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The extent to which parent, school, and peer support differentially affected multiple domains of resilience was examined among 2,600 sixth, eighth, and tenth graders from an urban public school system who took part in a comprehensive survey of high-risk and adaptive behaviors. Structural equation modeling was used to specify the relation among seven domains of resilience and parent, school, and peer support among children who had been victimized by community violence, those who had witnessed such violence, and a no-exposure control group. Results upheld the validity of a multidimensional conceptualization of childhood resilience, and indicated that although both parent and school support factors were significantly positively associated with resilience in children who had been exposed to community violence, peer support was negatively associated with resilience in the domains of substance abuse and school misconduct/ delinquency. These results were most robust among victimized children, followed by children who had witnessed violence. Implications for social policy and community violence research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children living in the streets and supporting themselves through various kinds of street-based jobs have become a visible social phenomenon in urban Sudan. This article analyses the making of street children's subcultures by discussing their everyday street lives within the cultural, social, political and educational settings. In order to understand street children, not only as an urban social phenomenon, but also as active social agents who are categorised by the State and the urban privileged classes in very specific terms, I have employed a multi-pronged approach to interview them to contextualise their everyday lives and discourses to reveal their abilities as agents for the nation's future, and to push the society's efforts to make them into capable but loyal citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accurate assessment of lead hazards within the household is critical to the prevention of lead exposure to children living in urban communities. Although dust wipes are currently accepted as the best method of assessing lead hazards, questionnaires and visual inspections are also used. This study evaluates the level of agreement among these three methods of assessment using a sample of 126 women living in old, urban houses. The level of agreement was assessed using the kappa statistic, which adjusts for chance agreement. Overall, the kappa results for both the participant''s assessment (questionnaire) and the visual inspector''s assessment were low, indicating only slight to moderate agreement with the dust lead wipe levels. Kappas were higher and more consistent for the visual inspector''s assessment than for the participant''s assessment. These results indicate that visual inspections and participant questionnaires may provide less accurate information regarding lead hazards within the household than dust wipes. Because lead hazard recognition is important in the prevention of lead exposure in children, our data suggest that emphasis should be placed on the measurement of dust lead levels directly in assessing household lead hazards, possibly by teaching women in high-risk neighborhoods to take dust samples themselves. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: Guidelines recommend that children with mild persistent to severe persistent asthma receive maintenance anti-inflammatory medications. However, providers may not be aware of the severity of their patients' symptoms. The underestimation of severity may contribute to poor adherence to asthma care guidelines. Objectives: To describe the use of preventive medications among a group of urban children with mild persistent to severe persistent asthma and to evaluate the degree to which their health care providers are aware of their asthma severity. Design: Children (ages 4-6 years) from urban schools in Rochester, NY, were eligible if their parents reported mild persistent to severe persistent asthma symptoms. Each child's health care provider was asked to assess the child's asthma severity and use of medications based both on their knowledge of the child and review of the medical record. Parent and provider assessments were compared. Bivariate and regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with concordant classifications of asthma severity. Results: Ninety children with parent-defined mild persistent to severe persistent asthma participated (64% boys, 67% black, 73% receiving Medicaid). Only 40% of the children were described accurately by their providers as having mild persistent to severe persistent asthma, and only 50% of the total had been prescribed maintenance medications. Thirty-six percent of families reported that their child used maintenance medications daily. In contrast, most of the children who were classified by their provider as having mild persistent to severe persistent asthma were prescribed a maintenance medication (83%), and 58% used them daily. Sociodemographic characteristics and asthma severity were not associated with provider accuracy. Conclusions: Most children in this study were not accurately classified by their providers as having mild persistent to severe persistent asthma and had not been prescribed... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary objectives: The purposes of the study are to assess the growth status of urban Mexican children living in different geographic areas of the country, to estimate the prevalence of overweight and obesity, and to explore secular trends in body size. Design: Cross-sectional surveys of 293 children 6-11 years from Sonora in the north-west of the country (155 boys, 138 girls), and 356 children 7-12 years from Veracruz on the Gulf Coast (194 boys, 162 girls) were undertaken in 1992 and 1993, respectively. Procedures: Height and weight were measured; the body mass index (BMI, kg m[sup -2]) was calculated. Growth status was compared to USA reference data and to samples of Mexican children in 1926 and 1975. The prevalence of overweight (BMI ≥ 85th and < 95th percentiles) and obesity (BMI ≥ 95th percentile) was estimated. Results: Girls and boys from Sonora and Veracruz do not differ in height, weight and the BMI. Mean heights are at (girls) or below (boys) the medians of USA growth charts, while mean weights are at (boys) or just below (girls) the 75th percentiles at most ages. As a result, mean BMIs are above (boys) and below (girls) the 75th percentiles over the age range studied. The prevalence of overweight and obesity is 40% in boys and 35% in girls, whereas the prevalence of obesity per se is 23% in boys and 17% in girls. Compared to urban Mexican children in the Federal District surveyed in 1926, children in the present sample are taller and heavier, but the secular trend in body weight is more pronounced since the mid-1960s. Heights of the current samples are similar to those of well-off children in Mexico City in the early 1970s, but weights are heavier. Conclusions: The gap in height between well-off and lower socioeconomic status chidren in different regions of Mexico has been reduced, but there is an increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary objective: The purpose of this paper is to describe and discuss a significant secular trend in stature and weight in an urban Brazilian population. Methodology: Anthropometric measurements of 7878 children and adolescents from Sao Paulo, Brazil, obtained in 1997/98 were compared with data from a previous study carried out in 1978. Both samples include children of middle-class urban families of European ancestry. Main outcomes and results: Comparisons between the two samples reveal strong positive secular trends in both height and weight. Furthermore, the 1997/98 sample shows no growth deficits in relation to the WHO/NCHS international reference. Conclusions: The positive trend can be explained as the result of economic development and improvement of social indicators, while the absence of growth deficits, contrary to what is reported in other studies carried out in developing countries, follows from the common genetic background of the Brazilian sample surveyed here and the US sample which is the basis of the NCHS/WHO reference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes a group counseling intervention for urban, elementary school age African American boys. TEAM BROTHERS is a multicultural prevention approach rising the Nguzo Saba (Swahili word denoting the seven principles of Kwanzaa) to facilitate group interaction and change via Africentric content and process and positive reinforcement. The principal goal is to empower young African American boys to succeed through knowledge of self and cultural heritage. The authors provide a brief description of group process and content to illustrate how a group counselor might implement this multicultural prevention approach in a school setting. Results suggest that the approach had a positive impact on participants' in-school attitudes and behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on two teens, Tony and Rufus, and how they used key popular texts to construct a sense of place in the small city where this research was conducted. These two teens mobilized these popular texts in very specific ways, both finding specific thematic links between and across them and also using them to index their relationships with biological and extended family in this city and 'down South.' This study highlights the complex, emergent, and messy relationships many young people have with popular culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Editorial. Comments on the sustainable developments of children and youth in urban areas. Development of sustainable ways for the provision of resources; Association of the quality of the environment with the life of the young people; Factors involved in the sustainable development; Comparison between the needs of children and youth.

Agenda 21, the Habitat Agenda and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child have brought new relevance to Growing Up in Cities, a project of participatory action-research for urban children and youth. The origins of the project in the 1970s under the leadership of the urban planner Kevin Lynch are described, along with a brief history of the project's revival. The results of the project's recent implementation in eight countries are summarised with an emphasis on children's perspectives on environmental quality, as well as lessons learned regarding how children can be most effectively integrated into LA21 processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider the street experiences of a group of urban children living in a large East Midlands town in the UK. Our attention focuses upon an issue that has seldom been examined, neighbourhood bullying. We highlight how some children, through their propinquity within neighbourhood spaces, clash and collide to such an extent that their experiences of a locality become severely blighted. For these unfortunate young people local environments are tyrannical spaces, defined in terms of 'no-go areas', danger and threat. These are not remarkable geographies, however, and we suggest that like many school environments, where bullying has increasingly been recognised and disclosed, within many localities there is a 'hidden' geography of fear waiting to be uncovered. The paper is organised into five parts: first, we briefly examine the concept of bullying, particularly in relation to young people in schools; secondly, we extend these ideas into a neighbourhood context drawing upon recent ideas of 'self', 'other' and microgeographies; thirdly, we outline the research project from which this article emerges; fourthly, we look at some empirical evidence from an urban case study that draws attention to the form and consequences of neighbourhood bullying; lastly, we discuss the relevance of these findings to future policy and practice, particularly in relation to the management of neighbourhood spaces. We propose that systematically applied local strategies to tackle bullying within neighbourhoods are needed, particularly those which engage young people and adults together through a whole community approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes two kibbutz secondary schools that have absorbed city children and seeks to examine whether and to what extent kibbutz educational perceptions reflect integration between kibbutz and city children. In both schools absorption and integration are central educational themes. This policy is expressed in arrangements in both schools and kibbutz that stress social and academic integration of the city children with their kibbutz peers. Components of collective education, which emphasize values, cooperation, and education for a life of work contribute much to the encounter with city children. This group is exposed to varied venues of social and work activities, and this advances the process of integration into the absorbing society. However, the situation is different with regard to individualistic components in the educational policy that nurture individual achievements. These obstruct integration, because those doing the absorbing fear that academic progress will suffer as a result of taking in students from weaker population strata. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The 1998 floods, which inundated much of Bangladesh, had a major effect on the lives and work of urban slum children. Lack of work opportunities, and beliefs about appropriate roles for young children, meant that the floods did not lead to great increases in workforce entry and in some cases led to a reduction in the opportunities available. Children's domestic work was also affected. Children's paid and domestic work had an important impact on how well households survived during and after the floods. The findings highlight the simultaneously beneficial and harmful nature of much child labour, and are therefore relevant to the dilemmas that face policy makers in this area. The research reported on in this article also has implications for those involved in disaster relief policy making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reviews the literature with regard to firearms accidents among low-income, urban children younger than 13. The tendency of low-income families to keep unsecured protection guns may contribute to the higher rate of firearms accidents among low-income children. The evidence suggests that the decision to keep a gun for protection is largely a practical response to the conditions a person perceives in his or her neighborhood. Reducing the consequences of risky gun behavior among low-income families requires policies and programs that eliminate experiences associated with such behavior and that train children to recognize and avoid risky gun situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents news relevant to the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) for June 2000. Programs of the NIEHS to promote science education among children; Conference on the environmental health concerns of children in inner urban communities.

Explores the process of reification whereby gay men recognize themselves to be gay, and offers a way of thinking about substance use among Chelsea Boys or urban gays. Concept of reification; Description of Chelsea Boys; Analysis of addiction among Chelsea Boys.

Objective To understand and compare the situation of Sensory Integrative Dysfunction (SID) of schoolchildren between city and countryside, Methods 418 schoolchildren on countryside and 152 schoolchildren on county seat of age 6-12 years old, they was assess by "Children's Sensory Integrative Development Ability Rating Scale (CSIDAS). Result The total detection rate of SID of schoolchildren in city and countryside was 23.86%, among them the mild was 16.84%, serious was 7.02%, detection rate of SID was higher in first grade than in other the grade (χ² = 23, P < 0.01), detection rate of SID, vestibular imbalance, insufficient of learning development ability were higher in schoolboys than in schoolgirls (χ² = 4.75, 45.54, 9.23, P < 0.05, 0.01), detection rate of SID, mild insufficient of learning development ability were higher in countryside than in city (χ² = 30.05, P < 0.01). Conclusion There are higher rate of sensory integrative dysfunction in schoolchildren in city and countryside, there are some differences between schoolboys and schoolgirls, county and countryside. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recurrence of child maltreatment following a report to Child Protective Services is one index of the effectiveness of the public child welfare system. This article reports on the analysis of the patterns and frequency, of recurrences of substantiated instances of maltreatment in an urban child welfare system. Results frown survival analyses indicated that risk of recurrence was greatest during the first 30 days following a report, that declined with time and remained relatively low for 2 years following the termination of services, and that recurrence was dependent on the type of maltreatment. Most recurrence fatuities experienced only one recurrence, but a clustering effect was apparent for families that experienced multiple recurrences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study tested hypotheses from an organizational-developmental model for childhood resilience. In this model resilience reflects a child's mastery of age-salient objectives, in the face of substantial adversity, by drawing on internal and external resources that enhance processes of adaptation specific to each developmental stage. Interviews were conducted with parents of 122 7- to 9-year-old urban children exposed to multiple risk factors, 69 classified as resilient and 53 as maladjusted. Consistent with predictions generated by the model: (1) characteristics of a child's caregiving system and early development differentiated children with resilient and stress-affected adaptations; and (2) variables reflecting emotionally responsive, competent parenting were direct, proximal predictors of resilient status and mediators of other caregiver resources such as education, mental health, and relational history. Identified predictors of resilient status, including competent parenting and caregiver psychosocial resources, largely replicated findings from a prior study with sociodemographically comparable 9- to 12-year-old children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the labor force participation and work in household production of urban schoolchildren in some western Mexican cities. Data from a 1993 survey of fifth-graders; Children's positive socialization experiences from work; Low human capital formation; Allocation of time; Curtailment of leisure time; Determinants of child work; Consequences of working.

In order to investigate the influence of climate and vegetation on the age of onset and clinical picture of hay fever (HF), we examined 116 children with typical HE living in a single climatic area; fifty-four were from rural farming settlements and sixty-two from towns and cities. Overall age of onset was low; 72%, of rural children developed HF between the ages of 2 years and 4 years compared to only 24% of urban children (P < 0.005). At the same time, 51% of rural children had positive skin tests to more than three pollen extracts out of nineteen allergens tested, compared to 19% of urban children (P < 0.005). There were no significant differences between the rural and urban groups with regard to the incidence of asthma as part of their HF, nor were there differences in total IgE levels. The results of this study suggest that Israeli children develop hay fever earlier than generally reported in the literature, and that this is most marked in the rural areas. This can be explained by their specific environment, which consists of a basically dry, desert-like climate where lawns, crops and trees are extensively irrigated, leading to the dissemination into the environment of large amounts of pollen grains, which are not washed away because of the lack of rain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this report on the findings of a baseline study designed to monitor changes in the prevalence of dental caries in 12-yr-old children in Dares Salaam and Nairobi, the details relating to the pattern of carious attack on particular tooth and surface types are described. In both populations molars accounted for over 90% of all affected teeth and in both groups first molars were more affected than second molars. Very few anterior teeth were affected in either population, though caries of the incisors and canines accounted for a greater proportion of affected teeth in Nairobi (3.4%) than in Dar es Salaam (0.6%). Significantly more mandibular first and second molars were affected in Dar es Salaam than in Nairobi, though in Nairobi the maxillary first molars were more affected than in Dares Salaam. Occlusal surfaces were the most common site for caries in both populations. With the exception of buccal surfaces, smooth surface caries tended to be higher in Nairobi than in Dar es Salaam. Dar es Salaam children had, however, a significantly higher mean DFS score for occlusal surfaces. The preponderance of occlusal caries indicates that relatively simple restorative care is required to meet the needs of the two populations, and it is suggested that such care could be largely provided by auxiliary dental personnel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is commonly believed that the prevalence of dental caries in developing countries is increasing, though in Kenya and Tanzania there is insufficient information to confirm such trends. In order to test the hypothesis, therefore, 762 children in Dar es Salaam and 802 children in Nairobi aged 12 yr in 1984 were examined for dental caries as part of a baseline study to monitor changes of prevalence with time. Dental caries was recorded by surfaces using the criteria recommended by the WHO and examinations were performed by standardized examiners. The mean DMFT in Dar es Salaam of 0.67 (SD 1.20) was significantly higher than that for Nairobi, 0.51 (SD 1.23). No differences were found in the mean DMFS index. Nairobi children had a greater number of filled teeth and surfaces. Although a greater proportion of children were caries-free in Nairobi than in Dar es Salaam, amongst those with caries, Nairobi children had significantly higher DMFS scores, and a greater proportion with DMFS>4. The possible reasons for such findings are discussed. The mean DMFT and DMFS reported here are amongst the lowest reported in the recent literature from both countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The significant others of 641 Nepalese secondary school children are reported according to gender and school grade level and location (rural or urban). Unlike findings from other cultures 'father' was of similar salience to 'mother', and 'teacher' was of importance to about half the sample. These trends were stronger in the rural areas where traditional Hindu values are strongest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines how the mental health and well being of children from low-income backgrounds, are affected by urban influences. Discussion on urbanization's influences on mental health and well-being of children; Recommendations for intervention; Usage of ecological models to identify urbanization's impact on children; Role of the psychologists in interventions.

A review of research and practice underlying preventive intervention to enhance children's health and welfare identifies a progressive evolution of the traditional medical model toward an expanded socioecological perspective. This expanded perspective implies that consideration should be given to a broader set of factors affecting children's health and welfare—factors that operate at spatial scales removed from children's immediately experienced worlds and that thus place them at risk indirectly. The nature of risks to child development and health are described and related to Bronfenbrenner's (1979) framework for investigating the ecological dimensions of human development. I propose a hierarchy of spatial scales for preventive intervention efforts and identify the three scales of social situation, ecological setting, and cultural context of children's lives as embracing the variety of risk factors suggested by Bronfenbrenner's framework. Recent research on the different ways in which helping networks operate in urban neighborhoods suggests a means of identifying population sub-groups for preventive intervention at the scale of children's activities and experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY Selected questions from the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) were readministered to 200 inner-city seven-year-olds after completion of the standard protocol. The readministration was specifically structured to ascertain the reasoning by which children arrived at their answers. A system was developed for the classification of errors. Four categories of error, in addition to basic lack of knowledge, were demonstrated. The categorization of errors, by type, permitted examination of the reasoning underlying responses. It was apparent that some reasonable alternative answers existed which received no credit or only partial credit when the standard WISC protocol was applied. These results may suggest modifications to compensate for some of the limitations imposed by standardized test procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the extent to which demographic, economic, geographic and social situations influence the decisions parents living in urban areas make about the type of child care they use for their young children. Childcare has been a social and political issue of growing importance in Australia. This has largely been due to the increase in dual income families, with rising numbers of mothers entering the labor force. Between 1971 and 1991 the labor force participation rate of all women aged 15 years and older increased from 37 per cent to 52 per cent, and by 1991 about 60 per cent of couple families with dependent children had both parents in the labor force. In 1993 nearly half of all Australian mothers with children aged 0-4 years were in the labor force the majority on a part-time basis. The demand for childcare services has thus increased to the extent that between 1984 and 1993 the proportion of children in Australia who used either informal, formal or both types of child care rose from 39 per cent to 49 per cent. INSET: Satisfaction with preschool work-related child care..

We investigate the nature of self-esteem in a large mixed-race sample of urban children over their first four years of schooling, using a confirmatory factor analytic model. The rationale and the conceptual basis for this model lead us to posit a five-dimensional structure (character, personal responsibility, academic, appearance, athletic). Estimating the model for separate age, gender. race, and SES subsamples suggests that this structure applies well to all children and that the dimensions become differentiated more clearly with time. Children differ, however, in their average levels on the five dimensions: boys are higher than girls on the athletic and appearance dimensions, and girls are higher than boys on the others. Blacks surpass whites in the athletic and appearance domains. Differences in level by socioeconomic status are negligible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the effectiveness of a wide range of recreational programs such as residential camping in dealing with the prevention of juvenile delinquency in Atlanta, Georgia. Effect of rural recreation on attitudes of urban children; Difference in the impact of the intergroup residential camping experience upon inner city and non-inner city children.

Presents an interview with Maria Fernanda Espinosa, an environmentalist, poet and broadcaster, and research associate with FLASCO (Latin American Faculty for Social Sciences), where she discusses her work with urban working children in Ecuador.

An account is presented of how an inner-city elementary school established a school-based service integration center to support noneducational child and family needs that impact students' ability to function at school. Three cases are detailed to illustrate the process of collaboration practiced in the Center by the school, public, and private agencies working together toward a shared goal. The discussion emphasizes the role of the school as lead agency and the importance of communication and coordination between service providers to ensure development of comprehensive service plans that feature joint action and avoid fragmentation and duplication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study describes the "Grandma Please" program, an after-school help line that uses elderly volunteers as telephone counselors for inner-city children. We analyzed phone records of 4,678 calls made to the "Grandma Please" program, and interviewed callers, noncallers, and volunteers of the phone line. Below we discuss four key areas that have not been previously examined in children's phone line literature. First, we found that inner-city children, especially older girls, benefited from utilization of the program. Girls were more likely to call the phone line, more likely to discuss high levels of interpersonal and school problems, and more likely to receive support from the "Grandmas." Second, we found high rates of children's positive events and accomplishments (i.e., uplifts) in the phone records. Children who report positive events and accomplishments and receive adult approval gain important, often overlooked, components of social support. Third, our interviewed sample of children who had never called "Grandma Please" indicated that a lack of information and not perceiving a need for assistance were prime reasons for not using the phone line. Fourth, we examined characteristics of the elderly volunteers who talked to the children. We found that volunteers were utilized regardless of health or financial status as they participated within their own homes. Elderly volunteers, including frail elderly, also rated the program highly and expressed their satisfaction and enjoyment in interacting with children. This study indicates that intergenerational, interracial telephone contact can provide support for two at-risk groups: inner-city children and the elderly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compared the test performance of highly stressed second- and third-grade urban school children, with stress-resilient (SR) and stress-affected (SA) outcomes on a battery of measures chosen for their potential in expanding the nomological definitional net for early childhood resilience. SRs exceeded SM on all adjustment selection and verification indicators. On the criterion test measures, SRs exceeded SAs on several dimensions of self-rated adjustment and perceived competence, empathy, social problem solving, realistic control attributions, and IQ. Discriminant function analysis identified four variables that sensitively discriminated SR and SA children and correctly classified 80% of the sample. Findings from this study were compared to structurally comparable findings from a prior study of resilient outcomes among highly stressed fourth- to sixth-grade urban children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Test performance of three groups of urban 4th- through 6th-graders - highly stressed children with stress-resilient (SR) or stress-affected (SA) adjustment outcomes, and demographically matched nonclassified (NC) peers - from 2-year cohorts, was compared on measures used both to select Sits and SM and to expand the definitional net for childhood resilience. On adjustment- selection and verification measures, Sits exceeded NCs and NCs exceeded SM. On the criterion test measures, both Sits and NCs exceeded SAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This investigation studied relationships between life stress and adjustment in a sample of fifty-six 6th grade urban children. Stress was assessed using a 28-item event/circumstance (SLE-Cs) checklist, completed by parents. Adjustment, from the perspectives of classroom teachers, parents, and children, was separately assessed. Children also completed measures of social support, empathy, locus of control, and perceived competence. Significant but moderate correlations were found between total number of SLE-Cs experienced and adjustment ratings across all three perspectives. Additionally, 18 of the 28 SLE-C items correlated significantly with adjustment measured from one or more perspectives, with some patterning of relationships between type of item and adjustment rating perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researches how aggressive, urban children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder were affected by treatment with methylphenidate (MPH). Behavior problems of children in lower socioeconomic groups; Research methods utilized; Description of the study population; Statistical data compiled on behavioral effects of MPH.

Collaboration between social work and education is being widely recognized as a valuable partnership in responding to the social condition of urban children and families in need. University settings are in an ideal position to establish, promote, and support partnerships between schools of social work and colleges of education, with the ultimate goal of creating collaborative opportunities, This article describes on collaborative aspect of Project CARES (Collaborative Approach to Research, Education, and Service) from the perspectives of three of the university partnership team members: a social work educator, a teacher educator, and a school social worker. The contributing factors to the success of this collaborative experience and the obstacles that challenged the collaborative process are explored. Implications for establishing and promoting collaboration between social work and education are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on a study related to the Native Child and Family Services of Toronto, a Canadian child welfare agency in Toronto, Ontario based on interviews with its six clients. The agency offers prevention and support services for the urban natives. The clients' comment about the agency and its programs contributed to the development of the agency in its aim to secure a mandate for child protection. The clients were asked about their experiences with the current services and their expectations in future.

Evaluates the personal, financial and structural barriers to vaccination in socioeconomically disadvantaged urban children in the first two years of life. Data collection and vaccination status documentation process; Important factors related to vaccination receipt among socioeconomically disadvantaged children.

Abstract. Pedestrian injury is a significant health problem among urban children. This study is an analysis of the role of population, income, and ecological factors in the occurrence of child pedestrian collisions. One hundred and ninety-eight motor vehicle collisions occurring in Hartford, Connecticut involving pedestrians younger than 15 years old were reported to police during 1986 through 1987. Collision locations were abstracted from police reports and assigned a census tract. Census tracts were classified as "high frequency" (8+ collisions), "moderate frequency" (3 to 7 collisions), or "low frequency" (0 to 2 collisions). High-frequency census tracts had greater proportions of children and of nonwhite residents than moderate- or low-frequency tracts. They also were characterized by high proportions of households headed by females living below the poverty line. High-frequency tracts had a greater number of children per acre than moderate or low tracts. Children per acre had the strongest association with collision frequency (R = .72) and remained the most consistent when other variables were controlled. The number of children per acre is a potentially useful predictor of census tracts at risk for child pedestrian collisions. This may be useful in developing focused prevention strategies within an urban environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract. There are limited data concerning pediatric prehospital care, although pediatric prehospital calls constitute 10% of emergency medical services activity. Data from 10 493 prehospital care reports in 11 counties of California (four emergency medical services systems in rural and urban areas) were collected and analyzed. Comparison of urban and rural data found few significant differences in parameters analyzed. Use of the emergency medical services system by pediatric patients increased with age, but 12.5% of all calls were for children younger than 2 years. Calls for medical problems were most common for patients younger than 5 years of age; trauma was a more common complaint in rural areas (64%, P = .0001). Frequency of vital sign assessment differed by region, as did hospital contact (P < .0001). Complete assessment of young pediatric patients, with a full set of vital signs and neurologic assessment, was rarely performed. Advanced life support providers were often on the scene, but advanced life support treatments and procedures were infrequently used. This study suggests the need for additional data on which to base emergency medical services system design and some directions for education of prehospital care providers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]