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Biological complications involving dental implants include peri-implant diseases such as peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis. The latter presents with progressive bone loss from the alveolar crest in a coronal apical direction. However, a separate disease entity termed retrograde peri-implantitis (RPI), which presents with progressive bone loss at the periapex of the implant, also exists and may be of particular interest to endodontists because it typically presents with periapical pathology of both the implant and adjacent tooth or at a site that previously housed an endodontically treated tooth. The reported prevalence of retrograde peri-implantitis is 0.26%, which is much lower than the prevalence of marginal peri-implantitis; however, its incidence increases to 7.8% when teeth adjacent to the implant exhibit an endodontic infection. It is positively correlated with a shorter distance between the implant and the adjacent tooth and a shorter time elapsed from the endodontically treated adjacent tooth to implant placement. This case report describes a patient diagnosed with an RPI lesion (RPI) associated with an adjacent endodontically treated tooth with a persistent periapical radiolucent lesion. The diagnosis, possible etiology, and management of the RPI lesion is thoroughly reported including follow-up visits showing complete resolution after subsequent periodontal and endodontic therapy. Endodontic evaluation of teeth adjacent to the implant site should be performed for primary prevention of RPI. Proper classification of RPI will aid in determining the course of treatment; class 1 and 2 cases require endodontic therapy of the involved teeth for healing to occur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Details of the human facial parotid plexus (PP) are not readily accessible during ordinary anatomical teaching because of insufficient time and difficulties encountered in the preparation. For parotid and facial nerve surgery however, precise knowledge of PP is of crucial importance. The aim of this study was therefore to provide more details of PP in anatomic specimens. Following anatomical dissection, its location, syntopy and morphology were analyzed in 158 cervico-facial halves of 95 cadavers. The facial nerve (FN) divides into a larger temporo-facial and a smaller cervico-facial trunk. Both trunks branch, form PP, and thus form connections along six distinctive anastomotic types. These anastomoses may explain why accidental or essential severance of a supposed terminal facial branch fails to result in the expected muscle weakness. However, whereas earlier anatomical and clinical studies report connections between both trunks in 67–90% of the cases, our data indicate the presence of anastomoses only in 44%. One reason for this difference may be found in our microscope-assisted dissection in infratemporal regions from which the parotid gland has been removed. Thereby we tracked both FN-trunks in both directions – distally and proximally – and determined the exact origin of all terminal FN branches. This lower rate of occurrence of connections between both trunks reduces the chances of luckily preserved muscle innervation and enhances the risk of facial palsy after transection of a terminal branch. Accordingly, precise anatomical knowledge on PP should be renewed and transection of facial nerve branches avoided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The human orbital muscle (OM) is not readily accessible during ordinary anatomical teaching because of insufficient time and difficulties encountered in the preparation. Accordingly, its few anatomical descriptions are supported only by drawings, but not by photographs. The aim of this study was to present OM in dissected anatomic specimens in more detail. Following microscope-assisted dissection, its location, syntopy and morphology were analyzed in 88 orbits of 51 cadavers. Together with the periorbital connective tissue OM filled the infraorbital fissure (IOF) and extended back to the cavernous sinus. As a new finding, we here report that in 34% of the orbits we observed OM-fibers, which proceeded from IOF caudally to the facies infratemporalis of the maxilla. OM had a mean width of 4 ± 1 mm, a mean length of 22 ± 5 mm and its mean mass was 0.22 ± 0.19 g. The subsequent histological analysis of all specimens showed features of smooth muscle tissue: long, spindle-like cells with a centrally located cell nucleus (hematoxylin-eosin staining) which were innervated by tyrosine-hydroxylase immunopositive adrenergic fibers. We conclude that precise knowledge on OM might be very helpful not only to students in medicine and dentistry during anatomical dissection courses, but also to head and neck surgeons, ear–nose–throat specialists and neurosurgeons working in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction This study evaluated the readability, accessibility and quality of information pertaining to breast reconstruction post mastectomy on the Internet in the English language. Methods Using the Google © search engine the keywords “Breast reconstruction post mastectomy” were searched for. We analyzed the top 75 sites. The Flesch Reading Ease Score and Gunning Fog Index were calculated to assess readability. Web site quality was assessed objectively using the University of Michigan Consumer Health Web site Evaluation Checklist. Accessibility was determined using an automated accessibility tool. In addition, the country of origin, type of organisation producing the site and presence of Health on the Net (HoN) Certification status was recorded. Results The Web sites were difficult to read and comprehend. The mean Flesch Reading Ease scores were 55.5. The mean Gunning Fog Index scores was 8.6. The mean Michigan score was 34.8 indicating weak quality of websites. Websites with HoN certification ranked higher in the search results (p = 0.007). Website quality was influenced by organisation type (p < 0.0001) with academic/healthcare, not for profit and government sites having higher Michigan scores. 20% of sites met the minimum accessibility criteria. Conclusions Internet information on breast reconstruction post mastectomy and procedures is poorly written and we suggest that Webpages providing information must be made more readable and accessible. We suggest that health professionals should recommend Web sites that are easy to read and contain high-quality surgical information. Medical information on the Internet should be readable, accessible, reliable and of a consistent quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has been considered as a promising method to keep under control the multidrug resistance of pathogenic bacteria. As is well-known the PDT procedure involves a photosensitizer and application of proper light spectrum for its activation in the presence of oxygen atmosphere. In general, the produced oxygen species are toxic to the biomolecules which features mainly two mechanisms, which are appropriate to irreversible inactivation of the drug-resistant microbial pathogens. The present study evaluates two pairs of Gram-negative bacteria such as Flavobacterium hydatis (F. hydatis) and Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila) as multidrug resistant (R) and sensitive (S) strains isolated from natural sources. Two recently synthesized palladium phthalocyanine complexes (PdPcs) with substituents of four methylpyridiloxy groups on peripheral (pPdPc) and non-peripheral (nPdPc) positions were used as photosensitizers. In addition, tetra-methylpyridiloxy substituted Zn(II)-phthalocyanine (ZnPcMe) was tested as a reference photosensitizer taking into accound its high photodynamic inactivation ability towards different pathogenic microorganisms [1]. The results showed full photodynamic inactivation with 5.0 µM nPdPc towards both strains F. hydatis , R and S (6log), but a half of the inactivation value (3log) was obtained with 5.0 µM pPdPc and only for F. hydatis , S. For comparison reason, a well-known zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPcMe) was studied with high efficacy towards both F. hydatis R and S strains. The results on the second pair strains showed complete inactivation with nPdPc (0.4 µM for the both S and R strains) as compared to pPdPc (8 µM for S strain). Comparison between the both new isolates Aeromonas hydrophila (S and R) strains, suggests that PDT efficacy with the applied phthalocyanines is independent on the drug sensitivity of the tested strains [2]. This study suggested the promising base for the development of aPDT as alternative method to keep under control the farm fishes' pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the potential threat to Egyptian Vultures posed by the poisoning of free-range dogs, emphasizing the need for internationally coordinated efforts to address this issue, especially around rubbish dumps where poisoned dogs are disposed of.

Background: Although retrograde peri-implantitis (RPI) is not a common sequela of dental implant surgery, its prevalence has been reported in the literature to be 0.26%. Incidence of RPI is reported to increase to 7.8% when teeth adjacent to the implant site have a previous history of root canal therapy, and it is correlated with distance between implant and adjacent tooth and/or with time from endodontic treatment of adjacent tooth to implant placement. Minimum 2 mm space between implant and adjacent tooth is needed to decrease incidence of apical RPI, with minimum 4 weeks between completion of endodontic treatment and actual implant placement. The purpose of this study is to compile all available treatment modalities and to provide a decision tree as a general guide for clinicians to aid in diagnosis and treatment of RPI.Methods: Literature search was performed for articles published in English on the topic of RPI. Articles selected were case reports with study populations ranging from 1 to 32 patients. Any case report or clinical trial that attempted to treat or rescue an implant diagnosed with RPI was included.Results: Predominant diagnostic presentation of a lesion was presence of sinus tract at buccal or facial abscess of apical portion of implant, and subsequent periapical radiographs taken demonstrated a radiolucent lesion. On the basis of case reports analyzed, RPI was diagnosed between 1 week and 4 years after implant placement. Twelve of 20 studies reported that RPI lesions were diagnosed within 6 months after implant placement. A step-by-step decision tree is provided to allow clinicians to triage and properly manage cases of RPI on the basis of recommendations and successful treatments provided in analyzed case reports. It is divided between symptomatic and asymptomatic implants and adjacent teeth with vital and necrotic pulps.Conclusions: Most common etiology of apical RPI is endodontic infection from neighboring teeth, which was diagnosed within 6 months after implant placement. Most common findings, radiographically and clinically, are lesions around implant apex and sinus tract. A small number of implants did not improve with treatment. Decision tree provides a path to diagnose and treat lesions to facilitate their management. Further studies are needed to focus on histologic data around periapical microbiota to establish specific etiology and differential diagnoses compared with marginal peri-implantitis and other implant-related conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The RECCo control algorithm, presented in this article, is based on the fuzzy rule-based (FRB) system named ANYA which has non-parametric antecedent part. It starts with zero fuzzy rules ( clouds ) in the rule base and evolves its structure while performing the control of the plant. For the consequent part of RECCo PID-type controller is used and the parameters are adapted in an online manner. The RECCo does not require any off-line training or any type of model of the controlled process (e.g. differential equations). Moreover, in this article we propose a normalization of the cloud (data) space and an improved adaptation law of the controller. Due to the normalization some of the evolving parameters can be fixed while the new adaptation law improves the performance of the controller in the starting phase of the process control. To assess the performance of the RECCo algorithm, firstly a comparison study with classical PID controller was performed on a model of a plate heat-exchanger (PHE). Tuning the PID parameters was done using three different techniques (Ziegler–Nichols, Cohen–Coon and pole placement). Furthermore, a practical implementation of the RECCo controller for a real PHE plant is presented. The PHE system has nonlinear static characteristic and a time delay. Additionally, the real sensor's and actuator's limitations represent a serious problem from the control point of view. Besides this, the RECCo control algorithm autonomously learns and evolves the structure and adapts its parameters in an online unsupervised manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS) has become a treatment option for intracranial hemangioblastomas, especially in patients with poor clinical status and also high-risk surgical candidates. The objective of this study was to analyze clinical outcome and tumor control rates. Retrospective chart review revealed 12 patients with a total of 20 intracranial hemangioblastomas treated with GKRS from May 1998 until December 2014. Kaplan-Meier plots were used to calculate the actuarial local tumor control rates and rate of recurrence following GKRS. Univariate analysis, including log rank test and Wilcoxon test were used on the Kaplan-Meier plots to evaluate the predictors of tumor progression. Two-tailed p value of <0.05 was considered as significant. Median follow-up was 64 months (2-184). Median tumor volume pre-GKRS was 946 mm 3 (79-15970), while median tumor volume post-GKRS was 356 mm 3 (30-5404). Complications were seen in two patients. Tumor control rates were 100% at 1 year, 90% at 3 years, and 85% at 5 years, using the Kaplan-Meier method. There were no statistically significant univariate predictors of progression identified, although there was a trend towards successful tumor control in solid tumors (p = 0.07). GKRS is an effective and safe option for treating intracranial hemangioblastoma with favorable tumor control rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies conducted in the biogas installation of the Sofia wastewater treatment plant for waste water have proven the feasibility of the correlation analysis to establish correlations with regard to different target functions and technological parameters of the process biomethanation. Data has been obtained about the input and output indicators of sludge at different values of the technological parameters. Using the correlation method, the direction of the relationship (positive or negative) has been defined, the dependence (forward or reverse) has been determined and the values of correlation coefficients have been established. Two target functions have been selected, namely production of biogas and degree of mineralization, and the dependence of the remaining indicators has been established with regard to these two target parameters. The results confirm the already known from international experience factors which influence the anaerobic digestion process. This gives reason to believe that the correlation analysis can be successfully used for studies of processes in plants producing biogas from liquid organic sludge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The plant sediment microbial fuel cells (PSMFCs) ecofriendly and efficiently transform solar radiation in electricity through the integration of live plant roots in the anodic area of sediment MFC. The bacteria in the anodic area, as the processes they perform, significantly affect the generated power of the cell. This study is related to the determation of the influence of various microbial processes in the anodic area of PSMFCs. For the purposes of this investigation are used PSMFCs, planted with Carex acuta. Four process are studied (fermentation, denitrification, sulphate-reduction and ferric-reduction) and for each experiment are monitored basic electrical parameters, changes in the physical and chemical indicators of anolyte and the number of basic physiological groups of microorganisms. The best electrochemical parameters are achieved with the process of microbial sulphatereduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The leachate from landfills usually contains high concentrations of ammonia, organic and toxic compounds, heavy metals. Due to the synergism of various factors it is difficult to predict the quantity and composition of landfill leachates. NH4+ - N is basic and long-term pollutant and cause acute toxicity. The purification of leachate with high ammonia content is one of the most difficult tasks in wastewater treatment worldwide. Several laboratory tests were conducted in order to establish optimal technological parameters for the processes in a treatment plant of removal of various contaminants for leachate from landfills for non-hazardous waste. There was performed an analysis of the processes in order to their optimization through model technological solutions implemented in a laboratory. There was established the influence of different leachate quantities from landfills for non-hazardous waste in the composition of treated wastewaters into the biological stage of technological scheme with preliminary denitrification and SBRs on the removal rates of nitrogen compounds and other pollutants from waters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The development of new water-soluble photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT) applications is a very active research topic. Efforts have been made to obtain the far-red absorbing phthalocyanine complexes with molecular design that facilitates the uptake and selectivity for a high PDT efficiency. Methods The monomolecular lutetium(III) acetate phthalocyanines (LuPcs) substituted with methylpyridyloxy groups at non-peripheral ( 5 ) and peripheral ( 6 ) positions were synthesized by following the modification of the well-known synthetical routes. The photo-physicochemical properties of the both quaternized LuPcs were evaluated by the steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopy. The photochemical technique was applied to study the generation of the singlet oxygen. Results Two water-soluble and cationic LuPcs were synthesized and chemically characterized. The photo-physicochemical properties of absorption (675 and 685 nm) and the red shifted fluorescence (704 and 721 nm) as well as the fluorescence lifetimes (2.24 and 3.27 ns) were studied. The promising values of singlet oxygen quantum yields (0.32 for 5 and 0.35 for 6 ) were determined. Conclusions Lutetium(III) acetate phthalocyanine complexes were synthesized and evaluated with physicochemical properties suitable for future photodynamic therapy applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The human glomus caroticum (GC) is not readily accessible during ordinary anatomical teaching courses because of insufficient time and difficulties encountered in the preparation. Accordingly, most anatomical descriptions of its location, relationship to neighboring structures, size and shape are supported only by drawings, but not by photographs. The aim of this study is to present the GC with all associated roots and branches. Following microscope-assisted dissection and precise photo-documentation, a detailed analysis of location, syntopy and morphology was performed. We carried out this study on 46 bifurcations of the common carotid artery (CCA) into the external (ECA) and internal (ICA) carotid arteries and identified the GC in 40 (91%) of them. We found significant variations regarding the location of the GC and its syntopy: GC was associated with CCA (42%), ECA (28%) and ICA (30%) lying on the medial or lateral surface (82% or 13%, respectively) or exactly in the middle (5%) of the bifurcation. The short and long diameter of its oval form varied from 1.0 × 2.0 to 5.0 × 5.0 mm. Connections with the sympathetic trunk (100%), glossopharyngeal (93%), vagus (79%) and hypoglossal nerve (90%) could be established in 29 cadavers. We conclude that precise knowledge of this enormous variety might be very helpful not only to students in medicine and dentistry during anatomical dissection courses, but also to surgeons working in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article highlights the threat of poisoning to Egyptian vultures from intentional pesticides, unintentional poisoning through feral dog culling, and underscores the need for better management and regional cooperation to address these issues.