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The photosystem II inhibitory activity of substituted phenylurea derivatives in liverwort photoautotrophically cultured cells was determined by monitoring chlorophyll fluorescence. Since the inhibitory activities in this assay correlated well with both the Hill inhibitory activity in isolated thylakoids and the herbicidal activity against mung bean plants, this bioassay may be a suitable screening method for photosystem II inhibitory herbicides.

(1) 昭和48年1月1日から同52年10月31日までの約5年間に, 当教室外来を受診した患者の約0.066%, 22例に先天性頸部嚢腫を認め, そのうち先天性正中頸嚢腫18例 (0.054%), 先天性側頸嚢腫4例 (0.012%) であった.(2) 年令別分布を見ると, 0～20才に73%の症例が含まれたが, 50才台の症例も見られ, 年令のみで容易に診断できないことも推察された.(3) 治療面では, 正中頸嚢腫手術例10例につき3例の再発を見た (再発率30%). しかし, 舌骨切除を行なわなかった9例中6例け再発せずに治癒しており, 舌骨切除は必ずしも, どの症例にも必要なものではなく, 今回再発した3例のような症例に限り必要であり, その診断が大切である. 側頸嚢腫手術例1例には再発を見ていない.

A five-year-old female visited our hospital because of nasal obstruction and epiphora. The right nasal cavity was occupied by a soft gray tumor. After total resection of the tumor piece by piece, it was considered that the tumor originated from the lateral wall of the right nasal cavity and spread to the right maxillary sinus, ethmoid sinus, and nasal cavity. Histological examination revealed a benign Chondroma. As Chondroma tend to exhibit sarcomatous changes, long-term follow-up is essential.

A new mutant thylakoid membrane with threonine substituted for serine at the 264th position of D-1 protein (Thr264 mutant) showed strong resistance to triazines, phenylureas, metribuzin, and bromacil; whereas mutants with glycine substituted at the 264th position (Gly264 mutant) showed little resistance to phenylureas. The mechanism by which phenylureas bind to D-1 protein was investigated by quantitative structure-activity relation (QSAR) analysis of Thr264 mutant thylakoid membranes and the results were compared with those for other thylakoid membranes. Inhibition of the Hill reaction increased with the hydrophobicity of the phenylureas, particularly in both of the resistant (Thr264 and Gly264) membranes, these membranes being more resistant to N -methoxy- N -methylphenylureas than to N,N -dimethyl derivatives. Our results confirm that the binding site for phenylureas considerably overlaps the site for triazines. Based on our experimental data and a model established for triazine binding in a bacterial reaction center, we speculate that hydrophobic interactions of the phenyl ring with D-1 protein and a hydrogen bond of the carbonyl oxygen with the peptide-NH of the 265th position are important for the herbicidal activity of phenylureas. In contrast, an additional hydrogen bond with the oxygen of serine 264 takes part in the binding of triazines, metribuzin, and bromacil.

The optical quality of AlGaAs/GaAs single quantum wells prepared by MBE has been remarkably improved by the introduction of an (InGaAs)(GaAs) strained superlattice buffer (SSLB) layer and an AlGaAs/GaAs superlattice buffer (SLB) layer. The PL measurement shows more than 5 times higher peak intensity compared with that of the SLB alone. A GRIN-SCH single quantum well 770 nm laser with both SSLB and SLB was also examined. A high internal quantum efficiency of 95% with a small cavity loss of α = 3cm-1 and a high differential quantum efficiency of 50% even for a 3200 μm long cavity have been achieved.

Among photomixotrophic green calluses tested (N. rustica. N. tobacum L. cv. BY-4 and Samsun), the callus of Samsun had the highest contents of chlorophyll and chloroplast lipids, such as monogalactosyldiglyceride (MGDG), digalactosyldiglyceride (DGDG), sulfoquinovosyldigly-ceride (SQDG) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG). However, the chlorophyll and chloroplast lipids in the green callus of Samsun were still 1/6 and 1/3 of that in the parent leaves, respectively. The relative content of a-linolenate in MGDG, DGDG and SQDG of the green calluses were higher than that of the white calluses. The ratios of hexadecatrienoate in MGDG and hexadeceno-ate (Δ3-trans) in PG in the green calluses were trace or less compared with that of the parent leaves. The crude lipids and total fatty acid contents of the chlorophyll deficient leaves (N. taba-cum L. cv. Consolation 402 and Dominant Aurea Su/su) were almost the same as those of the normal leaves (cv. BY-4 and Samsun), although the chlorophyll contents of the chlorophyll...

Trauma from occlusion has been considered an important factor of periodontal disease. Tooth clenching which closes the jaws involuntary under heavy pressure is recognized to produce a great destructive force.We must correctly judge whether patients have the habit of clenching for treatment of periodontal disease.However, patients are usually unware of the habit and dental science has not yet developed accurate creteria for diagnosis of clenching as of the present moment. The purpose of this study was to relate the cheek pressure, cheek indentation, and EMG of masseter muscle for clarifying the subject of clenching.The experiments were carried out on 7 subjects from 28 to 45 years. When clinically examined, they seemed to have the habit of clenching, and tooth indentation was recognizable on cheek mucosa. Buccal pressure in the upper first molar and premolar region, and electrical activity of the masseter muscle were messured at: (1) rest, (2) saliva swallow, (3) water swallow, (4) voluntary clenching (closing the jaws voluntarily), and (5) emotional stress.The results and conclusion were as follows:(1) At rest; increase of cheek pressure was recognized during involuntary swallow, but occasionally between each involuntary swallows.(2), (3) During saliva and water swallow (voluntary swallow), cheek pressure was appreciably increased in all subjects.(4) During voluntary clenching, electrical activity of the masseter muscle was recognizable, but cheek pressure was not remarkably increased.(5) During emotional stress, cheek pressure increased more than rest in four subjects. These phenomena seems to be identifiable in the tension of the orofacial muscles by emotional stress.

Short period (AlGaAs) m (GaAs) n (subscripts should stand for the monolayer number) superlattices have been applied to the active layer in a GRIN-SCH multi-quantum well laser diode grown by molecular beam epitaxy. A short wavelength of 720nm and cw operation at temperatures over 100°C were achieved, with a low threshold current of 24mA and high differential quantum efficiency of 75% at room temperature.

A study was made of the mechanical properties of the canine intrinsic laryngeal muscles; thyroarytenoid, cricothyroid, posterior cricoarytenoid, and lateral cricoarytenoid. These muscles were stimulated electrically with constant voltage stimulation of 1 Volt.The contraction time was found to differ between the relatively fast group (thyroarytenoid, 14 msec; lateral cricoarytenoid, 21 msec) and the relatively slow group (cricothyroid, 40 msec; posterior cricoarytenoid, 45 msec). The fusion frequency was also found to differ between the two groups, i. e. higher in the former (95Hz and 90Hz, respectively) and lower in the latter (40Hz and 45Hz, respectively). There was a certain correlation between the contraction time and the fusion frequency; the shorter the contraction time was, the higher was the fusion frequency.The mechanical properties of the laryngeal muscles were compared with the movement and biomechanics of the glottis induced by stimulation of the laryngeal nerve branch distributing to each intrinsic laryngeal muscle. The results indicated that the laryngeal movements and biomechanics, especially the glottic pressure, the size of the glottic chink and the adduction-abduction tension were affected significantly by the mechanical properties of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles and other anatomical structures such as the so-called elsetic recoil.

The distribution of the Substance P (SP) immunoreactive nerve fibres in the canine larynx and laryngeal nerves was studied by PAP immunohistochemistry. Many individual SP immunoreactive nerve fibres with varicosities were observed within the epithelial layer and in the connective tissue below the epithelium of the laryngeal mucosa. Small numbers of SP immunoreactive nerve fibres were also found in the submucosal gland region and some of them appeared to terminate in glandular cells. These findings are consistent with the view that SP might be involved in the laryngeal sensory innervation system and the laryngeal glandular secretion. No SP immunoreactive nerve fibres were found in any intrinsic laryngeal muscles. The recurrent laryngeal nerve and the superior laryngeal nerve contained SP immunoreactive nerve fibres and were considered to lie in the pathway of the SP nerve fibres to the larynx.

A rare case of congenital external parotid grand fistula was seen in a fourteen-year-old girl admitted with the complaint of salivation from a small hole in the left cheek. The salivation continued without stopping and increased especially after a meal. Stenon's foramen was situated at the normal position in her oral cavity and salivation was normal. She had no other congenital deformity.On physical examination, a cyst of 1.5cm in diameter was palpable at the back of the fistula. Sialography clearly revealed a cyst and fistula.A surgical procedure of extraction of the cyst which had an abnormal salivary duct was performed and the fistula on the left cheek was closed.The postoperative course was good and at present, 10 months after the surgery, sialography shows no fistula and she is free from any recurrence of the problem.

Aspiration may be caused by a variety of inco-ordination of swallowing.In this experimental design, a physiologic and biomechanical method for observation of the laryngopharyngeal motion was devised. That is, electromyographic observations of the laryngeal and pharyngeal constrictor muscles, measurement of glottic preseure and measurement of tensile force by laryngeal elevation were made in fully conscious and slightly anesthetized animals.These electromyographic and biomechanical observations of normal deglutition in the dog were characterized by a co-ordinated pattern of sequent three motions; laryngeal elevation, laryngeal closure and transportation of the bolus.Experimentally, aspiration was brought about by cutting superior laryngeal nerve, recurrent laryngeal nerve, vagal nerve and hypoglossal nerve.In the series of bilaterally sacrificed internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerves, the electrical phasic activity of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles and laryngeal closure were delayed about 90msec. during swallowing in slightly anesthetized condition, and in the series of bilaterally sectioned recurrent laryngeal nerves, degree of the laryngeal closure was markedly disturbed (34%). And also, degree of the laryngeal elevation at swallowing was 48% in the series of bilaterally sectioned hypoglossal nerves.From these experimental observations, mechanism of aspiration was described and discussed in clinical relation to aspiration.

The photoautotrophic culture medium for Cytisus scoparius Link cells was improved. Linsmaier and Skoog medium was modified by adding a 4-fold concentration of phosphate and lowering the auxin concentration (a-naphthaleneacetic acid 10−6M). Concentrations of all the inorganic elements except phosphate in the original basal medium were adequate for the photoautotrophic growth of Cytisus cells. A high concentration of cytokinin compensated for the inhibition of growth caused by a high concentration of auxin.

Protoplasts from mesophyll cells from leaves of Nicotiana tabacum and cultured cells of Rauwolfia serpentina were used. When polyethylene glycol was added to a mixture of these protoplasts, some protoplasts phagocytotically ingested another whole protoplast into their vacuoles. Phagocytosis occurred not only between protoplasts of the same species but also between those of different species. At the initial contact of two protoplasts, the cytoplasm between the plasma membrane and the tonoplast of the ingesting protoplast migrated from the area of contact and an invagination developed containing the other protoplast which was finally incorporated into the vacuole by closure of the invagination.

As functional reconstructive surgeries for recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis, there are static reconstruction such as intracordal silicone injection or Woodmann's operation, and dynamic reconstruction such as free nerve grafting and pedicle nerve muscle grafting.This paper is mainly concerned with the present situation and indication of each surgical procedure for recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis. In order to clear the indication of the surgery, recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis was classified pathophysiologically into four degrees: I. Condition of neurapraxia or its combination with axonotmesis, in which vocal cord movement might be recovered. II. Condition of axonotmesis or its combination with few neurotmesis, in which atrophy of the vocal cord exists and the movement could not be recovered. III. Condition of neurotmesis, in which atrophy and high level of the vocal cord exist. IV. Condition of severe neurotmesis, in which the vocal cord atrophies progressively.The mediofixation of the vocal cord for unilateral paralysis is indicated to vocal cord atrophy (II grade) and mediofixation of the vocal process by adduction of the arytenoid cartilage is indicated to the high level vocal cord. Dynamic reconstruction is needed for unilateral nerve defect at thyroidectomy. Surgical procedure for bilateral paralysis is selected depending on the degree of dyspnea.

Epoxide resins having various ratios of ether and ester bonds were investigated as to the relation between electric strength and polymer characteristics. The electric strength over a wide range of temperature is presented here. A marked reduction of strength characteristics of the epoxide resins occurs at a critical temperature indistinguishable from the glass transition temperature Tg, which is related to the free volume and molecular relaxation process. At temperatures exceeding Tg, the electric strength has a strong dependence on polymer structure, film thickness, and applied pulse width. This behavior is considered to obey the thermal breakdown mechanism, and it is assumed that the ion is important in the precursory region of electric breakdown.

The effects of herbicides with different primary modes of action were examined on the growth of photoautotrophic, photomixotrophic, and heterotrophic cultures of tobacco cells. These responses were compared with those of tobacco seedlings to the same herbicides. Herbicides, which primarily inhibit or disturb photosynthetic processes, suppressed the growth of photoautotrophic cells most strongly, as compared to photomixotrophic and heterotrophic cells (atrazine, diuron, paraquat). Herbicides having a primary mode of action other than the inhibition of photosynthetic processes, suppressed the growth of all types of cultured cells at similar concentrations (2,4-D, diphenamid, glyphosate, dinoseb, sodium chlorate, bialaphos, DTP), but the photoautotrophic cells were still the most sensitive to all kinds of herbicides except sodium chlorate. Furthermore, photoautotrophic cells responded to most of the herbicides as did the seedlings, with the exception of glyphosate and diphenamid. The possibility of photoautotrophically cultured cells as a model system to study the effects of herbicides are discussed.

Surgery for unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis, which is caused by thyroid cancer, appearing within the past six months, should be aimed at improvement of the asymmetrical vocal cord and preservation of the stiffness and the mass of the vocal fold. To accomplish these aims, reconstructive surgery of the neuromuscular systems is available and it should be performed at the same time as thyroidectomy. Our surgical procedures for unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis caused by thyroid cancer are reported along with some experimental investigations in dogs. Experimentally, muscle atrophy was prevented by neurorrhaphy or by free nerve grafting of the recurrent laryngeal nerve, although movement of the vocals cord was not recovered due to misdirected reinnervation and reduction of the end plates. In our study of functional reconstruction for unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis, end-to-end anastomosis or free nerve grafting between the recurrent laryngeal nerve after extirpating the abductor muscle branch of this nerve was the most effective and practical method for improvement of the adductor function. Clinically reconstructive surgery was performed on five females suffering from thyroid cancer with unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis. The abductor branch was cut selectively in four cases, followed by free nerve grafting of the ansa cervicalis and pedicle nerve muscle graft of the thyrohyoid muscle implanted in one case. Vocal cord atrophies were not observed and phonations were good in all cases six months after of operation. However, obvious adduction of the operated vocal fold at phonation was obtained only in two cases and other two cases showed slight adduction.

Patients who undergo laryngectomy lose the facility of phonation. In these patients, compensatory voice may be produced by the use of body structures (ex. esophageal speech or laryngoplasty) or with the help of special aids such as an artificial larynx or an electro-larynx. The majority of patients who go through with voice training after the operation learn to speak with an esophageal type voice. However, it is difficult for these laryngectomized patients to master the esophageal speech which requires extensive training. Those patients who failed to learn this type of substitutive voice may be helped by the use of artificial instruments.We did a statistical study of the compensatory voices and of a few factors in the development of the esophageal speech in the members of KYOTO KOYUKAI (the Society of laryngectomized).The items of the compensatory voice utilized by these alaryngeal members were demonstrated. The esophageal speech was 51% (90 patients) out of 177 patients. A study of factors in the development of the esophageal speech revealed that in those over 70 years of age and in those with a personality such as introversion and neuroticism, it was difficult to master the esophageal speech. However, the surgical procedure of total laryngectomy and whether or not the suture of cricopharyngeal muscle should be done is not directly concerned with the development of esophageal speech.Table 1. COMPENSATORY VOICE IN MEMBERS OF KYOTO KOYUKAIEsophageal speech 79 cases (44.7%)Esophageal speech with artificial larynx 11 (6.3%) 90 cases (51%)Artificial larynx 62 (35.1%)Electrical larynx 2 (1.1%)Writing or sign 18 (9.9%)Unknown 2 (1.1%)Laryngoplasty 3 (1.8%)