. Gupta
- Subjects
musculoskeletal diseases ,Engineering drawing ,Materials science ,Bearing (mechanical) ,Surfaces and Interfaces ,Mechanics ,Knee Joint ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Rotation ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,law.invention ,Mechanism (engineering) ,Mechanics of Materials ,law ,Materials Chemistry ,Lubrication ,Articulation (phonetics) ,Joint (geology) ,Heel strike - Abstract
Analytically, the effects of rotation at one joint dominate the normal articulation and the mechanism of lubrication at the other. For a two-region flow model of an idealized knee joint, under the assumptions of small rotations and the short bearing approximation, for negative values of the rotational parameter the load-carrying capacity increases and the load-carrying capacity decreases for positive values of the rotational parameter. These results indicate that during a part of the walking cycle (from heel strike to toe-off) rotation increases with load.
- Published
- 1982
478. Dynamic stress analysis of below-knee drop foot braces; Studies on patients with paralysis of the lower limb
- Author
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A. Magora and G. C. Robin
- Subjects
musculoskeletal diseases ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Pivot joint ,Adolescent ,Biomedical Engineering ,Lower limb ,Foot Diseases ,Paralysis ,medicine ,Humans ,Child ,Gait ,Heel strike ,Dynamic stress ,Orthodontics ,Braces ,Stance phase ,business.industry ,General Engineering ,Human physiology ,equipment and supplies ,musculoskeletal system ,Biomechanical Phenomena ,Computer Science Applications ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Physical therapy ,medicine.symptom ,business ,human activities - Abstract
A stress analysis was carried out on below-knee braces of standard design on four patients suffering from drop foot due to poliomyelitis. The maximum stresses were recorded during the stance phase of gait. A comparison was made with stresses analysed in similar braces worn by a normal subject.
- Published
- 1969
479. The Instrumented Running Shoe
- Author
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Stefan Schwanitz and Stephan Odenwald
- Subjects
Engineering ,Heel ,Instrumentation ,0206 medical engineering ,Mechanical engineering ,02 engineering and technology ,Kinematics ,Deformation (meteorology) ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Calibration ,medicine ,running ,sports equipment ,Heel strike ,Engineering(all) ,instrumentation ,business.industry ,Hall effect ,030229 sport sciences ,General Medicine ,020601 biomedical engineering ,Laboratory test ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Proof of concept ,smart shoe ,footwear ,business - Abstract
The aim of this study was to proof a sensor concept dedicated to overcome severe limitations of laboratory-based research on running footwear. Therefore, the heel part of a commercial running shoe was equipped with five Hall-Effect sensors and the same number of permanent magnets. Due to a specific calibration routine, it was possible to calculate the local deformation of the midsole during heel strike at each of the five positions from the sensor output voltage. The proof of concept was performed by conducting running trials in a laboratory test set-up. The so obtained deformation related variables were correlated to established kinetic and kinematic parameters.
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480. Technical Note
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P. H. Rees, D. J. Pratt, and C. Rodgers
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Orthodontics ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Materials science ,Rehabilitation ,Sorbothane ,Technical note ,Accelerometer ,Health Professions (miscellaneous) ,Orthotic device ,Shock (mechanics) ,Surgery ,Plastazote ,medicine ,Heel strike - Abstract
Due to the increase in prescription of insoles to relieve symptoms due to skeletal shocks at heel strike a pilot study was initiated to look at some materials used for this purpose. Five materials were examined (Plastazote, Spenco, Sorbothane, Poron (PPT) and Viscolas) by two methods. The first method used an accelerometer mounted between the teeth of one of the authors (PR) to record skeletal shock. The second method used a force plate to record the shock produced by dropping a ball-bearing onto the insoles from a standard height. The results showed that Plastazote is poor at absorbing shock with Spenco and Sorbothane being quite good. The best insole materials tested were Poron (PPT) and Viscolas with the latter being marginally superior. No account was taken of degradation of the materials in use except that Plastazote worn for 72 hours was also used in the study, this producing the worst results.
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- 1986
481. Experiments on Man, Loaded and Unloaded
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Wilhelm Braune and Otto Fischer
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Control theory ,Position (vector) ,Movement (music) ,Computer science ,Process (computing) ,Human body ,Moment of inertia ,Mechanical Problem ,Articulation (phonetics) ,Heel strike - Abstract
The classical researches of Weber and Weber1 on the mechanics of human gait have demonstrated that the movements of man, particularly in walking and running, are amenable to mechanical processing. This is based on the possibility of obtaining accurate knowledge of a particular movement by direct measurement. The results, empirically obtained, constitute the foundation for subsequent studies. One has to deal with a mechanical problem: from the movements carried out by the different parts of the human body the forces necessary to cause those movements have to be deduced. This problem can in principle always be solved if one understands the process of movement and if one knows the magnitude of the mass, the position of the centre of gravity, the magnitude of the moments of inertia of each part of the body and in what way the movements of the different parts of the body are conditioned by articulation and external forces such as friction against the ground. Conversely, difficulties very often oppose the precise solution of the reverse problem, that is to deduce the movements from a knowledge of the forces.
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- 1987
482. Temporal Resolution Requirements For The Double Stance Period Of Human Gait
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Alex R. Schaer, Philip Procter, and Juerg U. Baumann
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Motion analysis ,Normal gait ,Physical medicine and rehabilitation ,Geography ,Temporal resolution ,Gait analysis ,medicine ,High temporal resolution ,Kinematics ,Heel strike ,Period (music) ,Simulation - Abstract
Study of transient force phenomena in the double stance period of normal gait suggests that high temporal resolution is required in concommittant movement analysis. The present study concludes that at least 300 pictures per second are necessary to resolve kinematic transients associated with heel strike.
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- 1983
483. Significance of heel pad confinement for the shock absorption at heel strike
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U. Jørgensen and J. Ekstrand
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musculoskeletal diseases ,Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Heel ,Adolescent ,Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation ,Body weight ,Barefoot ,Running ,Soccer ,medicine ,Humans ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,Force platform ,Heel strike ,Orthodontics ,business.industry ,Biomechanics ,Shoes ,body regions ,Shock absorber ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Evaluation Studies as Topic ,Gait analysis ,Athletic Injuries ,Physical therapy ,Female ,business ,Sports - Abstract
Shock absorption (SA) is a simple way to reduce the body load and can be used in the prevention and treatment of injuries. The heel pad is the most important shock absorber in the shoe heel complex. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the SA at heel strike can be increased by heel support in people and shoes with high or low SA. The impact forces at heel strike were measured on an AMTI (R) force platform. Fourteen legs were tested in seven persons (nine with normal and five with low heel pad SA) in gait analysis and in human drop tests. The tests were performed barefooted, and in a soccer and a running shoe (selected by shoe drop test), with and without the distal 2 cm of the heel counter. The heel pad confinement produced by the heel counter (the heel counter effect) increased the SA in both shoe types significantly in both impact situations. The mean increase in SA was 8.8% (range 5.8%-15.5%). The heel counter effect was in all situations significantly higher in persons with low heel pad shock absorbency (LHPSA) than in those with normal heel pads. The barefoot impact peak force per kg body weight was significantly higher (6% mean) on the side with LHPSA. The running shoe provided the significantly greatest SA compared with the soccer shoe. It is concluded that the shock absorbency at heel strike can be increased significantly by heel support, with highest effect in persons with LHPSA, both in shoes with high and low SA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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- 1988
484. Female gait patterns: the influence of footwear
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R. W. Soames and A. A. Evans
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musculoskeletal diseases ,Adult ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Heel ,Adolescent ,Posture ,Poison control ,Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation ,Human Factors and Ergonomics ,Limb segment ,Barefoot ,medicine ,Humans ,Ground reaction force ,Heel strike ,Gait ,Orthodontics ,Biomechanical Phenomena ,Shoes ,body regions ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Physical therapy ,Female ,Contact area ,Geology - Abstract
The two horizontal orthogonal ground reaction forces, mediolateral (Fx) and antero-posterior (Fy), together with limb segment displacements, were recorded simultaneously during gait from 24 female subjects aged 18–29 years. Recordings were made for each subject barefoot and when wearing each of four different pairs of shoes: soft-soled, rigid-soled, medium- and high-heeled. The results showed a trend for increasing lateral stability with increasing heel height and decreasing ground contact area. This.was reflected in decreasing mean values for defined ground reaction force peaks in the medio-lateral direction at heel strike and at toe off. Limb segments displacements tended to increase with decreasing heel height and increasing shoe-ground contact area, being greatest when subjects were wearing pumps, i.e. flexible-soled, no-heeled shoes.
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- 1987
485. New Unconventional Prosthesis for Above-Knee Amputees
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R. M. Kenedi, S. E. Solomonidis, N. Berme, and C. Rigas
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Proprioception ,Stance phase ,business.industry ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Stride length ,Effective length ,Artificial knee ,Prosthesis ,body regions ,Gait (human) ,Physical medicine and rehabilitation ,Medicine ,business ,human activities ,Heel strike - Abstract
The new design, compared with conventional legs, aims at providing the amputee with greater stability, better function and proprioception by the elimination of the artificial knee joint. Ground clearance during swing phase is achieved by shortening the effective length of the limb, utilising a self-energising mechanism. Clinical trials have indicated that when patients wore this telescopic limb their gait improved and their confidence increased.
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- 1979
486. Cyclic impacts on heel strike: a possible biomechanical factor in the etiology of degenerative disease of the human locomotor system
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Shimon Liberty, J. Wosk, Yoram Folman, and Arkady Voloshin
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Adult ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Fourier Analysis ,business.industry ,Fatigue testing ,General Medicine ,medicine.disease ,Biomechanical Phenomena ,Degenerative disease ,Physical medicine and rehabilitation ,medicine ,Physical therapy ,Humans ,Surgery ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,Heel ,Joint Diseases ,business ,Heel strike - Abstract
The cyclic impacts induced by heel strike when walking were studied using both a high-resonance-frequency force plate and a low-mass skin-mounted accelerometer. The data were computer analyzed. The results showed that during normal human walking, the locomotor system is subjected to repetitive impact loads at heel strike, lasting about 5 ms and consisting of frequency spectra up to and above 100 Hz. The natural shock-absorbing structures in the musculoskeletal system have viscoelastic time-dependent mechanical behavior, which is relatively ineffective in withstanding sudden impulsive loads. Degenerative joint diseases may thus be seen as a late clinical result of fatigue failure of the natural shock absorbers, submitted to deleterious impacts over a period of time.
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- 1986
487. A conductive rubber footswitch design for gait analysis
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R.J. Minns
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Engineering ,Conductive rubber ,business.industry ,Square inch ,Biophysics ,Mechanical engineering ,Structural engineering ,Foot loading ,Shoes ,Gait (human) ,Natural rubber ,Walking cycle ,visual_art ,Gait analysis ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,Pressure ,Humans ,Rubber ,business ,Heel strike ,Gait - Abstract
The performance of a footswitch which uses conductive rubber modules in foam, sandwiched between two brass shims in the form of an inner sole placed between the foot and the shoe is reported. Contact switching force decreases with module density, whilst position of the conductivity plugs in the footswitch is irrelevant. Comments on the construction of a footswitch using these modules are made, in particular no modification of the conductive rubber is needed and a density throughout greater than 4 modules per square inch leads to threshold switch forces of 30 N and less which is totally acceptable for gait analysis use without fears of contact being made whilst inserting and positioned in the subject's shoe.
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- 1982
488. Estimation of Gait Cycle Duration and Stride Length from One Marker Kinematic Data
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Håkan Lanshammar
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Gait (human) ,Computer science ,Duration (music) ,business.industry ,Gait analysis ,STRIDE ,Pattern recognition ,Artificial intelligence ,Kinematics ,Stride length ,Gait cycle ,business ,Heel strike - Abstract
Several modern gait analysis techniques, such as Selspot, Vicon etc., provide coordinate data for markers affixed to the body. These data are used for different kinds of kinematic and kinetic locomotion analysis. However, since most variables of interest are depending on stride length and stride duration, it is important to include these basic gait parameters in the analysis. For assessment of the validity of collected data and of the patients ability to carry out stationary gait, it is also useful to have a measure of the degree of stationarity in the data.
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- 1987
489. Loading on Normal Hip and Knee Joints and on Joint Replacements
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J. P. Paul
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Orthodontics ,Joint replacement ,business.industry ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Knee flexion ,Total knee replacement ,medicine ,Joint force ,Abnormality ,business ,Joint (geology) ,Heel strike - Abstract
Increasing use is being made of implanted joint replacements in the treatment of patients suffering from degenerative and other joint diseases. The success of these is naturally measured in most cases by the patient himself in his expressed satisfaction with the end result in respect of relief from pain and in restoration of function. The clinician also makes an assessment in terms of the degree of activity which the patient can routinely undertake and the degree of abnormality in the restored pattern of use.
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- 1976
490. Accelerographic, temporal, and distance gait factors in below-knee amputees
- Author
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Gary L. Smidt, Jaspir S. Arora, and James L. Robinson
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Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Time Factors ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Acceleration ,Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation ,Artificial Limbs ,Experimental laboratory ,Amputation, Surgical ,Gait (human) ,Physical medicine and rehabilitation ,Medicine ,Humans ,Knee ,Heel strike ,Gait ,Physical Therapy Modalities ,Aged ,business.industry ,Stance phase ,Stride length ,Middle Aged ,Biomechanical Phenomena ,Amputation ,Female ,Gait pattern ,business ,Cadence - Abstract
Gait characteristics of 19 patients with a unilateral below-knee amputation were studied. The accelerographic and foot placement method used in this study allowed for simultaneous acquisition of data commonly obtained in the experimental laboratory (acceleration) and data easily gathered in the physical therapy clinic (temporal and distance factors). The following results may be of interest to the clinician: 1) measures of cadence, stride length, and velocity were highly related and the magnitude of these measures was below commonly accepted values for normal; 2) the below-knee amputees spent more time in stance phase on their uninvolved lower extremity than on their involved (prosthetic) extemity; 3) the step length from heel strike of the uninvolved lower extremity to heel strike of the involved (prosthetic) lower extremity was greater and accomplished in less time than the opposite step; and 4) smoothness of the gait pattern and any single temporal and distance factor exhibited low statistical relationships.
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- 1977
491. The effect of footwear mass on the gait patterns of unilateral below-knee amputees
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J. M. Donn, V. C. Roberts, and David Porter
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musculoskeletal diseases ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Knee Joint ,Movement ,Artificial Limbs ,Pilot Projects ,Health Professions (miscellaneous) ,Amputation, Surgical ,otorhinolaryngologic diseases ,medicine ,Humans ,Heel strike ,Gait ,Mathematics ,Orthodontics ,Stance phase ,Rehabilitation ,technology, industry, and agriculture ,Swing ,Artificial limbs ,Biomechanical Phenomena ,Shoes ,body regions ,Gait analysis ,Physical therapy ,Female ,Symmetry (geometry) ,human activities - Abstract
This study reports an investigation into the effect of shoe mass on the gait patterns of below-knee (BK) amputees. Ten established unilateral BK, patellar-tendon-bearing prosthesis wearers were assessed using a VICON system of gait analysis. Incremental masses of 50g (up to 200g) were added to the subjects' shoes and data captured as they walked along a 15m measurement field. Coefficients of symmetry of various parameters of the swing phase (knee frequency symmetry, swing time symmetry, maximum flexion to heel strike time symmetry) were measured and their correlation was tested with the patient's preferrerd shoe mass and also their own shoe mass, all expressed as a proportion of body mass.The subjects' ‘preferred’ shoe mass (139-318g) showed the greatest symmetry in all the parameters examined (correlations 0.78-0.81 p
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- 1989
492. Control and Movement of Lower Limbs
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Necip Berme
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Physical medicine and rehabilitation ,Lower limb muscle ,Movement (music) ,Stance phase ,medicine ,Force platform ,Gait pattern ,Psychology ,Control (linguistics) ,Heel strike - Abstract
Each individual has a characteristic gait pattern, and it is even possible to recognise a person simply from his footsteps. However, these characteristic differences appear to be subtle variations superimposed on a basic pattern and for the purpose of locomotion studies it is the basic pattern that is of interest.
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- 1980
493. Considerations on the Further Goals of the Research and Overall View of the Movements of the Lower Extremities
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Wilhelm Braune and Otto Fischer
- Subjects
Gravity (chemistry) ,Gait (human) ,Drag ,Movement (music) ,Frictional resistance ,Human body ,Mechanics ,Ground reaction force ,Heel strike ,Geology - Abstract
In Chap. 2 the movement of the total centre of gravity of the human body during walking was analysed. This provided a clear insight into the movement of the body as a whole. The external forces which act on the whole human body in the different phases of gait were also established. Some of these forces are independent of the will, e.g. gravity. The magnitude of others can be modified at will, within certain limits, e. g. the ground reaction force and the frictional resistance of the ground. Air resistance can be classed in either of these groups: though no influence can be exerted on air currents, it is possible to change the velocity of the forward movement of the body, on which the magnitude of air resistance mainly depends.
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- 1987
494. An in vitro simulation study of impulsive force transmission along the lower skeletal extremity
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Mamerto L. Chu, Michael J. Askew, Ivan A. Gradisar, and Saeed Yazdani-Ardakani
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musculoskeletal diseases ,Cartilage, Articular ,Biomedical Engineering ,Biophysics ,Knee Joint ,In Vitro Techniques ,Knee prosthesis ,medicine ,Humans ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,Knee ,Tibia ,Femur ,Heel strike ,Orthodontics ,Human cadaver ,business.industry ,Cartilage ,Rehabilitation ,Anatomy ,In vitro experiment ,musculoskeletal system ,Biomechanical Phenomena ,Models, Structural ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Stress, Mechanical ,Ankle ,business ,Knee Prosthesis ,human activities ,Aluminum - Abstract
Several investigators have revealed that a relationship exists between articular cartilage deterioration and the mechanical stress that results from transient impulsive forces created in the lower extremity during gait. This study is an investigation of the transmission of impulse waves through the lower extremity and the effect of knee pathology and prosthetic knee replacement on their transmission. An in vitro experiment is performed using human cadaver specimens that are instrumented with accelerometers. The distal end of the tibia is impacted with a vibration shaker to simulate heel strike. The results indicate that the normal knee joint is able to attenuate 59% of the transient peak force applied to it by the tibia. This attenuation capacity is reduced by knee pathology and decreases further with implantation of a knee prosthesis. The results indicate that abnormalities at the knee may increase the risk of degenerative changes at the ankle, hip and in the spine due to increased transient impulsive forces.
- Published
- 1986
495. Differentiation of idiopathic toe-walking and cerebral palsy
- Author
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Ramona Hicks, James R. Gage, and Nancy Durinick
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musculoskeletal diseases ,Moderate to severe ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Cerebral palsy ,Spastic diplegia ,Ankylosis ,Medicine ,Humans ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,Knee ,Spasticity ,Child ,Heel strike ,Gait ,Movement Disorders ,business.industry ,Cerebral Palsy ,General Medicine ,Toes ,medicine.disease ,body regions ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,Physical therapy ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,Ankle ,business ,human activities - Abstract
Kinematic data were collected on two groups of children with diagnoses of idiopathic toe-walking and mild spastic diplegia. Although both groups lacked a heel strike at initial contact, two distinct gait patterns were found. The toe-walkers displayed a variable pattern of ankle motion with moderate to severe plantarflexion at stance. The cerebral palsy patients showed a repeatable gait pattern with only minimal deviation from normal. The absence of a heel strike in this group is due to the sustained knee flexion at terminal swing and initial contact, which was significantly greater than in the toe-walkers.
- Published
- 1988
496. Kinematics of the Swing of the Leg
- Author
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Otto Fischer and Wilhelm Braune
- Subjects
Effective force ,Philosophy ,Body segment ,Pendulum ,Movement (clockwork) ,Kinematics ,Swing ,Heel strike ,Epistemology - Abstract
Among the movements carried out by the different segments of the human body during walking, none has aroused such controversy as the swinging of the leg. Weber and Weber claimed that this movement was purely that of a pendulum and resulted solely from gravity. The controversy has continued ever since. There are opponents and supporters of the Webers’1 theory. Both have tried to provide the empirical bases to sustain their point of view. But no unequivocal confirmation or refutation of the Webers’ theory has yet been brought forwards. The question thus remains open.
- Published
- 1987
497. Management of subcalcaneal pain and Achilles tendonitis with heel inserts
- Author
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Barbara Vyvyan and G. E. Maclellan
- Subjects
musculoskeletal diseases ,Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Heel ,Adolescent ,Polymers ,Pain ,Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation ,Sports Medicine ,Achilles Tendon ,medicine ,Humans ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,Achilles tendonitis ,Prospective Studies ,Child ,Heel strike ,Aged ,Orthodontics ,Achilles tendon ,business.industry ,Soft tissue ,General Medicine ,Original Articles ,Middle Aged ,Shoes ,body regions ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Tendinopathy ,Physical therapy ,Female ,business - Abstract
Soft tissue symptoms in the leg due to sporting activity are commonly associated with the force of heel strike. Conventional training shoes compromise between comfort and performance; few models are suitably designed for both considerations. Using a visco-elastic polymer insert the symptoms of heel pain and Achilles tendonitis have been largely or completely abolished in a preliminary study.
- Published
- 1981
498. Skeletal transients during heel and toe strike running and the effectiveness of some materials in their attenuation
- Author
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D.J. Pratt and T. Oakley
- Subjects
body regions ,Heel-and-toe ,Attenuation ,Biophysics ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,Geotechnical engineering ,Heel strike ,Geology ,Foot (unit) ,Foot loading ,Rate of rise ,Shock (mechanics) ,Contact force - Abstract
Because of the increased popularity of running, interest has focussed on ways of reducing injurious skeletal shocks. This paper examines heel and toe strike running styles and the effect of shock attenuating materials in reducing foot/floor contact forces and skeletal shocks. Using a force plate and an accelerometer, 18volunteers (10 men, 8 women) were studied and the following observations made. Firstly, toe striking reduced the skeletal transients and the rate of rise of foot loading. Secondly, the three materials studied (PPT, Viscolas and Cleron) all reduced the rate of foot loading in heel strike, but only one (PPT) affected the skeletal transient peak height during toe strike. No other significant results were obtained.
- Published
- 1987
499. Biomechanics of the Hip
- Author
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Victor H. Frankel and James Pugh
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Rehabilitation ,ComputingMethodologies_SIMULATIONANDMODELING ,business.industry ,medicine.medical_treatment ,ComputingMethodologies_IMAGEPROCESSINGANDCOMPUTERVISION ,Biomechanics ,Surgical correction ,Gait cycle ,Femoral head ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Physical medicine and rehabilitation ,Orthopedic surgery ,Medicine ,business ,Heel strike ,ComputingMethodologies_COMPUTERGRAPHICS ,Femoral neck - Abstract
Biomechanics is the science which combines principles of engineering, basic laws of physics, and orthopaedic surgery. Biomechanics research enables the surgeon to achieve a greater understanding of the variety of mechanical derangements of the body, to formulate a precise surgical correction of a problem, and to design an effective rehabilitation program.
- Published
- 1984
500. Skeletal transients on heel strike in normal walking with different footwear
- Author
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G.E. McLellan, L. Klenerman, and L.H. Light
- Subjects
Adult ,Rehabilitation ,Biomedical Engineering ,Biophysics ,Mechanics ,Anatomy ,Vibration ,Bone and Bones ,Biomechanical Phenomena ,Shoes ,Acceleration ,Back Pain ,Osteoarthritis ,Traveling wave ,Humans ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,Heel ,Stress, Mechanical ,Nervous System Diseases ,Heel strike ,Gait ,Geology - Abstract
Simultaneous measurements during normal walking of the transient acceleration on heel strike in the tibia and skull show peaks of ∼ 5 g and 0.5 g respectively when hard heels were worn. Resilient heels halved the amplitudes, while rebound could be avoided by a construction including a viscoelastic polymer insert. The transient is propagated as travelling waves up (and outwards from) the skeleton, its inconspicuous appearance in force plate studies being due to the non-uniform and non-synchronous acceleration of various parts of the body. Implications of these findings are noted, including the potential contribution of heel strike transients to osteoarthritic degeneration. Aggravation of symptoms in sufferers from back troubles may well be due to shear induced by them in para-osteal tissue. Possible physiological roles for the transients, which may account for their existence, are also mentioned.
- Published
- 1980
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