Search

150 cod (mean weight=440 g) were divided into two groups and fed diets with or without carbohydrate for 60 days. No defferences were found in total growth during the feeding period. Both fish groups were then stressed by handling and transported for 2 h. Five fish from each dietary group were collected for analysis at different time intervals up to 96 h. In terms of serum cortisol increase, the stress response was significant in both dietary groups and reached a maximum after half an hour. No response was found in blood hemotocrit or in blood hemoglobin at any sampling time. The plasma glucose levels in resting fish reflected the dietary levels of carbohydrate. The plasma glucose response was also significantly more affected by stress in the carbohydrate-eating fish than in the fish on a carbohydrate-free diet. Blood lactate did not reflect the diet composition, while a significant increase was seen in both groups after 1.5 h of recovery. No change in muscle lactate was measured as a response to stress, but significantly higher muscle lactate levels were measured in the fish without dietary carbohydrate. Neither white muscle nor hepatic glycogen levels were affected by the diet, but a significant increase was seen in both organs in the fish on a carbohydrate feed after 3 h of recovery.

The belief that high-carbohydrate diets enhance training capacity (mean power output) has been extrapolated from studies that have varied dietary carbohydrate over a few days and measured muscle glycogen but did not assess power output during training. We hypothesized that a high-carbohydrate (HI) diet (10 g.kg body mass-1.day-1) would promote greater muscle glycogen content and greater mean power output during training than a moderate-carbohydrate (MOD) diet (5 g.kg body mass-1.day-1) over 4 wk of intense twice-daily rowing training. Dietary protein intake was 2 g.kg body mass-1.day-1, and fat intake was adjusted to maintain body mass. Twelve male and 10 female collegiate rowers were randomly assigned to the treatment groups. Training was 40 min at 70% peak O2 consumption (VO2) (A.M.) and either three 2,500-m time trials to assess power output or interval training at 70-90% peak VO2 (P.M.). Mean daily training was 65 min at 70% peak VO2 and 38 min at greater than or equal to 90% peak VO2. Mean muscle glycogen content increased 65% in the HI group (P less than 0.05) but remained constant at 119 mmol/kg in the MOD group over the 4 wk. Mean power output in time trials increased 10.7 and 1.6% after 4 wk in the HI and MOD groups, respectively (P less than 0.05). We conclude that a diet with 10 g carbohydrate.kg body mass-1.day-1 promotes greater muscle glycogen content and greater power output during training than a diet containing 5 g carbohydrate.kg body mass-1.day-1 over 4 wk of intense twice-daily rowing training.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

It is well established that adequate bodily carbohydrate reserves are required for optimal endurance. Based on this fact, it has been hypothesized that consumption of a diet with a high percentage of carbohydrate energy will optimize training adaptations and athletic performance. Scrutiny of the literature, however, does not strongly support the hypothesis that short-term or long-term reductions in dietary carbohydrate energy impairs training or athletic performance. Additional studies with well devised training protocols and performance tests are necessary to prove or disprove the hypothesis that a high carbohydrate energy diet is necessary to optimize training adaptations and performance. Because dietary carbohydrate contributes directly to bodily carbohydrate reserves, and because a high carbohydrate energy diet does not impair athletic performance, it remains prudent to advise athletes to consume a diet with a high carbohydrate energy content.

Twenty women and twenty men consumed an experimental lunch that was either high or low in carbohydrate, with or without knowledge of its contents. Measures were taken of the amount and kinds of food they ate as well as self-reported ratings of their desire and willingness to eat at an ad libitum meal offered to them four hours later

A classification of carbohydrate-containing foods based on their glycemic response to 50-g carbohydrate portions has recently been developed. The relative glycemic potency of many of these carbohydrate-containing foods have been compared, and these data have been published in the form of a glycemic index. It has been suggested that meals containing low glycemic index foods will result in a lower postprandial glucose response than meals with a higher glycemic index. However, whether or not these data will lead to a clinically useful reduction in postprandial hyperglycemia in individuals with carbohydrate intolerance remains controversial. In this review, we will try to delineate why we believe that the glycemic index, as currently developed, may be a specious issue. In addition, we will briefly discuss a number of factors that may explain the apparent discrepancy in viewpoints on this issue.Key words: glycemic index, noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, glycemic response, dietary carbohydrate.

High dietary carbohydrate (CHO) intake for several days before competition (CHO loading) is known to increase muscle glycogen stores, with subsequent ergogenic performance benefits often seen in events longer than 90 min in duration. CHO-loading strategies vary in characteristics such as type and duration of dietary manipulation and the accompanying exercise/training activities. Additionally, glycogen concentration may remain elevated for up to 5 d. This versatility in CHO-loading strategies allows the athlete greater flexibility in tailoring pre-event preparation. Women who attempt to CHO load should be particularly attentive to both total energy intake and relative CHO intake; dietary CHO should exceed 8 g x kg body mass(-1) x d(-1) or 10 g x kg lean body mass(-1) x d(-1). As long as the amount ingested is adequate for loading, the type of CHO is less important, with the exception of 1-d loading protocols where the glycemic index may be an important consideration.

A feeding study was conducted to assess the value of Tamarind, Tamarindus indica seed meal as dietary carbohydrate in the diets of Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus . Tamarind seeds were used to replace maize at 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 % substitution levels for treatments 1 to 6. Growth trial was conducted in outdoor concrete tanks for 56 days. The fishes were fed at 4 % body weight twice daiy. There were no significant variations in the mean weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), food conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) (p >0.05). The apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of protein and energy of the fishes fed diets 1 – 6 were similar (p > 0.05). There were nosignificant differences in the bood total erythrocyte counts, (TEC), pack cell volume (PCV) and red bood cells count (RBC) (p >0.05). Based on the findings, complete replacement of maize with tamarind seed meal in the diets of O. nilotcus is recommended. Keywords : Tamarind, Replacement, Maize, Oreochromis niloticus Animal Research International Vol. 1 (3) 2004 pp. 164-168

Trypanosomiasis is a disease of agricultural interest in livestock. The research was therefore aimed at finding out if adequate nutrition would ameliorate reproductive disorder in trypanosome-infected pregnant rats. Twenty female rats of 120 days old were used. They were kept 5 rats in each cage replicated three times. Four treatments diet each containing trypanotolerant; 80 mg of Vitamin E and 0.3 mg of selenium (additives) were used. In Treatment 1, trypanosome infected reproducing female rats were fed Diet 1 (Control) comprising chick mash mixed with the additives. In Treatment 2, the rats were fed Diet 2 comprising dietary protein and carbohydrate mixed with the additives. In Treatment 3, the rats were fed Diet 3 made up of dietary protein and the additives. In Treatment 4, the rats were fed Diet 4 made of dietary carbohydrate and the additives. The birth weight was measured and number of ratlets from each treatment was also counted to determine the effect of the diets on the birth. At the end of the experiment, it was observed that trypanosome-infected pregnant rats fed Diet 2 (with adequate concentrations of carbohydrate and protein) significantly (P < 0.05) had higher birth weight of offspring and multiple births than the rats fed with other treatments diets indicating that adequate nutrition promoted reproduction in trypanosome-infected rats.

Fish production can lead to discharge of wastes and have negative impacts on the environment. It is therefore important to carefully monitor and plan the development of aquaculture. A model that can simulate fish growth on the basis of available fish species and local conditions (like water quality and quantity and quality of fish feed) could therefore be extremely useful. Since growth strongly depends on feed intake, a growth model should be able to predict maximum feed intake of fish under ad libitum feeding. This thesis aimed at investigating some potential mechanisms for feed intake regulation and predicting maximum feed intake in the light of these hypothesized mechanisms using a theoretical modeling approach. Among a wide range of factors involved in feed intake regulation, glucose and oxygen are two factors of particular interest. The overall hypotheses were: (1) high blood glucose level has a negative effect on feed intake in fish; and (2) dissolved oxygen concentration of the water is a major determinant of feed intake in fish. To investigate the effects of blood glucose on feed intake in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), an experiment was done with feeds containing different combinations of carbohydrate and energy levels. The results showed that fish fed a diet high in carbohydrate but low in energy failed to achieve their digestible energy requirement, suggesting that a high level of blood glucose suppresses feed intake in Nile tilapia. A dynamic explanatory model for fish growth which incorporated metabolite pools as potential regulators of feed intake was then developed. After parameterization and calibration for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), the model gave good prediction of fish growth. The results showed that feed intake regulation could be simulated based on the glucose static theory. The parameterization and simulation results showed the gaps in our quantitative knowledge about the intermediary metabolism in fish. To investigate the effects of dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration and body weight on maximum feed intake and growth of Nile tilapia, three experiments were conducted with different DO levels and body weight classes. The results provide strong support for the theory that limitation of oxygen supply through the gill surface area results in lower feed intake and growth of fish at low DO concentration. The allometric relationship between gill surface area and body weight results in lower relative feed intake, and therefore lower relative growth in bigger fish than in smaller fish. The study also demonstrated that the incipient DO (DO above which feed intake of fish remains unchanged) depends to a large extent on body weight and probably on feed composition. The short-term effect of DO on ad libitum feed intake was then simulated based on the balance between oxygen demand and oxygen supply. The model was calibrated and validated using the experimental data from the present study and some additional data from earlier published experiments. The calibration and validation results showed that the model could predict satisfactorily maximum feed intake and growth of Nile tilapia when DO was limiting. However, feed intake when DO was not limiting was not simulated satisfactorily. This was attributed to the empirical equation for maximum feed intake determined by a factor other than DO. In the last chapter, the modeling approaches, the role of glucose and oxygen in feed intake regulation, implications for aquaculture management, reliability of data on maximum feed intake and implications for further research are discussed.

International audience; Carnivorous fish have a limited capacity to utilize dietary carbohydrates even though glucosensing components exist in the hypothalamus and Brockmann bodies. Therefore, we fed trout for 10 days with two experimental diets containing a high level of carbohydrates (20%) or a carbohydrate-free level (< 0.3%) to test the capacity of dietary carbohydrates to regulate gene expression of glucosensing components. Fish were fed and killed 1, 6, and 24 h after the meal to analyze plasma glucose levels, glucosensing-related biochemical parameters, and gene expression of the major components of the glucosensing system in the hypothalamus and Brockmann bodies. Glucose facilitative transporter type 2 and glucokinase gene expression were confirmed by real-time PCR data and two new components of the glucosensing mechanism, Kir6.-like and sulfonylurea receptor-like, were detected for the first time in fish in both tissues. In addition, a clear adaptation to dietary carbohydrates was found in trout Brockmann bodies, based on increased gene expression of major components of the system as well as enhanced glucokinase activities and glycogen levels. In contrast, in the hypothalamus, only glucokinase gene expression and activity showed a response to dietary carbohydrates, supporting the key role of that enzyme in glucosensing mechanism. Finally, a differential postprandial profile was found between tissues regarding the glucosensing potential, since the hypothalamus seems to respond to hyperglycemia earlier than the Brockmann bodies, whose response took place later. Altogether, these data describe for the first time in fish a complete response of major glucosensing components to dietary carbohydrates in trout hypothalamus and Brockmann bodies, supporting an efficient adaptation of both tissues to those dietary components.

Fish production can lead to discharge of wastes and have negative impacts on the environment. It is therefore important to carefully monitor and plan the development of aquaculture. A model that can simulate fish growth on the basis of available fish species and local conditions (like water quality and quantity and quality of fish feed) could therefore be extremely useful. Since growth strongly depends on feed intake, a growth model should be able to predict maximum feed intake of fish under ad libitum feeding. This thesis aimed at investigating some potential mechanisms for feed intake regulation and predicting maximum feed intake in the light of these hypothesized mechanisms using a theoretical modeling approach. Among a wide range of factors involved in feed intake regulation, glucose and oxygen are two factors of particular interest. The overall hypotheses were: (1) high blood glucose level has a negative effect on feed intake in fish; and (2) dissolved oxygen concentration of the water is a major determinant of feed intake in fish. To investigate the effects of blood glucose on feed intake in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), an experiment was done with feeds containing different combinations of carbohydrate and energy levels. The results showed that fish fed a diet high in carbohydrate but low in energy failed to achieve their digestible energy requirement, suggesting that a high level of blood glucose suppresses feed intake in Nile tilapia. A dynamic explanatory model for fish growth which incorporated metabolite pools as potential regulators of feed intake was then developed. After parameterization and calibration for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), the model gave good prediction of fish growth. The results showed that feed intake regulation could be simulated based on the glucose static theory. The parameterization and simulation results showed the gaps in our quantitative knowledge about the intermediary metabolism in fish. To investigate the effects of dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration and body weight on maximum feed intake and growth of Nile tilapia, three experiments were conducted with different DO levels and body weight classes. The results provide strong support for the theory that limitation of oxygen supply through the gill surface area results in lower feed intake and growth of fish at low DO concentration. The allometric relationship between gill surface area and body weight results in lower relative feed intake, and therefore lower relative growth in bigger fish than in smaller fish. The study also demonstrated that the incipient DO (DO above which feed intake of fish remains unchanged) depends to a large extent on body weight and probably on feed composition. The short-term effect of DO on ad libitum feed intake was then simulated based on the balance between oxygen demand and oxygen supply. The model was calibrated and validated using the experimental data from the present study and some additional data from earlier published experiments. The calibration and validation results showed that the model could predict satisfactorily maximum feed intake and growth of Nile tilapia when DO was limiting. However, feed intake when DO was not limiting was not simulated satisfactorily. This was attributed to the empirical equation for maximum feed intake determined by a factor other than DO. In the last chapter, the modeling approaches, the role of glucose and oxygen in feed intake regulation, implications for aquaculture management, reliability of data on maximum feed intake and implications for further research are discussed.

Dental caries is a multifactorial disease and is the major health concern across the world. The etiology of dental caries includes a combination of fermentable dietary carbohydrate, cariogenic microorganisms, host factor, and time. Caries is preventable until cavitation or breakdown of organic template with the help of different remineralizing agents. This is the noninvasive treatment of incipient carious lesions. The objective of this paper is to review different remineralizing agents that can be used in incipient non cavitated carious lesions to prevent cavitation.

This study compared the effects of a high-carbohydrate and a mixed diet on core temperature responses to prolonged exercise in six male competitive cyclists (age = 22.2 +/- 1.9 years). This study, the first to investigate the effect of a high-carbohydrate diet on exercise core temperature in humans, therefore suggests that three days of increased dietary carbohydrate intakes do not evoke any deleterious thermoregulatory responses during prolonged submaximal exercise.

In order to identify those patients who ferment dietary carbohydrate to ethanol in their gut, a new clinical test which is easy to perform is described whereby blood alcohol (EtOH) levels are measu...

The nature of carbohydrate is of considerable importance when recommending diets intended to reduce the risk of type II diabetes and cardiovascular disease and in the treatment of patients who already have established diseases. Intact fruits, vegetables, legumes and wholegrains are the most appropriate sources of carbohydrate. Most are rich in nonstarch polysaccharides (NSPs) (dietary fibre) and other potentially cardioprotective components. Many of these foods, especially those that are high in dietary fibre, will reduce total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and help to improve glycaemic control in those with diabetes. There is no good long-term evidence of benefit when NSPs or other components of wholegrains, fruits, vegetables and legumes are added to functional and manufactured foods. Frequent consumption of low glycaemic index foods has been reported to confer similar benefits, but it is not clear whether such benefits are independent of the dietary fibre content of these foods or the fact that low glycaemic index foods tend to have intact plant cell walls. Furthermore, it is uncertain whether functional and manufactured foods with a low glycaemic index confer the same long-term benefits as low glycaemic index plant-based foods. A wide range of carbohydrate intake is acceptable, provided the nature of carbohydrate is appropriate. Failure to emphasize the need for carbohydrate to be derived principally from wholegrain cereals, fruits, vegetables and legumes may result in increased lipoprotein-mediated risk of cardiovascular disease, especially in overweight and obese individuals who are insulin resistant.

It was previously shown that there is seasonality in the amount of dietary carbohydrate not absorbed from the intestine after breakfast, the amount of carbohydrate in winter being significantly larger than that in autumn in young Japanese subjects. In order to investigate this phenomenon further, the experiment was repeated on 22 elderly Japanese female subjects (61-78 yrs of age) during the four seasons of the year. The amount of unabsorbed dietary carbohydrate by the breath hydrogen test, which measures the amount of hydrogen in exhaled air, was then estimated. A 6 g solution of lactosucrose, an indigestible trisaccharide, was used for comparison. Two groups of subjects, 16 subjects in Osaka and 6 subjects in Nagano, were studied in the summer (July to August) and autumn (October to November) of 2005 and the winter (January to February) and spring (April to May) of 2006. The following results were found using the pooled data of the total of 22 subjects. With regard to the amount of breath hydrogen excretion of the lactosucrose solution, there was no significant difference between the four seasons. There was a significant seasonal change in the efficiency of dietary carbohydrate absorption from the intestine after breakfast. The percentage of total carbohydrate that was not absorbed was lowest in the spring and highest in the winter. A comparison of the results from studies on the elderly and young subjects revealed the percentage of total carbohydrate that was not absorbed in the elderly was significantly lower than in the young in the winter, spring, and summer. These results indicate that there is seasonal variation in the efficiency of dietary carbohydrate absorption from the intestine among elderly female Japanese subjects as well as young female Japanese subjects. They also suggest that the efficiency of dietary carbohydrate absorption from the intestine after breakfast is retained in these naturally active and healthy elderly subjects.

Equine pasture-associated laminitis is a devastating disease manifested in the hoof and associated with obesity, dietary carbohydrate and insulin resistance, risk-factors which parallel human metab...

This chapter discusses the basis for dietary recommendations for chromium. The chromium recommendation is expressed as Adequate Intakes (AI) and is based on the available data on chromium in well-balanced diets. Chromium has been identified as an element that potentiates insulin action both in vivo and in vitro . Dietary chromium intakes reported before 1977 are at least three times higher than those reported more recently. There were no studies available that reported chromium intakes for older infants, children, or adolescents. For infants 7–12 months the AI was based on a combination of the chromium provided by human milk and by the usual intake of complementary foods. The average energy intake of infants in this age group is approximately 845 kcal and the mean volume of milk consumed by infants of this age is 0.6 L. Apparently, a number of dietary components affect the absorption of chromium. Effects of simple versus complex dietary carbohydrate on urinary chromium excretion revealed higher excretion during simple sugar diet period than after consuming the reference diet.

1. Historical Introduction 2. Determining the GI of Foods - Methodological Considerations 3. The Insulin Response to Carbohydrate Foods: Critical Evaluation of the Insulinaemic Index 4. Mechanisms by which Different Carbohydrates Elicit Different Glycaemi 5. Glycaemic Index: Application to Mixed Meals 6. Measuring Diet GI 7. Glycaemic Index and Health 8. Glycaemic Index and Disease 9. Glycaemic Index versus Glycaemic Load.

There is debate among professionals regarding the use of the glycemic index (GI) for meal planning. In type-1 diabetes, there are 4 studies (average duration ∼4 weeks) comparing high versus low GI d

Previous observations suggest that glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is released into the bloodstream only when dietary carbohydrate enters the duodenum at rates that exceed the absorptive capacity of the proximal small intestine to contact GLP-1 bearing mucosa in more distal bowel. The aims of this study were to determine the effects of modifying the length of small intestine exposed to glucose on plasma concentrations of GLP-1 and also glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), insulin, cholecystokinin (CCK) and ghrelin, and antropyloric pressures. Glucose was infused at 3.5 kcal/min into the duodenum of eight healthy males (age 18–59 yr) over 60 min on the first day into an isolated 60-cm segment of the proximal small intestine (“short-segment infusion”); on the second day, the same amount of glucose was infused with access to the entire small intestine (“long-segment infusion”). Plasma GLP-1 increased and ghrelin decreased ( P < 0.05 for both) during the long-, but not the short-, segment infusion. By contrast, increases in plasma CCK and GIP did not differ between days. The rises in blood glucose and plasma insulin were greater during the long- than during the short-segment infusion ( P < 0.05). During the long- but not the short-segment infusion, antral pressure waves (PWs) were suppressed ( P < 0.05). Isolated pyloric PWs and basal pyloric pressure were stimulated on both days. In conclusion, the release of GLP-1 and ghrelin, but not CCK and GIP, is dependent upon >60 cm of the intestine being exposed to glucose.

Low-carbohydrate diets are based on an alternative theory of obesity where dietary carbohydrate, particularly unprocessed sugars, causes hyperinsulinemia, leading to insulin resistance, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. In this model, carbohydrate is viewed as a "metabolic poison" and therefore is limited in the diet. This article systematically reviews and refutes the 6 major physiologic claims made by proponents of low-carbohydrate diets. Any benefits or advantages resulting from these diets must therefore be derived from factors other than those stated by the alternative theory.

In this paper, we present Petri-nets (PN) based modeling of biological process. Carbohydrate metabolism, which plays an important role in the regulation of the glucose concentration in the blood, is modeled and analyzed. The breakdown of carbohydrate occurs in a series of steps and the final outcome of the carbohydrate anabolism is generation of ATP, water and carbon dioxide as it is shown in figure. During this process, some of the potential energy stored in the hexose structure is released and used to derive the synthesis of ATP from ADP. There will be give an overview of the carbohydrate metabolism and a Petri net model would be constructed for the carbohydrate metabolism, which will show all the involved pathways in carbohydrate metabolism. Addressed model-method will effect on understanding one of the complicated biological processes for both educational purposes and research.

Public concerns about environmental pollution are putting increasing pressure on fish farms to treat their wastewater before release. The wastewater produced by the fish can also deteriorate water quality within the system. Aquaculture waste can be divided into solid waste and dissolved waste.Faeces ismain sources of solid waste. An increased consistency of faeces may improve its removal efficiency, thereby improving water quality. The removal efficiency of faeces by a collector (settling tank and/or Choubert) was proposed as an indicator for faeces consistency. Manipulation of the diet composition changed faeces consistency in tilapia. Soluble non-starch polysaccharide increased digesta viscosity and reduced faeces removal efficiency. Insoluble non-starch polysaccharide did not change faeces removal. Replacement of native starch by gelatinized starch improved faeces removal efficiency. Fermentation and viscosity of digesta are the main parameters affecting faeces consistency. An increased faeces removal, induced by dietary composition, lowered the organic matter load into the system, thereby increasing nitrification and dissolved oxygen. A detailed investigation on fermentability and viscosity of different ingredients can provide insight in characterization of faeces, thereby giving suggestion for diet formulation geared to maximize solid removal.

Public concerns about environmental pollution are putting increasing pressure on fish farms to treat their wastewater before release. The wastewater produced by the fish can also deteriorate water quality within the system. Aquaculture waste can be divided into solid waste and dissolved waste.Faeces ismain sources of solid waste. An increased consistency of faeces may improve its removal efficiency, thereby improving water quality. The removal efficiency of faeces by a collector (settling tank and/or Choubert) was proposed as an indicator for faeces consistency. Manipulation of the diet composition changed faeces consistency in tilapia. Soluble non-starch polysaccharide increased digesta viscosity and reduced faeces removal efficiency. Insoluble non-starch polysaccharide did not change faeces removal. Replacement of native starch by gelatinized starch improved faeces removal efficiency. Fermentation and viscosity of digesta are the main parameters affecting faeces consistency. An increased faeces removal, induced by dietary composition, lowered the organic matter load into the system, thereby increasing nitrification and dissolved oxygen. A detailed investigation on fermentability and viscosity of different ingredients can provide insight in characterization of faeces, thereby giving suggestion for diet formulation geared to maximize solid removal.