Search

Background/Objectives: Engaging in physical activity (PA) is crucial for children's physical and mental health, with PA in childhood influencing lifelong activity levels. However, PA during childhood tends to decrease with age. Childhood friendship networks influence various health behaviors, including physical activity. Centralities are objective measures of an individual's position and role in friendship networks. The relationship between centrality and PA is inconsistent. This study aimed to determine how centrality affects changes in PA in late childhood longitudinally and to investigate the distribution of centrality in the network. Methods: This prospective cohort study recruited fourth- and fifth-grade children (9–11 years old). A total of 143 children participated. We calculated three centralities—in-degree, closeness, and betweenness—based on social network analysis (SNA). PA was assessed using the physical activity questionnaire for older children (PAQ-C). To explore the relationship between centralities and the percentage change in PA, a multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed. Results: Children with higher closeness had a significantly higher rate of decrease in PA after adjusting for confounding factors. There was no significant association between betweenness and percentage change in PA (p = 0.66) or in-degree and percentage change in PA (p = 0.21). Conclusions: This study highlights the importance of considering social network dynamics in PA interventions, particularly for children with high social closeness. Future research should incorporate objective PA measures and explore broader social networks to enhance intervention strategies, especially for Generation Z and Alpha, who experience unique opportunities and motivations for PA due to pervasive digital environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is not known how school closure affected child maltreatment. We conducted a retrospective cohort, linear mixed-models study of 133 counties (comprising 8,582,479 children) in Virginia between 2018 and 2021. Exposure was the opening of schools at least 2 days a week. Outcomes were referrals and incidence of child maltreatment reported to the Department of Social Services. In 2020-2021, there were descriptively more referrals (in-person: 50.9 per 10,000 [95% CI: 47.9, 54.0]; virtual: 45.8 per 10,000 [95% CI: 40.7, 50.9]) and incidence (in-person: 3.7 per 10,000 [95% CI: 3.3, 4.2]; virtual: 2.9 per 10,000 [95% CI: 2.3, 3.5]) of child maltreatment in counties with in-person schooling, though these differences did not reach statistical significance. The referral rate variations (between pandemic and pre-pandemic eras) of counties with in-person schooling was significantly greater than rate changes in counties with virtual schooling during the summer period. There were no differences in incidence in any quarter. Higher poverty within a county was associated with both higher referrals and incidence. Our findings suggest that child maltreatment is driven primarily by underlying differences in counties (namely, poverty) rather than the type of schooling children receive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Classroom Pivotal Response Teaching (CPRT) is a community-partnered adaptation of a naturalistic developmental behavioral intervention identified as an evidence-based practice for autistic children. The current study evaluated student outcomes in a randomized, wait-list controlled implementation trial across classrooms. Participants included teachers (n = 126) and students with autism (n = 308). Teachers participated in 12 hours of didactic, interactive training and additional in-classroom coaching. Generalized Estimating Equations accounted for clustering. Adjusted models evaluated the relative effects of training group, CPRT fidelity, and classroom quality on student outcomes. Results indicate higher CPRT fidelity was associated with greater increases in student learning. Having received CPRT training predicted increased student engagement and greater decreases in reported approach/withdrawal problems. These differences may be linked to the theoretical foundations of CPRT of increasing student motivation and engagement and collaborative adaptation to increase feasibility in schools. Overall, results suggest CPRT may be a beneficial approach for supporting autistic students.

This study aimed to explore the perspectives and experiences of mothers of school-age children with asthma in care. A phenomenological study was conducted using qualitative research methods from August 2021 to November 2021. Mothers (from Sichuan, China) of school-aged children with asthma who sought outpatient care at the pediatric asthma clinic were purposively sampled based on their occupation, education level, and duration of their child's illness. Semi-structured face-to-face interviews were conducted in consultation room A07 of the pediatric asthma clinic. The interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed thematically. 23 mothers expressed interest, but data saturation was reached after recruiting 15 mothers.Four main themes encompassing ten sub-themes emerged from the analysis: (1) Negative psychological burden, with sub-themes including anxiety shock, fear of death, guilt, and stigma. (2) Family dysfunction, with sub-themes including impaired quality of life, family emotional crisis, and heavy economic burden. (3) Difficulty in seeking medical treatment. (4) Active response, with sub-themes including emotional adjustment, family empowerment, and social support. In this sample, the caregiving experience of mothers of school-age children with asthma is diverse and complex, reflected not only in personal psychological aspects but also in family functioning and social support. Taking into account various factors, such as addressing psychological well-being, emphasizing family and social support, and promoting the sharing of positive experiences, may result in more effective alleviation of caregiving stress for mothers of school-age children with asthma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of the study is to analyze the relation between morphological awareness reading (fluency), writing and reading comprehension, in children with typical development(TD) and children with Specific Learning Disorder(SLD). The sample consists of 150 children european portuguese speakers(120 with TD and 30 children with SLD, the 2nd and 4th. Data collection included Grelha de Avaliação da Linguagem-Nível Escolar, Morphological Awareness Assessment Battery, Bateria de Avaliação da Leitura em Português Europeu, a writing test adapted and Teste de Idade de Leitura. In the statistical analysis of the results, the Mann-Whitney U Test was used to identify significant differences between the two groups of children. Furthermore, the Spearman's test was used to study the correlation between morphological awareness with reading and writing, and with reading comprehension. There was a significant difference in the results of morphological awareness between groups and in both years. There was a significant correlation with greater impact between the performance of TD children on morphological awareness tests with reading and writing. There was also a significant correlation between morphological awareness and reading comprehension, having greater impact in children with SLD, in the 2nd and 4th. The morphological awareness can facilitate the learning of reading and writing, in both children with TD and SLD. Therefore, it will be important to explicitly teach morphological rules, in order to use the meanings conveyed by different morphemes and how morphemes are related, allowing children to use this knowledge as a strategy for reading and writing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of National Education / Millî Eğitim Dergisi is the property of Milli Egitim Bakanligi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Helminthiasis in school-age children can impede both physical and cognitive development. Poor personal hygiene practices are associated with various health issues among schoolchildren, including diarrhoea and helminth infections. A healthy environment is crucial for physical and mental well-being, whereas poor sanitation significantly increases the risk of infectious diseases. This study aims to examine the relationship between environmental sanitation, personal hygiene, and soil-transmitted helminth infections among school-age children in the Banjarharjo Sub-district. This analytic observational study employed a cross-sectional design and was conducted in July 2023. Data collection involved administering a personal hygiene and environmental sanitation questionnaire, alongside identifying soil-transmitted helminth (STH) eggs in faeces and nail samples using the MgSO4 sedimentation method. Participants were selected through purposive sampling based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The study population comprised school-age children from Banjarharjo District, with a final sample size of 58 children from Sindangheula Village and Cikuya Village. Data analysis was performed using the Fisher exact test. The results showed no association between environmental sanitation (faeces p = 0.583; nails p = 1.00) and personal hygiene (faeces p = 1.00; nails p = 1.00) and soil-transmitted helminth infection in both faeces and nail samples (p > 0.05). Therefore, the study found no significant relationship between environmental sanitation, personal hygiene, and soil-transmitted helminth infection among school-age children in Banjarharjo Sub-district. Keywords: Environmental sanitation, personal hygiene, school age, soil-transmitted helminths

Abstract Study design Systematic review of Randomised controlled trials. Objectives With the increasing incidence of back pain among children and its untold implications to their future, back education tailored in an effective way would be indicated. However literature appears unsettled. This study aims to review available literature to determine the effect of school-based back education in preventing and managing low back pain in school children. Methods Randomized controlled trials carried out on elementary and secondary school children of ages 6 to 18 years and published in English language were included. Back education taught in hospitals or other settings were excluded. Primary outcome was back pain prevalence and secondary outcomes were constituted from the study characteristics of selected studies which includes: back behavior, knowledge, postural habits, physical activity, fear-avoidance beliefs, back pack carriage, pain intensity, skills and self efficacy. Databases searched were PEDro, HINARI, PubMed, Cochrane, and Google Scholar. Available stiudies from 2000 to March 2022 were retrieved. Quality of studies were assessed using the PEDro scale. Obtained studies were descriptively analyzed. Results A total 8420 studies were retrieved and 8 studies (with 1239 participants) were included in this review. Four studies each assessed back knowledge and back behavior, and two assessed back pain prevalence. There were improvements in back knowledge and back behaviour, but effectiveness of back care education on back pain prevalence was not conclusive. Forms of education used involved the indirect method of conditioning the environment and the direct method which made use of theory, practical lessons and educational books and materials. Conclusion Back care education programmes in schools are effective in improving back care knowledge, behavior and reduction in low back pain frequency. Reduction in back pain prevalence is not conclusive. Back care education could be incorporated as part of schools’ education programmes. Limitations include exclusion of non English language studies and inconsistent outcome measures. Funding source None. Registration This review protocol was registered under the International platform of Registered systematic review and meta-analysis protocol (INPLASY) with the registration number; INPLASY202310044 and DOI number; https://doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.1.0044

The purpose of the research was to study the peculiarities of the reflection of emotional states "neutral (calm state)–sadness–joy–anger–fear" in the speech and facial expressions of 7–8 years old children and to identify differences in the expression of emotions by boys and girls of this age. The work was carried out as part of the study of the emotional sphere of children with typical and atypical development using the CEDM method for assessing the emotional development of children. 14 children (7 boys, 7 girls)—primary school students—took part in the study. The ability of children to express emotions in the characteristics of voice and facial expressions and to recognize emotions was analyzed. For this purpose, speech recording and video recording of children's facial expressions and behavior, instrumental and perceptual analysis of emotional speech, and automatic analysis of facial expression were carried out. The children's heart rate was recorded, and the leading hemisphere by speech was determined using a dichotic listening. The features of the reflection of the emotional states of boys and girls in the characteristics of speech are revealed. The specificity of reflecting the emotional states of children in facial expression is described. The connections between the psychophysiological indicators of children and their reflection of emotional states in their voice and facial expressions were determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to explore students' musical genre preferences, exploring variations across gender and age groups in Hungary. Additionally, we investigated the relationships among the popularity of musical genres and connections between musical programs and related activities. With the help of stratified sampling, we examined the opinions of students aged 9–19 about each genre (N = 1159) using specific musical examples. In this study, musical genres were classified into four main types based on related music videos, including classical popular music (CPM), rock music (RM), classical art music (CAM), and folk music (FM). Different types of analyses, such as t-tests, one-way and two-way ANOVAs, and correlational analyses such as correlation coefficients (r), chi-square tests, and eta squares, were employed in this study. The results showed that the popularity of the four pieces of music classified as CPM, RM, CAM, and FM had a moderately strong correlation with each other. The correlations between FM, CPM, and RM did not differ from each other, but they showed significantly weaker correlation values than the correlation between FM and CAM. Moreover, significant differences were found in the students' perceptions of the genres based on their gender and age groups. Among the four performances, the girls had a greater preference compared to the boys for each one, except for the folk music piece. The youngest age group (9–12) showed the highest preference for the CPM, although the difference compared to the oldest age group (17–19) was not statistically significant. Therefore, this study is beneficial for music education, focusing on students' genre preferences, including CPM, RM, CAM, and FM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: First grade is a transition from pre‐school to school‐age. The change in lifestyle behaviours such as sleep may have a physiological response, which contributes to the presence or absence of two highly incident diseases: dental caries or myopia. The aim of the study was to examine the association between sleep and myopia as well as sleep and dental caries in first graders. Design: It is a cross‐sectional study. Methods: This was a recruitment phase of an interventional study. A total of 338 children whose caregivers completed a Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire. Caregivers also provided information regarding myopia and caries status of children and their parents. Binary logistic regression was applied to analyse the potential risk factors. Results: Dental caries and myopia rates were 45.9% and 9.5%, respectively. After adjusting for children's gender, children's age, fathers with caries and mothers with caries, the odds ratio for dental caries in children who slept less than 9 h when compared to those who slept for nine and more hours was 1.94. Mothers with caries were 3.37 times more likely to have children with caries than mothers without caries. However, sleep was not associated with myopia in first graders. Conclusion: Sleeping less than 9 h and maternal caries were risk factors of children developing dental caries. Future sleep and myopia studies can be conducted on higher graders who may present prolonged exposure and accumulations of myopic risk factors. Implications: Screening of children with insufficient sleep is needed for nurses to enable the early identification of high‐risk groups for dental caries in school settings. Family nurses are encouraged to work with family members to implement tailored sleep interventions, in order to facilitate better sleep and oral health practices in both school and home settings. Registration: This study protocol was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (Registration number: Redacted). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Analyzing the characteristics of consonant errors in children with functional dysarthria in different age groups and the effect of speech training provides a reference for clinical treatment. Methods This study followed medical ethics, and informed consent has been obtained from patients. Speech data from 388 patients with functional dysarthria were retrospectively studied. They were divided into two groups at the age of 6, namely, the preschool group (4-6 years old) of 226 patients and the school age group (6-13 years old, including 6 years old) of 162 patients. The characteristics of consonant pronunciation errors from four aspects were analyzed: average number of errors, pronunciation location, pronunciation method, and error type. One-on-one speech training was conducted, with a training frequency of once a week and once for 30 minutes. The training method was carried out in the order of phoneme training, syllable training, vocabulary training, sentence training, and short text and conversation training. The effects of speech training in the two groups were compared. Results Analysis by pronunciation location: both age groups had the highest frequency of errors in tongue tip posterior sounds; the school age group had the lowest error frequency for labiodental consonants, and the preschool group had the lowest error frequency for bilabial consonants. According to the analysis of pronunciation mode, both age groups had the highest error frequency of aspirated affricate and the lowest error frequency of nasal sound. Analysis by error type: both age groups are mainly characterized by substitution and omission. Compared with the preschool group, most consonants of patients in the school group tend to improve in terms of pronunciation location, pronunciation mode, and error types. Compared with the preschool group, the two types of errors-palatalization and lateralization-increased in frequency in the school group, but the trend of increased lateralization was not statistically significant. After 6.7 and 5.5 sessions of speech training, the pronunciation of the preschool group and the school-age group significantly improved; the cure rate of the school-age group was 84.9% (118/139), and that of the preschool group was 77.1% (91/118). There was no statistically significant difference in the cure rate between the two groups. Conclusion Functional dysarthria may improve with age, but it may not completely self-heal. Children of different age groups can achieve good treatment results through scientific and reasonable speech training.

Background/Objectives: Engaging in physical activity (PA) is crucial for children’s physical and mental health, with PA in childhood influencing lifelong activity levels. However, PA during childhood tends to decrease with age. Childhood friendship networks influence various health behaviors, including physical activity. Centralities are objective measures of an individual’s position and role in friendship networks. The relationship between centrality and PA is inconsistent. This study aimed to determine how centrality affects changes in PA in late childhood longitudinally and to investigate the distribution of centrality in the network. Methods: This prospective cohort study recruited fourth- and fifth-grade children (9–11 years old). A total of 143 children participated. We calculated three centralities—in-degree, closeness, and betweenness—based on social network analysis (SNA). PA was assessed using the physical activity questionnaire for older children (PAQ-C). To explore the relationship between centralities and the percentage change in PA, a multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed. Results: Children with higher closeness had a significantly higher rate of decrease in PA after adjusting for confounding factors. There was no significant association between betweenness and percentage change in PA (p = 0.66) or in-degree and percentage change in PA (p = 0.21). Conclusions: This study highlights the importance of considering social network dynamics in PA interventions, particularly for children with high social closeness. Future research should incorporate objective PA measures and explore broader social networks to enhance intervention strategies, especially for Generation Z and Alpha, who experience unique opportunities and motivations for PA due to pervasive digital environments.

Abstract Aim First grade is a transition from pre‐school to school‐age. The change in lifestyle behaviours such as sleep may have a physiological response, which contributes to the presence or absence of two highly incident diseases: dental caries or myopia. The aim of the study was to examine the association between sleep and myopia as well as sleep and dental caries in first graders. Design It is a cross‐sectional study. Methods This was a recruitment phase of an interventional study. A total of 338 children whose caregivers completed a Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire. Caregivers also provided information regarding myopia and caries status of children and their parents. Binary logistic regression was applied to analyse the potential risk factors. Results Dental caries and myopia rates were 45.9% and 9.5%, respectively. After adjusting for children's gender, children's age, fathers with caries and mothers with caries, the odds ratio for dental caries in children who slept less than 9 h when compared to those who slept for nine and more hours was 1.94. Mothers with caries were 3.37 times more likely to have children with caries than mothers without caries. However, sleep was not associated with myopia in first graders. Conclusion Sleeping less than 9 h and maternal caries were risk factors of children developing dental caries. Future sleep and myopia studies can be conducted on higher graders who may present prolonged exposure and accumulations of myopic risk factors. Implications Screening of children with insufficient sleep is needed for nurses to enable the early identification of high‐risk groups for dental caries in school settings. Family nurses are encouraged to work with family members to implement tailored sleep interventions, in order to facilitate better sleep and oral health practices in both school and home settings. Registration This study protocol was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (Registration number: Redacted).

Children and families constitute the closest and most important emotional bond within society. Holiday experiences with families contribute to children's physical and emotional development and social and emotional intelligence. This study aims to reveal the views of children in Turkey on the family tourism experience. At the same time, this study tries to show which activities children enjoy most during tourism experiences with their families as children. The study was conducted face-to-face using the qualitative research method. Interviews with 14 students aged 11-12 about family holidays and their experiences with the drawing technique were investigated. With the drawing technique, children tried to reflect on their experiences on holiday with their imagination and creativity. At the same time, the ideas that were not attempted to be revealed through the drawing technique were expanded with semi-structured interview questions. The data was collected in a classroom environment in June 2021. When the results are examined, it is revealed that these experiences are generally carried out with the nuclear family. Children also emphasize the unity of the family and the variety of physical activities in their holiday experiences. Animals, nature, and sea views are among the attractions that children highlight during their holiday experiences. Apart from this, the work seen and the meals eaten are also seen as necessary in the holiday experience by children. This study, conducted with children who are the tourists of today and the future, contains essential tips for tourism marketing regarding family tourism in Turkey. This study is one of the few studies that touch on the family tourism experience with the drawing technique in Turkey. Some theoretical and practical suggestions have been presented to expand the family tourism market, to see what activities children enjoy and how these activities are evaluated in terms of the sector. The study was conducted specifically in Gemlik and has some limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased screen exposure is associated with unhealthy eating behaviours and obesity. Screen time (ST) changes from pre-school to school age, and associations with dietary patterns (DP) and obesity remain unknown. We, therefore, analysed ST changes from 4 to 7 years of age, associated factors, and the relation with DP and obesity. We included 4531 children evaluated at 4 and 7 years, as part of the Generation XXI birth cohort (Porto, Portugal). ST was assessed for weekdays and weekend, and average daily time was estimated. Associations between covariates and ST changes, and between ST changes and 3 DP previously identified (Energy-dense foods, Snacking, and Healthier) were estimated by odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI), using adjusted multinomial regression models. From 4 to 7 years, 31.5% of the children decreased their ST, 21.8% increased, 16.5% maintained low (≤60 min), and 30.2% maintained high (61–120 min or >120 min) ST. After adjustment, lower maternal education (OR = 2.33, 95%CI:1.82–2.99) and lower family income (OR = 1.72, 95%CI:1.35–2.21) were associated with higher odds of increasing ST, while being a girl was associated with 35% decreased odds of increasing ST. Children that increased and those that maintained high ST showed greater odds of presenting a Snacking DP at 7 years (OR = 2.34, 95%CI:1.64–3.35) and (OR = 2.65, 95%CI:1.89–3.72), respectively. No statistically significant differences were found regarding changes in ST and the child's BMI. Children increasing screen exposure during this period were more frequently from lower socioeconomic strata and presented unhealthier DP. • Childhood screen time changes and associations with dietary patterns are not known. • At 4 years, 68.2% of children were exposed to screens more than 1 h per day. • From 4 to 7 years, 21.8% of the children increased their screen time. • Lower maternal education and income were related to child's increasing screen time. • Child's increasing screen time was associated to unhealthier dietary patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Prevention & Treatment For Stomatological Diseases is the property of Journal of Prevention & Treatment For Stomatological Diseases Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is socially relevant because of its number and the intensity of the medical and socio-educational response it requires. In Andalusia, one in 70 children will be diagnosed with ASD in 2021. It is much more frequent in boys than in girls, being 5.91 times more likely to present it as a boy than as a girl. The age of diagnosis is increasingly younger, standing at 4.4 years. In more than half of primary schools and more than 75% of secondary schools there are an average of three students with ASD per school. It is necessary to develop a network of preferential care centers for students with ASD to generalize specialized care in ordinary modalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Knowledge of the continuity of sleep problems and the associations between sleep and psychiatric symptoms in child psychiatric patients is scarce. Objectives: To investigate the persistency of sleep problems and how sleep at preschool age predicts sleep problems and psychiatric symptoms at school age in child psychiatric patients. Methods: Participants (n = 68) were child psychiatry outpatients at Helsinki University Hospital in 2015–2017. Caregivers evaluated sleep with the Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children (SDSC) and psychiatric symptoms with the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) at baseline (age 4–7 years) and again at follow-up (age 8–13 years). Family background information was collected at both time points. Results: Sleep problems at preschool age predicted sleep problems at school age (R2Adjusted =.48, p <.001). Persistent sleep problems associated strongly with the intensity of psychiatric symptoms (p =.001). Internalizing symptoms were predicted by sleep problems (p =.038) even after controlling for age, sex, and psychiatric symptoms at preschool age. Conclusion: Sleep problems are prevalent and persistent and relate to psychiatric symptoms in children treated at child psychiatry clinics. These results emphasize the need for identification and treatment of sleep problems in these children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A poor nutritional status in children results in reduced physical and mental health and poor academic performance. The National Homegrown School Feeding Program (NHSFP) was introduced in Nigeria in 2016 to ameliorate short-term hunger and improve the nutritional status of school-aged children (SAC). At least 33% of the recommended nutrient intake (RNI) for the enrolled students should be met by the school meals. However, to our knowledge, the contribution of school meals served through the NHSFP to the RNI of SAC in Zaria, Nigeria, remains to be explored. We conducted a school-based cross-sectional study among 276 eligible SAC recruited from public primary schools in the Zaria Local Government Area. Portion sizes of the meals served through the NHSFP were determined using an electronic scale, meal samples were collected for nutrient analysis, and the average daily nutrient intake of the participants from the meals was calculated. The average daily intake of nutrients and energy of the participants was compared with the age- and sex-specific RNI to estimate the percentage contribution of the meals. The portion sizes recorded were 199.3 ± 20.6 g, 263.9 ± 11.5 g, 242.1 ± 16.8 g, 311 ± 17.3 g, and 160.3 ± 1.9 mL, respectively, for moi-moi, jollof rice and beans, bean porridge, jollof rice and boiled egg, and yoghurt. In addition, the meals contained moisture (30.13–66.11%), ash (0.73–7.08%), crude fat (9–32.61%), crude protein (7.25–24.5%), crude fiber (0–2.45%), and total carbohydrate (2.19–29.74%) with an energy content ranging from 183.6 to 330.57 kcal. Similarly, the meals contained calcium (82.58—711 mg), potassium (133–797 mg), sodium (340–1720 mg), iron (0.078–8.60 mg), zinc (1.84–13.4 mg), vitamin A (2.38–100.56 RAE), and vitamin C (0.04–1.57 mg) per 100 g of the school meals. The meals contributed 18.2–19.1%, 102.8–183.7%, 13.04–13.6%, and 26.1%–35.8% of the RNI for carbohydrates, proteins, fiber, and energy, respectively. Furthermore, they contributed 137–175%, 314.3–502.2%, 87.6–142.1%, 21.5–25.1%, 279.2–348.5%, 3.3–5.9%, 24.7–48.8%, and 3.3–5.9% of the RNI for iron, zinc, calcium, potassium, sodium, vitamin A, and vitamin C, respectively. The meals served through the NHSFP contributed at least 33% of the RNI for energy, protein, iron, calcium, sodium, vitamin A, and zinc. However, they could not meet the 33% of the RNI for carbohydrates, fiber, potassium, and vitamin C. Increasing the portion sizes and the diversity of the meals can address the suboptimal contribution of the meals to the RNI for carbohydrates, fiber, potassium, and vitamin C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption and inadequate moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) have been suggested as potential contributors to overweight/obesity during childhood or adolescence; however, the results of previous studies are inconsistent. It was crucial to estimate the independent and joint association of SSB consumption and inadequate MVPA for childhood and adolescent overweight/obesity. The "Surveillance for Common Disease and Health Risk Factors Among Students in Jiangsu Province 2021–2022" initiative provided us with representative population-based data that we studied. SSB consumption and inadequate MVPA were determined by self-reported SSB habit and MVPA frequency (days/week). The body mass index for each gender and age subgroup was used to identify those who were overweight or obese. With stratified analyses to ascertain differences in age or gender, we employed the logistic regression model to assess the association of SSB and MVPA with overweight/obesity and applied the likelihood ratio test to explore the interactions. Approximately 38.2% of the study population (119,467 students aged 8–17) were overweight/obese. After adjusting covariates, SSB consumption or inadequate MVPA was associated with overweight/obesity (OR = 1.05, 95% CI = 1.02–1.07; and OR = 1.07, 95% CI = 1.03–1.10). In comparison to students with "no SSB consumption and adequate MVPA", those with "SSB consumption and inadequate MVPA" had a higher risk of being overweight/obese (OR = 1.13, 95% CI = 1.08–1.18). Regardless of age and gender subgroups, the correlation of SSB and MVPA alone and together with being overweight/obese was generally similar, with the adolescent group aged 13–17 years (OR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.09–1.22) and females (OR = 1.09, 95% CI = 1.02–1.17) being more susceptible. Moreover, there was a significant interaction between SSB consumption and gender (p < 0.001), as well as between SSB consumption and inadequate MVPA (p = 0.008). Hence, SSB consumption in students is significantly associated with overweight/obesity, especially when MVPA is inadequate. In light of the rapidly expanding childhood and adolescent obesity epidemic, proper attention should be given to these modifiable behaviors, particularly SSB and MVPA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

School bullying is a worldwide problem. Although previous studies examined the association between different lifestyle behaviors and bullying victimization, the complex co‐occurrence of these behaviors was not identified, and their association with the risk of being bullied remains unclear. We aimed to identify the behavioral patterns of adolescents and to explore their association with bullying victimization. This cross‐sectional study employed data from the "Surveillance for Common Diseases and Health Risk Factors among Students" project implemented in Jiangsu Province of China in 2019, and a total of 25,379 school‐enrolled students were included. We used a latent class analysis to identify behavioral patterns and a regression mixture model to explore various demographic characteristics, such as age, sex, and family structure in relation to bullying victimization across different patterns. We considered respondents having targeted behaviors, including smoking, alcohol consumption, illicit drug use, sugar consumption, no fruit consumption, low physical activity, electronic media use, and insufficient sleep. Four behavioral patterns were identified, including the "adolescents without apparent targeted behaviors" (19.65%), "substance and electronic media users" (12.76%), "typical electronic media users" (54.49%), and "typical substance users" (8.10%). The risk of being bullied was the highest in the "substance and electronic media users" (probability: 0.33), tripled that in "adolescents without apparent targeted behaviors" (odds ratio: 3.60, 95% confidence interval: 3.01–4.30). Risk of being bullied was reduced for those "substance and electronic media users" living with a nuclear family. Behavioral patterns and their association with being bullied differ between groups of school‐aged adolescents. To better inform decision‐making based on the current real‐world findings, the implementation of bullying prevention programs could target specific behavioral patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was designed and conducted as the second step of a longitudinal research planned to be carried out in four steps. The aim of the study was to observe and compare the academic achievements in formal education period and the status in the transition to the labor market of the children enrolled in primary school at the age of five or six in 2012-2013 academic year. This longitudinal study, which started in the 2013-2014 academic year when the students in the study group were in the second grade of primary school, will end in 2028, when the students will theoretically graduate from a four-year undergraduate program. The first step of the longitudinal study was conducted when the students in the study group were in the second grade of primary school and was published in 2016. The purpose of the second step of the study was to compare the academic achievements of the participants in the fourth grade of primary school, secondary school and in the transition to high school education. Correlational survey model was used in conducting the second step of the study. The number of participants in the study sample was 60. The number of participants in the study group of the second step changed due to loss of participants. Data was collected using the document review technique. Descriptive and relational statistical techniques were used to analyze the data. As a result of the study, it was determined that the end-of-year grade point averages and High School Entrance Exam scores of the participants who started primary school at the age of five were lower than those who started at the age of six. The difference between the scores of the two groups was statistically significant. Based on the findings of the study, it is recommended to end the practice of starting primary school at the age of five and to take measures for students who started school early and are still studying in pre-university classes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Programs aimed at altering health risk behavior in adolescents have frequently been a priority for the health department in Indonesia. However, these efforts have not yielded optimal results thus far. The Health Belief Model (HBM) is considered a dependable indicator for predicting health-risk behavior. Objective: This study sought to establish the relationship between the constructs of the Health Belief Model (HBM) – namely, perceived susceptibility to health-related issues due to smoking, perceived barriers to non-smoking, perceived benefits of non-smoking, perceived self-efficacy to non-smoking, and cues to action for non-smoking – and smoking behavior among adolescents of school age. Methods: The study employed a cross-sectional design, examining smoking behavior in 171 school-age adolescents in Indonesia. This was done using an online Indonesian Smoking Behavior Questionnaire and a validated Indonesia Health Belief Model Questionnaire that measures the five domains of HBM. The Chi-square test was utilized to explore associations among different variables. Results: Adolescents with an average age of 16.04 years (ranging from 12 to 17 years) reported a 5.8% incidence of smoking in the past 30 days. Significantly, there was a relationship between perceived susceptibility (p = 0.002), barriers to quitting smoking (p

The purpose of this article is to produce new findings or the development of existing theories stating that “the more mature the child the easier it will be for the teacher to teach”. The findings from this research can be used to provide criticism and information for policy, education, and teachers and parents regarding whether children should enter school at the age of 6 and why parents must comply with state regulations on new student admission process (PPDB). The research was conducted in Pangkalpinang, Bangka Belitung Island Province. The researcher observes 4 schools, 7 homeroom teachers of first grade, 4 principles and 235 students of first grade. The technique in collecting data in this article are structured interview and participant observation. This study uses qualitative research method through anthropological approach using ethnography. Finally, the data analysis technique in this article uses reduction, display and verification of data. The article asks whether the culture of school in Bangka Island promote or hinders the principle of the proper age of School. We found that Jean Piaget’s stages of cognitive development have influenced the proper age for school in Bangka Island. The authors believe that Bangka follows the cultural global construction in determining the proper age of a child to enter the elementary school. Keywords: Cultural Production, Student Admission Process, School Age

Preterm birth (before 37 weeks of gestational age) is associated with certain risks to child development. The aim of this systematic review was to summarize available and updated empirical evidence on prematurity as a risk factor for cognitive development in school age. Thus, we attempted to identify similarities and dierences with the full-term population and to point out possible risk or protective factors among the biological, psychosocial and family variables. The conceptualization and methodology of this review followed the PRISMA recommendations. The search was carried out in Web of Science, Scopus, PsycInfo, and Dialnet databases, in May 2022. The search was limited to journal articles, published between 2012 and 2022, in English and Spanish. Research articles selected were those focused on the intelligence quotient (IQ) of preterm children aged 6–12 years. The review included studies with cross-sectional or longitudinal cohorts, compared to a control group of children born at term or to standardized scales. The quality of evidence of the selected studies was verified with the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT). The initial search identified 1,040 articles. Forty articles met the inclusion criteria and were finally included in this review. These studies involved 5,396 preterm children from 37 dierent cohorts. Despite the diversity found among the results, in general, total IQ scores were within the normative mean for premature children; however, compared to their full-term peers, these scores were lower. The most studied variables in relation to IQ are perinatal (e.g., gestational age and birth weight) and family (e.g., socioeconomic level and education level of the mother). Recent studies corroborate that premature birth aects cognitive development in school age, and identify associated perinatal and family variable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bruxism is a parafunctional oral activity defined as excessive teeth grinding or jaw clenching. This disorder causes damage to the teeth and deforms them. Objectives: This is the first phase of the sleep bruxism and respiratory disorders assessment study in Kerman, Iran, which evaluated respiratory disorders and sleep bruxism in schoolchildren aged 8-11 years between 2018-2019. Methods: A total of 573 primary school students aged 8 -11 years were recruited for this cross-sectional study in Kerman between 2018-2019. The subjects were chosen randomly from 20 schools located throughout the city. Following permission from officials, 30 students from each school were admitted to the study randomly. The parents were invited to fill out a checklist that included a history of respiratory and sleep problems and signs of bruxism or abnormal jaw movements. Additionally, an examination was performed, and the symptoms of bruxism, suchas tooth wear and restoration fractures, were documented. Results: The parents of 573 children were recruited to the study. The prevalence of bruxism and respiratory diseases was observed to be 20.6% (n = 118) and 26.5% (n = 152), respectively. The children with sound production had 2.3 times higher odds of bruxism prevalence than those without sound production (P = 0.004). However, children with temporomandibular joint and paranasal sinus sensitivity had 4.5 (P = 0.001) and 3.8 (P= 0.001) times higher odds, respectively. Additionally, the odds of bruxism prevalence were 1.4 times higher in children with respiratory disorders than those without (P = 0.001). Conclusions: Bruxism was common in children who had a respiratory disorder. Given the potential impact of bruxism on children's dental health, it is important to pay special attention to the health status of children with respiratory disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Middle childhood and early adolescence have received disproportionately low levels of scientific attention relative to other life stages, especially as related to nutrition and health. This is partly due to the justified emphasis on the first 1000 days of life, and the idea that early deficits and consequences may not be fully reversible. In addition, these stages of life may superficially appear less "eventful" than infancy or late adolescence. Finally, there has been historical ambiguity and inconsistency in terminology, depending on whether viewing "childhood" through physiologic, social, legal, or other lenses. Nevertheless, this age bracket, which encompasses most of the primary education and basic schooling years for most individuals, is marked by significant changes, inflection points, and sexually driven divergence in somatic and brain growth and development trajectories. These constitute transformative changes, and thus middle childhood and early adolescence represents a major and last opportunity to influence long-term health and productivity. This review highlights the specificities of growth and development in school age, with a focus on middle childhood and early adolescence (5 years–15 years of age, for the purposes of this review), the role of nutrition, the short- and long-term consequences of inadequate nutrition, and the current global status of nutrition in this age group. Adequate attention and emphasis on nutrition in the school-age years is critical: (a) for maintaining an adequate course of somatic and cognitive development, (b) for taking advantage of this last major opportunity to correct deficits of undernutrition and "catch-up" to normal life course development, and (c) for addressing the nutritional inadequacies and mitigating the longer-term consequences of overnutrition. This review summarizes and provides a rationale for prioritizing nutrition in school-age children, and for the need to revisit priorities and focus on this part of the life cycle to maximize individuals' potential and their contribution to society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hallux limitus is a common foot disorder whose incidence has increased in the school-age population. Hallux limitus is characterized by musculoskeletal alteration that involves the metatarsophalangeal joint causing structural disorders in different anatomical areas of the locomotor system, affecting gait patterns. The aim of this study was to analyze dynamic plantar pressures in a school-aged population both with functional hallux and without. Methods: A full sample of 100 subjects (50 male and 50 female) 7 to 12 years old was included. The subjects were identified in two groups: the case group (50 subjects characterized as having hallux limitus, 22 male and 28 female) and control group (50 subjects characterized as not having hallux limitus, 28 male and 22 female). Measurements were obtained while subjects walked barefoot in a relaxed manner along a baropodometric platform. The hallux limitus test was realized in a seated position to sort subjects out into an established study group. The variables checked in the research were the surface area supported by each lower limb, the maximum peak pressure of each lower limb, the maximum mean pressure of each lower limb, the body weight on the hallux of each foot, the body weight on the first metatarsal head of each foot, the body weight at the second metatarsal head of each foot, the body weight at the third and fourth metatarsal head of each foot, the body weight at the head of the fifth metatarsal of each foot, the body weight at the midfoot of each foot, and the body weight at the heel of each foot. Results: Non-significant results were obtained in the variable of pressure peaks between both study groups; the highest pressures were found in the hallux with a p-value of 0.127 and in the first metatarsal head with a p-value 0.354 in subjects with hallux limitus. A non-significant result with a p-value of 0.156 was obtained at the second metatarsal head in healthy subjects. However, significant results were observed for third and fourth metatarsal head pressure in healthy subjects with a p-value of 0.031 and regarding rearfoot pressure in subjects with functional hallux limitus with a p-value of 0.023. Conclusions: School-age subjects with hallux limitus during gait exhibit more average peak plantar pressure in the heel and less peak average plantar pressure in the third and fourth metatarsal head as compared to healthy children aged between 7 and 12 years old. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Internacional de Investigación en Adicciones is the property of Centros de Integracion Juvenil A.C. (CIJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Mosquito-borne diseases (MBDs) are among the important and highly complex issues in public health. School age children have been encouraged to participate in ongoing household MBDs control activities such as source reduction, as part of MBDs control efforts. Numerous school-based health education studies have been conducted worldwide on the interventions to prevent MBDs. However, the results are still varied and uncertain. This systematic review aims to answer the question of:” Are school-based educational programs able to improve students’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices about mosquito-borne diseases?”. Methods: This systematic review was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement. A systematic literature search was performed using Sciencedirect, Cochrane library, PubMed, ProQuest, and the Wiley Online Library in the time period of 2000 to 2021. Eligibility criteria was determined according to PICOS guidelines. Quality and risk of bias of the studies were assessed by the effective public health practice project tool (EPHPP) and Cochrane risk-of-bias tool (RoB-2), respectively. Data were analyzed qualitatively, by looking at the number of participants, study design, and the main results obtained in each of the included studies. Results: In the initial search, 1,424 studies were found. Duplicates, those not relevant to students and MBDs, review articles, case reports, dissertations and non-English articles were eliminated. Twenty-three studies fulfilling the inclusion criteria were analyzed. Overall, there was an increase in knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding MBSs. However, knowledge appears to be the most important variable targeted by the included studies. All studies stated a significant increase in knowledge. Conclusion: The effect of the educational interventions on knowledge was more prominent. Future studies need more specialized educational interventions to have a stronger impact on students’ attitudes and performance. Further research is also needed to generate stronger evidence and evaluate the long-term impact of these interventions on students’ knowledge, attitudes, and practice. The results of this review can be a guide to carry out appropriate interventions in elementary schools.

This study aims to determine the increase in basic swimming training by introducing water techniques in the preschool, kindergarten and school-age categories. This study involved 102 swimming school students in testing the validity and reliability, and 97 students were used as research samples using accidental sampling. The research was conducted at the Bandung International Swimming School Swimming Club. The instrument used in this research is the Swimming Games Program questionnaire given to Bandung International Swimming School trainers. The data obtained were then tested statistically using SPSS Version 24 with a significance level of α = 0.05 using the paired sample t-test. The implications of this research can provide information to swimming coaches and parents that swimming games programs have the potential to help train children in increasing courage and basic swimming techniques.

The school-age outcomes of autistic children who received early interventions (EI) remains limited. Adaptive functioning, social, peer play skills, problem behaviours, and attitudes towards school of 31 autistic children who received community-based group early start Denver model (G-ESDM) were compared to 28 age matched autistic children who received other community interventions. Similar adaptive behaviours, social skills, problem behaviours and attitudes towards school were found. Play disruption was the only dimension of play to differ; children that received community interventions demonstrated higher levels of play disruption compared to the G-ESDM group. Children had pervasive challenges in adaptive behaviour, social and play behaviour at school, irrespective of EI type. Thus, ongoing provisions are needed to support development into the school years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: In preterm infants, insecure attachment is associated with behavioural and emotional problems but data on attachment beyond toddler age are scarce. This study assessed attachment security at 6–8 years in very and moderate or late preterm infants. The results were compared to a non‐clinical full‐term sample. Methods: Attachment security of 38 very and 20 moderate or late preterm infants was assessed during a home visit with the German version of the Attachment Story Completion Task. Attachment patterns of 28 full‐term controls were taken from a previous study. Primary outcomes were attachment security and attachment security score. Secondary outcomes for the preterm groups were infant behavioural problems, parental stress, perceived social support, maternal depressive symptoms, and infant development. Results: Very preterm infants had the highest rate of insecure attachment (81%) compared to moderate or late preterm infants (60%) and full‐term infants (47%); (p = 0.013). Attachment security scores differed significantly between very preterm and full‐term infants (p = 0.001). Secondary outcomes were similar in very and moderate or late preterm cohorts. Conclusion: Prematurity was associated with an increased risk of insecure attachment at early school age. Interventions targeting attachment security are reasonable considering the high rate of behavioural problems following premature birth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To examine whether body type at birth, body weight, and obesity in early childhood are associated with overweight/obesity during school age and puberty. Data from maternal and child health handbooks, baby health checkup information, and school physical examination information of participants at birth and three-generation cohort studies were linked. Association between body type and body weight at different time intervals (at birth and at 1.5, 3.5, 6, 11, and 14 years of age) were comprehensively analyzed using a multivariate regression model adjusted for gender, maternal age at childbirth, maternal parity, and maternal body mass index, and drinking and smoking statuses at pregnancy confirmation. Children who are overweight in young childhood had a greater risk of being overweight. Particularly, overweight at one year of age during checkup was associated with overweight at 3.5 years (adjusted odds ratio (aOR), 13.42; 95% confidence interval (CI), 4.46–45.42), 6 years (aOR, 6.94; 95% CI, 1.64–33.46), and 11 years (aOR, 5.22; 95% CI, 1.25–24.79) of age. Therefore, being overweight in young childhood could increase the risk of being overweight and obese during school age and puberty. Early intervention in young childhood may be warranted to prevent obesity during school age and puberty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pendahuluan : Edukasi melalui pendidikan kesehatan menjadi salah satu dari upaya pencegahan penyakit diare pada anak. Kunci keberhasilan pendidikan kesehatan pada anak terketak pada media yang digunakan, media ular tangga dan media audio visual menjadi media yang dapat digunakan dalam pendidikan kesehatan pada anak, namun belum ada penelitian terkait perbedaan efektivitasnya pada pengetahuan tentang cuci tangan pada anak usia sekolah. Tujuan: membandingkan efektivitas dan membandingkan perbedaan efektivitas media ular tangga dan media audio visual terhadap pengetahuan anak tentang cuci tangan pada anak usia sekolah. Metode: Eksperimen dengan desain quasi experimental dengan teknik nonequivalent pretest posttest, random sampling menjadi teknik pengambilan sampel, dengan responden anak usia sekolah dan jumlah 80 yang terdiri dari 40 kelompok intervensi pendidikan kesehatan dengan media ular tangga dan 40 kelompok intervensi media audio visual, data diukur sebelum dan sesudah intervensi pada kelompok kedua kelompok, data dianalisa dengan uji Wilcoxon, serta uji Manwhitney. Hasil : Media ular tangga efektif meningkatkan pengetahuan anak dengan p value 0,0010,05. Simpulan: Media ular tangga dan media audio visual sama efektif dalam meningkatkan pengetahuan anak tentang cuci tangan, sehingga ini dapat menjadi landasan media untuk health promotion oleh stake holder yang terkait.

Preterm birth (before 37 weeks of gestational age) is associated with certain risks to child development. The aim of this systematic review was to summarize available and updated empirical evidence on prematurity as a risk factor for cognitive development in school age. Thus, we attempted to identify similarities and differences with the full-term population and to point out possible risk or protective factors among the biological, psychosocial and family variables. The conceptualization and methodology of this review followed the PRISMA recommendations. The search was carried out in Web of Science, Scopus, PsycInfo, and Dialnet databases, in May 2022. The search was limited to journal articles, published between 2012 and 2022, in English and Spanish. Research articles selected were those focused on the intelligence quotient (IQ) of preterm children aged 6–12 years. The review included studies with cross-sectional or longitudinal cohorts, compared to a control group of children born at term or to standardized scales. The quality of evidence of the selected studies was verified with the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT). The initial search identified 1,040 articles. Forty articles met the inclusion criteria and were finally included in this review. These studies involved 5,396 preterm children from 37 different cohorts. Despite the diversity found among the results, in general, total IQ scores were within the normative mean for premature children; however, compared to their full-term peers, these scores were lower. The most studied variables in relation to IQ are perinatal (e.g., gestational age and birth weight) and family (e.g., socioeconomic level and education level of the mother). Recent studies corroborate that premature birth affects cognitive development in school age, and identify associated perinatal and family variables.Systematic review registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?RecordID=337371; identifier: CRD42022337371.

This study aimed to explore students’ musical genre preferences, exploring variations across gender and age groups in Hungary. Additionally, we investigated the relationships among the popularity of musical genres and connections between musical programs and related activities. With the help of stratified sampling, we examined the opinions of students aged 9–19 about each genre (N = 1159) using specific musical examples. In this study, musical genres were classified into four main types based on related music videos, including classical popular music (CPM), rock music (RM), classical art music (CAM), and folk music (FM). Different types of analyses, such as t-tests, one-way and two-way ANOVAs, and correlational analyses such as correlation coefficients (r), chi-square tests, and eta squares, were employed in this study. The results showed that the popularity of the four pieces of music classified as CPM, RM, CAM, and FM had a moderately strong correlation with each other. The correlations between FM, CPM, and RM did not differ from each other, but they showed significantly weaker correlation values than the correlation between FM and CAM. Moreover, significant differences were found in the students’ perceptions of the genres based on their gender and age groups. Among the four performances, the girls had a greater preference compared to the boys for each one, except for the folk music piece. The youngest age group (9–12) showed the highest preference for the CPM, although the difference compared to the oldest age group (17–19) was not statistically significant. Therefore, this study is beneficial for music education, focusing on students’ genre preferences, including CPM, RM, CAM, and FM.

Objective: To evaluate the relationship between asthma control, family income and family costs of asthma in a population of children-adolescents; to detail the family costs of asthma in this age range; and to compare asthma costs for the families of children-adolescents and adults. Methods: The authors invited asthmatic subjects who attended a scheduled spirometry test at the Jundiaí School of Medicine (FMJ). The FMJ performs all spirometry tests requested by staff physicians who serve at the public healthcare system in the municipality. Volunteers responded to the ACQ, the Asthma Family Costs Questionnaire and underwent a spirometry test. Results: The authors included 342 children-adolescents. Families of children-adolescents taking maintenance therapy and families of those reporting uncontrolled asthma symptoms were more likely to report any expenditure with asthma during the preceding month. In this age range, the smallest expenditures were on diagnostic tests and medical consultations, while home expenditures to avoid asthma triggers were the highest ones. As compared to adults’ families, the children and adolescents families reported a greater proportion of income committed with asthma. Expenditures with transportation to healthcare facilities for asthma care were greater in the families of children-adolescents as compared to the values reported by the adults’ families; in contrast, loss of income due to asthma was smaller in the families of children-adolescents. Conclusions: Children-adolescents’ asthma affects the household economy. The authors believe researchers should assess this outcome when designing studies about asthma. Finally, the study's data support the necessity of public policies in low-resource communities to minimize the economic impact of children and adolescents’ asthma.

BackgroundThe gut microbiome might play a role in neurodevelopment, however, evidence remains elusive. We aimed to examine the relationship between the intestinal microbiome and cognitive development of school-age children.MethodsThis cross-sectional study included healthy Israeli Arab children from different socioeconomic status (SES). The microbiome was characterized in fecal samples by implementing 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Cognitive function was measured using Stanford-Binet test, yielding full-scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ) score. Sociodemographics and anthropometric and hemoglobin measurements were obtained. Multivariate models were implemented to assess adjusted associations between the gut microbiome and FSIQ score, while controlling for age, sex, SES, physical growth, and hemoglobin levels.ResultsOverall, 165 children (41.2% females) aged 6–9 years were enrolled. SES score was strongly related to both FSIQ score and the gut microbiome. Measures of α-diversity were significantly associated with FSIQ score, demonstrating a more diverse, even, and rich microbiome with increased FSIQ score. Significant differences in fecal bacterial composition were found; FSIQ score explained the highest variance in bacterial β-diversity, followed by SES score. Several taxonomic differences were significantly associated with FSIQ score, including Prevotella, Dialister, Sutterella, Ruminococcus callidus, and Bacteroides uniformis.ConclusionsWe demonstrated significant independent associations between the gut microbiome and cognitive development in school-age children.

Introduction: Phobia is an anxiety disorder characterized by fear or intense and irrational fear toward something. It presents an annual rate of incidence of 8 % and hypnosis is one of the most used treatments in those who suffer from this disorder. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of the hypnotherapeutic pattern applied to patients in school age with phobic anxiety disorders. Methods: A quasi-experiment hypnotherapeutic intervention was carried out in the 30 patients with school phobia that attended the hypnosis multidisciplinary service at the Therapeutic Hypnosis Clinic in Santiago de Cuba, from October, 2016 to the same month in 2018. To such an effect, the intervention consisted of 3 stages and the Mc-Nemar test was applied for 2 related samples, as well as the chi-square test. Results: In the series there was a prevalence of the male sex patients (53.3 %), mainly between 8 and 9 years (37.5 %), as well as the specific phobias. After having applied the hypnosis, a favorable psychological response was obtained in all the patients. Conclusions: The hypnotherapeutic pattern applied was effective, because a favorable clinical course and a good treatment response were achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mosquito-borne diseases (MBDs) are among the important and highly complex issues in public health. School age children have been encouraged to participate in ongoing household MBDs control activities such as source reduction, as part of MBDs control efforts. Numerous school-based health education studies have been conducted worldwide on the interventions to prevent MBDs. However, the results are still varied and uncertain. This systematic review aims to answer the question of:" Are school-based educational programs able to improve students' knowledge, attitudes, and practices about mosquito-borne diseases?". Methods: This systematic review was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement. A systematic literature search was performed using Sciencedirect, Cochrane library, PubMed, ProQuest, and the Wiley Online Library in the time period of 2000 to 2021. Eligibility criteria was determined according to PICOS guidelines. Quality and risk of bias of the studies were assessed by the effective public health practice project tool (EPHPP) and Cochrane risk-of-bias tool (RoB-2), respectively. Data were analyzed qualitatively, by looking at the number of participants, study design, and the main results obtained in each of the included studies. Results: In the initial search, 1,424 studies were found. Duplicates, those not relevant to students and MBDs, review articles, case reports, dissertations and non-English articles were eliminated. Twenty-three studies fulfilling the inclusion criteria were analyzed. Overall, there was an increase in knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding MBSs. However, knowledge appears to be the most important variable targeted by the included studies. All studies stated a significant increase in knowledge. Conclusion: The effect of the educational interventions on knowledge was more prominent. Future studies need more specialized educational interventions to have a stronger impact on students' attitudes and performance. Further research is also needed to generate stronger evidence and evaluate the long-term impact of these interventions on students' knowledge, attitudes, and practice. The results of this review can be a guide to carry out appropriate interventions in elementary schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Background Parent–child relationships, the rearing attitudes of parents toward their children as well as the interactive relationships, such as play and cultural activities that parents and children enjoy together, serve as important factors in predicting a child’s growth and development. These experiences of annual events celebrated with the family may be related to the school-age child’s development. However, this relationship has not been investigated sufficiently. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the relationship between the experience of annual events observed in the family and a child’s social adjustment. Methods In 2019, a self-administered questionnaire survey targeting fifth graders (ages 10–11) in Japan was conducted with children’s parents. Major survey items included participants’ characteristics (child’s sex, family composition, siblings, household income, and parents’ educational backgrounds), annual events observed in the family (Setsubun or the day before the start of spring, Mother’s Day, Father’s Day, the Tanabata or Weaver Festival, Respect for the Aged Day, Winter solstice, etc.), and the child’s social adjustment (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire). A total of 653 children who met the criteria of not having any developmental disorders were included as participants for the analysis. Results The participants had celebrated an average of 15.47 (± 5.52) annual events with their families that year. The number of annual events celebrated was significantly related to family composition and the parents’ educational backgrounds. We found that children who came from families with numerous experiences of annual events were more likely to have higher prosocial behavior and were less likely to have externalizing or internalizing problems. The same pattern was found even after adjusting for the family’s socioeconomic background and other factors; that is, children who came from families having diverse experiences of annual events were more likely to show prosocial tendencies. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the experience of annual events observed with family potentially enhances a child’s prosocial behavior. Thus, celebrating and preserving cultural and personal events in the amily context may be an important developmental experience in terms of children’s social adjustment.

Objective: The prevalence and the risk factors influencing allergic disorders in amateur athletes are still poorly defined. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and risk factors of the common allergic disorders in school aged athletes compared with the general population in southwest of Turkey. Methods: Using the 'International Study of Asthma and Allergy in Childhood (ISAAC) Phase I' questionnaire, 714 athletes aged 7-18 and 325 age-matched healthy controls were examined. Risk factors that would affect the prevalence were evaluated with the questions given in addition to this questionnaire. Results: In the athlete group, the prevalence of existing asthma, allergic rhinitis, and eczema was lower than controls [(3.8%) and (16.3%), respectively, p