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403. Eragrostis pectinacea

Author

Julian Andrew Howard and Julian Andrew Howard

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1413440%5DMICH-V-1413440, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1413440/MICH-V-1413440/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1937

404. Pedestrian traffic injuries among school children in Kawempe, Uganda

Author

Nakitto, M. T., Mutto, M., Andrew Howard, and Lett, R.

Abstract

Background: Traffic injuries are an important problem in low income countries. In Uganda road traffic is the largest single cause of injury in Kampala; pedestrians, and children are most affected. Pedestrian injury affects school children in Uganda. Objective: To determine the overall risk of pedestrian traffic injury among school children in Kawempe, Uganda. Methods: A cohort was assembled at 35 primary schools and followed for 3 terms. Ten of the schools had participated in previous injury programs, others were systematically selected. Injuries were recorded by teachers using a questionnaire. Data collected included ID, school, age, grade, gender, incident date, vehicle type, and injury outcome. Demographic characteristics are described and cumulative incidences calculated. Results: The cohort included 8,165 children (49% male) from 35 primary schools. The mean age was 9 years (Sd=2.78). Of the 35 schools, 92% were day; the others mixed day and boarding. 53 children (27girls) were involved in a traffic incident. 25% of the injuries reported were serious and warranted care in a health facility. No deaths occurred. Forty % of incidents involved commercial motorcycles, 41% bicycles, 9% cars, 8% taxis, and 2% trucks. The cumulative incidence was 0.168% each term. Over the 3 terms of the year the cumulative incidence was 0.5 + 0.02. There were no gender differences in the cumulative incidence. Conclusion: Each school year about ½ % of Kawempe school children are involved in a traffic incident. Interventions are necessary to reduce the unacceptably high incidents of pedestrian traffic. Interventions to alleviate this situation including safer routes, teaching skills of road crossing to children as well as better regulation and road safety education to two wheelers could reduce the unacceptably high incidents of pedestrian traffic injury. African Health Sciences Vol. 8 (3) 2008: pp. 156-159

405. Interdisciplinary Oncology Education: a National Survey of Trainees and Program Directors in the United States

Author

Ezra E.W. Cohen, Adil S. Akthar, Mitchell C. Posner, Steven J. Chmura, Ronald J. Maggiore, Christopher D. Hellekson, Olwen Hahn, Sabha Ganai, Andrew Howard, and Daniel W. Golden

Subjects
Oncology, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Teaching method, education, Graduate medical education, Specialty, Interdisciplinary Studies, Medical Oncology, Pediatrics, Likert scale, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Surgical oncology, Internal medicine, Neoplasms, Surveys and Questionnaires, business.product_line, Medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Child, Palliative Medicine, Aged, Medical education, business.industry, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Attendance, Internship and Residency, Training Support, Communication skills training, United States, Geriatric oncology, Education, Medical, Graduate, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Family medicine, Clinical Competence, business, Program Evaluation
Abstract

Oncologists must have a strong understanding of collaborating specialties in order to deliver optimal cancer care. The objective of this study was to quantify current interdisciplinary oncology education among oncology training programs across the USA, identify effective teaching modalities, and assess communication skills training. Web-based surveys were sent to oncology trainees and program directors (PDs) across the USA on April 1, 2013 and October 8, 2013, respectively. Question responses were Yes/No, five-point Likert scales (1 = not at all, 2 = somewhat, 3 = moderately, 4 = quite, 5 = extremely), or free response. Respondents included the following (trainees/PDs): 254/55 medical oncology, 160/42 surgical oncology, 102/24 radiation oncology, and 41/20 hospice and palliative medicine (HPM). Trainees consistently reported lower rates of interdisciplinary education for each specialty compared with PDs as follows: medical oncology 57 vs. 77% (p

406. Limited dorsiflexion predisposes to injuries of the ankle in children

Author

Tabrizi, P., Mcintyre, W. M. J., Quesnel, M. B., and Andrew Howard

Subjects
body regions, musculoskeletal diseases, Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Surgery, musculoskeletal system, human activities
Abstract

Injuries to the ankle are common in children. We investigated whether decreased dorsiflexion predisposes to such fractures and sprains. Passive dorsiflexion in children with ankle injuries was compared with that in a control group of patients with a normal ankle. The uninjured side was examined to determine flexibility in those patients with ankle injuries. In 82, the mean dorsiflexion was 5.7° with the knee extended and 11.2° with the knee flexed. In 85 controls, the mean dorsiflexion was 12.8° with the knee extended and 21.5° with the knee flexed (p < 0.001, Student’s t-test). There was a strong association between decreased ankle dorsiflexion and injury in children. A flexible triceps surae appeared to absorb energy and protect the bone and ligaments, while stiffness predisposed to injury. We suggest that children with tight calf muscles should undergo a regimen of stretching exercises to improve their flexibility.

408. The TRENDS High-contrast Imaging Survey. VII. Discovery of a Nearby Sirius-like White Dwarf System (HD 169889).

Author

Justin R. Crepp, Erica J. Gonzales, Brendan P. Bowler, Farisa Morales, Jordan Stone, Eckhart Spalding, Amali Vaz, Philip Hinz, Steve Ertel, Andrew Howard, and Howard Isaacson

Subjects
WHITE dwarf stars, RADIAL velocity of stars, PARTICLE acceleration, BINARY stars, IMAGING systems
Abstract

Monitoring the long-term radial velocity (RV) and acceleration of nearby stars has been proven as an effective method for directly detecting binary and substellar companions. Some fraction of nearby RV trend systems are expected to be comprised of compact objects that likewise induce a systemic Doppler signal. In this paper, we report the discovery of a white dwarf (WD) companion found to orbit the nearby (π = 28.297 ± 0.066 mas) G9 V star HD 169889. High-contrast imaging observations using NIRC2 at the W. M. Keck Observatory and LMIRCam at the Large Binocular Telescope (LBT) Observatory uncover the (ΔH = 9.76 ± 0.16, ΔL′ = 9.60 ± 0.03) companion at an angular separation of 0.″8 (28 au). Thirteen years of precise Doppler observations reveal a steep linear acceleration in the RV time series and place a dynamical constraint on the companion mass of M ≥ 0.369 ± 0.010 M⊙. This “Sirius-like” system adds to the census of WD companions suspected to be missing from surveys of in the solar neighborhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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411. UNIX all round

Author

Andrew Howard

Subjects
Unix, Computer science, General Engineering, Operating system, Islands of automation, computer.software_genre, computer, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

Describes the progress made in establishing a common operating system in manufacturing. Are islands of automation a thing of the past?

Published
1988

413. Low-temperature studies of elastase

Author

P. Kuttner, R. Hamlin, Ng. H. Xuong, C. Nielsen, Andrew Howard, B. Katz, and C. Cork

Subjects
Structural Biology, Chemistry, Elastase, Molecular biology
Published
1981

415. SPITZER OBSERVATIONS OF EXOPLANETS DISCOVERED WITH THE KEPLER K2 MISSION.

Author

Charles Beichman, John Livingston, Michael Werner, Varoujan Gorjian, Jessica Krick, Katherine Deck, Heather Knutson, Ian Wong, Erik Petigura, Jessie Christiansen, David Ciardi, Thomas P. Greene, Joshua E. Schlieder, Mike Line, Ian Crossfield, Andrew Howard, and Evan Sinukoff

Subjects
EXTRASOLAR planets, METAPHYSICS, CIRCUMSTELLAR matter, CONSTELLATIONS, PLANETARY systems
Abstract

We have used the Spitzer Space Telescope to observe two transiting planetary systems orbiting low-mass stars discovered in the Kepler K2 mission. The system K2-3 (EPIC 201367065) hosts three planets, while K2-26 (EPIC 202083828) hosts a single planet. Observations of all four objects in these two systems confirm and refine the orbital and physical parameters of the planets. The refined orbital information and more precise planet radii possible with Spitzer will be critical for future observations of these and other K2 targets. For K2-3b we find marginally significant evidence for a transit timing variation between the K2 and Spitzer epochs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2016
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416. TWO STARS TWO WAYS: CONFIRMING A MICROLENSING BINARY LENS SOLUTION WITH A SPECTROSCOPIC MEASUREMENT OF THE ORBIT.

Author

Jennifer C. Yee, John Asher Johnson, Jan Skowron, Andrew Gould, J. Sebastian Pineda, Jason Eastman, Andrew Vanderburg, and Andrew Howard

Subjects
CIRCUMSTELLAR matter, GRAVITATIONAL collapse, STELLAR oscillations, RADIAL velocity of stars, ELECTROMAGNETIC waves
Abstract

Light curves of microlensing events involving stellar binaries and planetary systems can provide information about the orbital elements of the system due to orbital modulations of the caustic structure. Accurately measuring the orbit in either the stellar or planetary case requires detailed modeling of subtle deviations in the light curve. At the same time, the natural, Cartesian parameterization of a microlensing binary is partially degenerate with the microlens parallax. Hence, it is desirable to perform independent tests of the predictions of microlens orbit models using radial velocity (RV) time series of the lens binary system. To this end, we present 3.5 years of RV monitoring of the binary lens system OGLE-2009-BLG-020 L, for which Skowron et al. constrained all internal parameters of the 200–700 day orbit. Our RV measurements reveal an orbit that is consistent with the predictions of the microlens light curve analysis, thereby providing the first confirmation of orbital elements inferred from microlensing events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2016
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417. Compulsive use of dopaminergic drugs in Parkinson's disease : a window into the role of dopamine in addiction and impulse control disorders

Author

Evans, Andrew Howard

Subjects
616.89
Abstract

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive condition that often requires specialist care for a variety of motor and nonmotor symptoms. These symptoms arise from the disease process and also the medications that are used to manage the disease. A small group of patients appear to compulsively use dopaminergic medications well beyond the dose needed to optimally control their motor disability. This destructive behaviour occurs in the face of a mounting number of resulting harmful physical, psychiatric and social sequelae and is encompassed under the term dopamine dysregulation syndrome (DDS). DDS has been linked to punding, and a variety of impulse control disorders (ICDs) such as gambling and hypersexuality. ICDs in particular also occur in relation to dopamine agonist use and in the absence of compulsive dopaminergic drug use. In this thesis, the mechanisms through which dopaminergic treatment of PD may lead to these behavioural changes were explored. It was found that chronic treatment with dopaminergic drugs in PD was able to cross-sensitise to the euphoriant effects of an acute challenge with methylphenidate and L-dopa as well as generally enhance reward responsivity. Regular dopaminergic drug therapy also led to sensitisation to the motor effects of L-dopa. A study to identify drug-induced complex stereotyped motor behaviours (punding) in patients with PD was carried out and found that these behaviours were underrecognised. These behaviours were often socially disabling and the chosen activity tended to reflect the premorbid interests of the patient. They were more common in patients exhibiting other core features of the DDS. This research was driven by the need for more accurate patient characterization. The relative rarity of DDS provides testament to the low addictive liability of dopaminergic drugs used to treat PD but also suggests that it should be possible to identify which individuals about to start dopaminergic therapy are vulnerable to becoming addicted to it. Impulsive sensation seeking personality traits relevant to epidemiological studies of substance dependence and other substance use were found to be highly predictive in the DDS patients as well as an independent association of depressive mood symptoms. Impulsive sensation seeking traits have subsequently been demonstrated to be relevant to individual susceptibility to the emergence of ICDs with treatment with dopamine agonists. The findings propose mechanisms by with patients with the syndrome may be identified and managed early. : DDS patients report and were found to display an aversive drug withdrawal state akin to the withdrawal state with drugs of addiction. The nature of the medication-withdrawal state was characterised in a group of DDS patients after overnight drug withdrawal. In the withdrawal state, DDS patients had more motor Parkinsonism, reduced positive affect, and reported a broader range of affective nonmotor symptoms compared to control patients. With the L-dopa challenge, DDS patients had a greater reduction in the motor UPDRS, number of affective nonmotor symptoms, and a greater increase in reward responsivity and positive affect. In ‘ON’, DDS patients reported increased drug ‘wanting’ but did not ‘feel’ or ‘like’ drug effects more than controls. They had more disabling dyskinesias and showed enhanced reward responsivity. : A novel clinical paradigm of drug dependence was investigated using a two-scan ^{11}C-Raclopride protocol. The results of this study have provided the first human evidence that drug-induced sensitisation of ventral striatal-circuitry mediates compulsive drug ‘wanting’ and is sufficient for the development of substance dependence in humans. These findings are relevant to a broad range of compulsive disorders in general. These observations indicate a pivotal role for dopamine in behavioural addictions, drug-induced stereotypies and drug addiction; and that the brain systems that mediate the transition from drug-use to compulsive drug-taking and craving overlap with systems hat mediate behavioural addictions and the development of drug-induced stereotypies.

Published
2008

424. Evaluation of the effect of tyrothricin on beta-hemolytic streptococci in salva. Part I: The effect of salvia upon bacteria. Part II: Effect of tyrothricin on the New York 5 strain of Streptococcus pyogenes in saliva

Author

Swift, Andrew Howard Potter

Abstract

The antibacterial effect of saliva has been known for many years. Still the exact nature of the antagonistic action of saliva upon bacteria is as yet unsettled. Most workers agree, however, that the salivary bacterial inhibitory action is brought about in at least six ways: The first antibacterial effect is changes in pH, which affect the growth of oral organisms. Furthermore, this change in pH is dependent on diet and on the type of organisms in the oral cavity. The second is the mechanical factors involved, for saliva not only flushes bacteria from the mouth, but dilutes the number of organisms as well. The third is the antibacterial action of the cellular components in saliva. The leukocytes in saliva have a phagocytic action, and the non-phagocytic epithelial cells slough off in sheets, carrying with them thousands of organisms which have lodged in the partially turned edges of the necrotic cells . The fourth antibacterial action is ascribed to the presence of immune bodies in the saliva which lyse or agglutinate the oral bacteria. The fifth is the presence of oral bacteria which are antagonistic to new invaders. And the sixth is the presence of enzymes that lyse some oral bacteria or alter their cell membranes thereby inhibiting further growth. In recent years a great deal of investigation has been made to ascribe the enzymatic effect as the chief antibacterial agent in saliva; however, contradictory work has been done to try to attribute the chief antibacterial action of salivary cocci. Indeed the antibacterial effect of saliva is not always present, for the bacteriostatic effect of saliva is variable from day to day and from individual to individual. The only way of reducing the number of oral bacteria is to add to the saliva an antibiotic. Tyrothricin was used. In an attempt to delineate the range of concentration of tyrothricin per ml. effective against the New York 5 strain of Streptococcus pryogenes in saliva, this experiment was carried out. It was molded after the unpublished work of Belding concerning the effect of tyrothricin on the Oxford Strain of Staphylococcus aureus in saliva. The required inoculum of approximately one million organisms per ml was obtained by growing cultures of the streptococci under uniform conditions and setting up a table of the absorbances and viable cell counts, from which dilution factors for further cultures could be estimated. Controls were set up for determining possible inhibition of tyrothricin and/or test organisms by the various diluting fluids including saliva. Final concentrations per ml of 10, 25, 50, 75, and 100 µg of tyrothricin integrated with saliva and an approximated number of streptococci were plated out after 30 and 60 minutes exposure periods and were counted after 24 and 48 hours of incubation at 37°C. Whereas 1 µg per ml of tyrothricin reduced markedly the number of streptococci suspended in water during a 30 minute exposure period and 10 µg per ml, under similar conditions, caused complete inhibition, 10 µg per ml of the antibiotic was ineffective against this test organism suspended in saliva during a 30 minute exposure period but caused about an 80 per cent reduction in viable organisms during 60 minutes exposure. The length of the exposure period necessary for effective inhibition varied inversely with the concentration of tyrothricin per ml, 100 µg per ml causing a 98 per cent reduction of viable organisms during an exposure period of 1 minute. For the 30 minute exposure period, the quantity of tyrothricin effective against this strain of streptococci mixed in saliva would fall in the 10 µg - 25 µg per ml range and for shorter exposure periods, the concentration per ml would have to be greater. Cultures completely negative during 24 hours incubation at 37°C, showed a typical growth during 48 hours. This is considered indicative of the bacteriostatic action of tyrothricin which, prolonged, resulted in the death of large numbers of the streptococci. The results which were obtained in these experiments serve chiefly to point out the way for further work and to form a basis for the general conclusions listed below: 1. The action of tyrothricin on bacteria is inhibited by saliva to a large degree. 2. The minimal amounts of tyrothricin necessary to produce complete inhibition of growth of Streptococcus pyogenes in saliva is between 25 and 50 µg per ml acting for 30 minutes. 3. There is an effective reduction of Streptococcus pyogenes in saliva by concentrations of tyrothricin between 10 and 25 µg per ml acting for 30 minutes. 4. Tyrothricin acts immediately upon contact with Streptococcus pyogenes. 5. The action of tyrothricin on Streptococcus pyogenes in saliva is apparently bacteriostatic and not of a permanent nature as manifested by growth of atypical colonies during 48 hours incubation. 6. Tyrothricin above a concentration of 50 µg per ml had a definite reducing effect on the bacterial population of this saliva. 7. Saliva also has a bactericidal or bacteriostatic (or both) action against Streptococcus pyogenes.

Published
1949

426. The effect of intra- and extracellular challenges on cellular responses in atherosclerosis

Author

Kim van Kuijk, Sluimer, Judith, Biessen, Erik, Baker, Andrew Howard, Pathologie, and RS: Carim - B07 The vulnerable plaque: makers and markers

Subjects
matrix production, environmental challenges, atherosclerosis, immune responses, cellular adaptation
Abstract

The main topic of this thesis is the effect of stressors, in or outside of the cell, on atherosclerosis. In atherosclerosis, multiple cell types are important: inflammatory cells that clean up the growing pool of lipids and matrix-producing cells that produce matrix. The latter is essential in preventing the formation of blood clots and thus decreasing the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. This dissertation research investigated numerous stressors, such as oxygen and cholesterol levels, and what the effect of those is on earlier mentioned cells. This thesis found that autophagy, as a response to lipids, works protective in atherosclerosis. While it also shows that vast amounts of lipids lead to cell death in inflammatory cells, which can lead to cardiovascular disease. Low oxygen levels can also manifest this in inflammatory cells, which in turn can lead to matrix production by matrix-producing cells. This thesis shows that a variety of stressors can have divergent effects on atherosclerosis, in a cell-specific manner.

Published
2021

427. Real-world study of the multimorbidity and health service utilisation among individuals with non-diabetic hyperglycemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus in North West London.

Author

Dattani R, Ul-Haq Z, Shah M, Kamalati T, Pierce B, Lucas A, Baruwa A, Bickford-Smith L, Chilcott J, Griffiths T, Frankel AH, Willis T, and Tam FWK

Subjects
Humans, Male, Female, London epidemiology, Middle Aged, Retrospective Studies, Aged, Patient Acceptance of Health Care statistics & numerical data, Adult, Prevalence, Follow-Up Studies, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 epidemiology, Multimorbidity, Hyperglycemia epidemiology
Abstract

Introduction: The prevalence of non-diabetic hyperglycemia (NDH) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasing. While T2DM is recognised to be associated with multimorbidity and early mortality, people with NDH are frequently thought to be devoid of such complications, potentially exposing individuals with NDH to suboptimal care. We therefore used the Discover London Secure Data Environment (SDE) dataset to appreciate the relationship of NDH/T2DM with multimorbidity, healthcare usage, and clinical outcomes., Research Design and Methods: The dataset was retrospectively analysed between January 1, 2015 and December 31, 2020 to understand the relationship between NDH/T2DM and multimorbidity primary/secondary healthcare usage and clinical outcomes. This was compared with a cohort of individuals with thyroid disease but no NDH/T2DM., Results: The dataset identified 152,384 and 124,190 adults with NDH and T2DM compared with 11,626 individuals with thyroid disease (control group). Individuals with NDH and individuals with T2DM had a high burden of disease, with only 13.1% of individuals with either NDH or T2DM not found to be suffering from at least one of the disease states of interest. The three most common comorbidities experienced by individuals with NDH were hypertension (41.4%), hypercholesterolemia (37.5%), and obesity (29.8%) compared with retinopathy (68.7%), hypertension (59.4%), and obesity (45.8%) in individuals with T2DM. Comparatively, the most common comorbidities in the control group were depression (30.8%), hypercholesterolemia (24.4%), and hypertension (17.1%). 28 (control group), 12 (NDH), and 16 (T2DM) primary care contacts per individual per year were identified, with 27,881, 282,371, and 314,880 inpatient admissions for the control, NDH, and T2DM cohorts, respectively. Prescription of drugs used to treat T2DM in individuals with NDH and T2DM was 27,772 (18.2%) and 109,361 (88.1%), respectively, accounting for approximately one in five individuals with NDH developing T2DM., Conclusion: Both NDH and T2DM were associated with significant multimorbidity alongside primary and secondary care utilisation. Given the morbidity highlighted with NDH, we highlight the need for earlier detection of NDH, recognition of multimorbidity associated with both NDH and T2DM, as well as the need for the further implementation of interventions to prevent progression to T2DM/multimorbidity., Competing Interests: Competing interests: FWKT has received research project grants from AstraZeneca Limited, Baxter Biosciences, Boehringer Ingelheim, MedImmune, OncoOne, Rigel Pharmaceuticals, and Thornton and Ross Ltd and has consultancy agreements with Novartis, OncoOne and Rigel Pharmaceuticals. AHF has been in receipt of research grants, prepared educational materials, and attended drug advisory boards for Boehringer Ingleheim, Lilly, AstraZeneca Limited, NAPP, VP UK, Bayer and GSK., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Published
2024
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428. Escalating Bi-Directional Feedback Loops between Proinflammatory Microglia and Mitochondria in Ageing and Post-Diagnosis of Parkinson's Disease.

Author

Ravenhill SM, Evans AH, and Crewther SG

Abstract

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic and progressive age-related neurodegenerative disease affecting up to 3% of the global population over 65 years of age. Currently, the underlying physiological aetiology of PD is unknown. However, the diagnosed disorder shares many common non-motor symptoms associated with ageing-related neurodegenerative disease progression, such as neuroinflammation, microglial activation, neuronal mitochondrial impairment, and chronic autonomic nervous system dysfunction. Clinical PD has been linked to many interrelated biological and molecular processes, such as escalating proinflammatory immune responses, mitochondrial impairment, lower adenosine triphosphate (ATP) availability, increasing release of neurotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS), impaired blood brain barrier integrity, chronic activation of microglia, and damage to dopaminergic neurons consistently associated with motor and cognitive decline. Prodromal PD has also been associated with orthostatic hypotension and many other age-related impairments, such as sleep disruption, impaired gut microbiome, and constipation. Thus, this review aimed to present evidence linking mitochondrial dysfunction, including elevated oxidative stress, ROS, and impaired cellular energy production, with the overactivation and escalation of a microglial-mediated proinflammatory immune response as naturally occurring and damaging interlinked bidirectional and self-perpetuating cycles that share common pathological processes in ageing and PD. We propose that both chronic inflammation, microglial activation, and neuronal mitochondrial impairment should be considered as concurrently influencing each other along a continuum rather than as separate and isolated linear metabolic events that affect specific aspects of neural processing and brain function.

Published
2023
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429. Extracellular Vesicle miRNAs in the Promotion of Cardiac Neovascularisation.

Author

Kesidou D, da Costa Martins PA, de Windt LJ, Brittan M, Beqqali A, and Baker AH

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality worldwide claiming almost 17. 9 million deaths annually. A primary cause is atherosclerosis within the coronary arteries, which restricts blood flow to the heart muscle resulting in myocardial infarction (MI) and cardiac cell death. Despite substantial progress in the management of coronary heart disease (CHD), there is still a significant number of patients developing chronic heart failure post-MI. Recent research has been focused on promoting neovascularisation post-MI with the ultimate goal being to reduce the extent of injury and improve function in the failing myocardium. Cardiac cell transplantation studies in pre-clinical models have shown improvement in cardiac function; nonetheless, poor retention of the cells has indicated a paracrine mechanism for the observed improvement. Cell communication in a paracrine manner is controlled by various mechanisms, including extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs have emerged as novel regulators of intercellular communication, by transferring molecules able to influence molecular pathways in the recipient cell. Several studies have demonstrated the ability of EVs to stimulate angiogenesis by transferring microRNA (miRNA, miR) molecules to endothelial cells (ECs). In this review, we describe the process of neovascularisation and current developments in modulating neovascularisation in the heart using miRNAs and EV-bound miRNAs. Furthermore, we critically evaluate methods used in cell culture, EV isolation and administration., (Copyright © 2020 Kesidou, da Costa Martins, de Windt, Brittan, Beqqali and Baker.)

Published
2020
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430. The function of long non-coding RNAs in vascular biology and disease.

Author

Kok FO and Baker AH

Subjects
Animals, Blood Vessels pathology, Cardiovascular Diseases genetics, Cardiovascular Diseases pathology, Cell Differentiation, Endothelial Cells metabolism, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Muscle, Smooth, Vascular metabolism, Muscle, Smooth, Vascular pathology, Myocytes, Smooth Muscle metabolism, Myocytes, Smooth Muscle pathology, Neovascularization, Physiologic, RNA, Long Noncoding genetics, Signal Transduction, Vascular Remodeling, Blood Vessels metabolism, Cardiovascular Diseases metabolism, RNA, Long Noncoding metabolism
Abstract

In recent years, it has been revealed that majority of the genome is transcribed in a cell- and context-specific manner into a vast array of RNA transcripts that do not encode proteins. Increasing evidence suggests that non-coding RNAs, especially long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are essential regulators of gene expression and other cellular processes, including in the cardiovascular context. In this review, we discuss lncRNAs and their function during endothelial and vascular smooth cell differentiation, function and homeostasis as well as their role in vessel wall injury response and vascular disease pathophysiology. Although our understanding of lncRNAs is still emerging, these examples reveal important insights on how lncRNAs may ultimately be used in clinic as therapeutic targets for cardiovascular disease., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Published
2019
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