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The study represents a detailed spatial analysis regarding soil erosion in the Republic of Moldova. The territory of the country (including the Transnistrian region), from the point of view of the administrative-territorial structure, is made up of 983 units. Thus, the analysis of eroded lands was carried out on administrative units at the level of villages, communes and cities, according to the data of the 2021 year from the Land Cadastre, developed by the Agency for Land Relations and Cadastre of the Republic of Moldova. The created database was later imported into a GIS (Geographical Information Systems) program and processed using ArcGIS software. The mapping and classification of the data regarding the proportion of eroded agricultural land (total; strongly, moderately and weakly eroded) allowed the identification of the most vulnerable areas to these processes - the Central Moldavian Plateau (Codrilor), the Ciuluc Hills, the Dniester Plateau etc. The frequency rate of agricultural land in total per country was 73.7%, including arable land constituted 54.9%. Of the entire agricultural area, 73.2% was monitored from the point of view of soil and geomorphological processes: approximately 1/3 of all agricultural land is affected by some degree of erosion, including 4.5% that are heavily eroded. The specific factors of soil erosion and the main consequences are evaluated, with an emphasis on the most affected regions.

This article sheds light on the forms of land appropriation in the agricultural frontier regions of Brazil in line with the concepts of land and green grabbing. With less stringent environmental laws, the Cerrado presents itself as a 'sacrifice zone', where grabbers and large agricultural producers have sought to register lands of the Amazon biome as 'Cerrado' or an undefined biome zone land. It seeks to understand what happens in territories when power technologies, that is, disciplinary mechanisms such as the Rural Environmental Cadastre (CAR), are activated and how the state has regulated land appropriation and green grabbing as a new meaning of appropriation of nature. This has created obstacles for the struggle and resistance of socio-territorial movements for land distribution, as confirmed by the growing lethality of conflicts in Brazilian frontier zones that are coveted by the grabbers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, many papers have been published on the topics of the blockchain (BC) and blockchain technology (BCT). Some papers put BCT in the context of land registries (LRs), land cadastres (LCs), land registration, land administration (LA) and land management (LM) and its implementation benefits. Some eight years later, from its beginnings in 2014, the question of the future of the proposed concept and whether it has one, has been raised. The Scopus database was analysed using bibliometric analysis methodology and Rstudio software with the Bibliometrix R-package and the Shiny package environment. Based on this research, significant interest and growth in the topic was found in both technical and land-governance directions. Different approaches to the topic have been established in the global north and global south. From today's perspective, the future of BCT in both worlds is guaranteed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study represents a detailed spatial analysis regarding soil erosion in the Republic of Moldova. The territory of the country (including the Transnistrian region), from the point of view of the administrative-territorial structure, is made up of 983 units. Thus, the analysis of eroded lands was carried out on administrative units at the level of villages, communes and cities, according to the data of the 2021 year from the Land Cadastre, developed by the Agency for Land Relations and Cadastre of the Republic of Moldova. The created database was later imported into a GIS (Geographical Information Systems) program and processed using ArcGIS software. The mapping and classification of the data regarding the proportion of eroded agricultural land (total; strongly, moderately and weakly eroded) allowed the identification of the most vulnerable areas to these processes - the Central Moldavian Plateau (Codrilor), the Ciuluc Hills, the Dniester Plateau etc. The frequency rate of agricultural land in total per country was 73.7%, including arable land constituted 54.9%. Of the entire agricultural area, 73.2% was monitored from the point of view of soil and geomorphological processes: approximately 1/3 of all agricultural land is affected by some degree of erosion, including 4.5% that are heavily eroded. The specific factors of soil erosion and the main consequences are evaluated, with an emphasis on the most affected regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Our Forests / Naše Šume is the property of Udruzenje Inzinjera i Tehnicara Sumarstva Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this study is to analyse the use of agricultural land on the territory of united communities and their individual districts of Zhytomyr region as the smallest units of the administrative territorial division of Ukraine. The relevance of this study, due to current changes in national land relations, dictates the need to have information about agricultural lands, their owners, tenants and the lands status for planning agricultural production, the land-leases development, sale of land. The analysis of land use was carried out according to the following indicators: location of land plots of all owners within the community district and the whole community; their area; monetary evaluation; status of documents for each land plot, in particular the availability of lease, land cultivation presence. The initial data of the researches is the data of the state land cadastre database, and data of the real property rights register, both in general access and in need of special access. As a result of the research there were defined areas and location of lands of some landowners, who leased their lands and areas of lands not leased, also there were defined areas of lands, used illegally, without any documents on land use, defined areas of lands, used or owned by agricultural producers (farms, physical persons, legal entities). A cartographic core was created for the purpose of convenient planning of agricultural land use and land management within selected districts on the territory of the community.

The purpose of this study is to analyse the use of agricultural land on the territory of united communities and their individual districts of Zhytomyr region as the smallest units of the administrative territorial division of Ukraine. The relevance of this study, due to current changes in national land relations, dictates the need to have information about agricultural lands, their owners, tenants and the lands status for planning agricultural production, the land-leases development, sale of land. The analysis of land use was carried out according to the following indicators: location of land plots of all owners within the community district and the whole community; their area; monetary evaluation; status of documents for each land plot, in particular the availability of lease, land cultivation presence. The initial data of the researches is the data of the state land cadastre database, and data of the real property rights register, both in general access and in need of special access. As a result of the research there were defined areas and location of lands of some landowners, who leased their lands and areas of lands not leased, also there were defined areas of lands, used illegally, without any documents on land use, defined areas of lands, used or owned by agricultural producers (farms, physical persons, legal entities). A cartographic core was created for the purpose of convenient planning of agricultural land use and land management within selected districts on the territory of the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most important characteristic features of a land parcel as an object of property titles is the specifics of possession. Nowadays such possession is usually done through making title to land public by entries in a public registry. Mentioning property title directly in the law can be also considered as a record of title. At the same time, it is obvious that it is not enough to make the title public, it is also necessary to somehow identify the land parcel itself. The aim of the article is to establish the legal nature of the land parcel description as a part of title registration, and to identify the proper remedies in various cases of possession by record violations. The author argues that the protection of the owner deprived of his or her possession should be done by means of actio vindicatio. There is no theoretical basis for introduction of additional or specific remedies, in particular, the remedies of "annulment of state registration of land parcels", "rendering title documents invalid", "termination of rights in land" etc. The claim to establish a boundary has specific legal nature and can be identified as actio finium regundorum which was already known at the time of Ancient Rome as a specific in rem remedy. The specific features of land parcels as immovable objects can create situations when land parcel can be in simultaneous conflicting possession of two and more persons (including situations when titles are "recorded" by a reference in the law). Such violations should be regarded as lasting and can be remedies through actio vindicatio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2019, the Austrian surveyors will celebrate the 50 years anniversary of the enactment of the Austrian Surveying Act. The date of the enactment of this law was also the hour of birth for the Austrian Legal Boundary Cadastre (germ. der Grenzkataster) and with it a milestone to ensure the legal security of parcel boundaries. The jubilee is taken as the occasion to introduce the development, implementation and running of the Legal Boundary Cadastre to a wider scientific community. After a short history of the Austrian Cadastre, the process of its transition from the Fiscal Cadastre to the Legal Boundary Cadastre is documented in the article. The current situation with strengths and weaknesses of the system is outlined and scheduled developments are introduced.

New sources of geospatial data and information have recently become available in the form of user-generated web content. The integration of these sources, often termed Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) or Crowdsourced Geographic Information (CGI), offer various options for geospatial applications: from monitoring natural disasters and their damages, analysing and monitoring of land cover to various cartographic and societal initiatives, to name just a few. Among other things, VGI brings new challenges in the field of National Spatial Data Infrastructure – NSDI. The paper aims to review the currents state of the art in the VGI research field focusing on the voluntary geographic information in national surveying and mapping agencies often competent for NSDI. As case studies, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and Finland have been chosen. Furthermore, various initiatives for topographic and land-cadastre mapping in developing countries and potentials offered by VGI are presented.

The objective of this paper is to present the land cadastre legal framework in Slovenia from the very beginning of the parcel-oriented land cadastre at the beginning of the 19th century to the present. The essential characteristics of legal regulations have been highlighted for each period, focusing primarily on the content requirements for the cadastral documentation – field books. Within our research, we have further investigated the types of land cadastre procedures that were carried out during the studied periods. Aiming to study the dynamics of the execution of the cadastral procedures in dependence on the legislation framework, that is the period, we selected 67 cadastral municipalities in central Slovenia belonging to the state geodetic offices of Trbovlje and Litija. For each study period, which was defined based on the study of cadastral legislation, the number of the cadastral procedures were analysed – classified according to their type. Furthermore, a detailed analysis of cadastral documentation was performed for the selected cadastral municipalities. It has been shown, that the dynamics of the execution of the cadastral procedures varies in the terms of studied periods. The review of the contents of the documentation further showed a remarkable difference between periods, and it is interesting that significant differences occur among the various surveyors. This knowledge is crucial for the proper use of archival cadastral resources within cadastral procedures.

Background: Determining the location, boundaries and areas of land properties accurately in the land cadastre is essential. The named data are provided using coordinates, acquired from field measurements. Since 2008, the Slovenian land cadastre claims positioning in the national realization of the ETRS89, so the GNSS use is practically indispensable. Objectives: Contrary to real-time, we can change parameters in GNSS post-processing. The aim of this paper is to simulate different measurement conditions for GNSS in order to determine how to acquire the best possible coordinates for further use in land area calculation. Methods/Approach: Simulations of obstacles near points followed the increasing of the cut-off angle. Furthermore, shortening the observation interval resulted in different occupation duration. The final condition evaluation for coordinate quality acquisition followed from fuzzy logic. Results: The results show that for short baselines, occupation duration is the most important factor in acquiring high quality coordinates and avoiding the multipath. Differences in coordinates from specific strategies can sometimes exceed the tolerance and evidently affect the area calculation. Conclusions: The findings confirm that only good measurement conditions lead to high quality coordinates and well-defined areas of land properties, which are the fundamental factor in relation to the issues of property valuation and assessing land taxes or rents

The article describes peculiarities of formation of the estimated constituent in the structure of the state land cadastre in Ukraine. The author gives analysis of the current Ukrainian practice of consideration of the intended use of a land plot while making normative monetary evaluation of non-agricultural land plots within and outside settlements. The conducted analysis of the methodology of normative monetary evaluation of the land of settlements and non-agricultural land outside the settlements confirms that in the process of evaluation, each of the methodologies considers the intended use of land plots in a different way, causing different value correlation between the lands of different categories and kinds of intended use. Differentiation of the estimated indices of the methodology of normative monetary evaluation of non-agricultural lands within and outside settlements absolutely disagree with one another. The article supplies conclusions on the necessity to transfer to a consistent approach of such differentiation without reference to the land plot location within or outside the settlements. Basing on the analysis of statistical information on the sale of state- and communally-owned lands, the author defines the coefficients of correlation between the sale price of state- and communally-owned lands in 2017-2018 in Ukraine in terms of the kinds of intended use and the figures of the indices of differentiation of normative monetary evaluation of non-agricultural lands within and outside settlements depending on the intended use of the land plot. The author proposes changes to the approaches to differentiation of the indices of evaluation of the lands of different intended use on the base of market prices. The work also outlines the main problems and possible directions of transition to a large-scale evaluation of lands in Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of “land plot” is a cornerstone of the science of land law. Although almost all definitions of a land plot relate it to a certain part of the earth’s surface, a number of theoretical and practical questions arise concerning different descriptions of a land plot in certain documents, in the State Land Cadastre (SLC) and its designation in-situ (on the ground). There are also questions of a more fundamental nature with regard to the legal meaning of different descriptions. This article aims at clarifying the legal nature of a land plot description and the rights to it which are available, on the one part, in SLC and the State Register of Proprietary Rights to Immovable Property and Their Encumbrances, and on the other part – its designation in-situ, appropriate means of protection determined against the possibility of a land plot’s improper description or its incorrect in-situ marking. It is established that errors, discrepancies and inaccuracies in the cadastral description of boundaries, as well as in the in-situ marking of design plots are unavoidable. Under today’s conditions, the register of rights based on the land plot description available in the cadastre is a tool of the so-called “record-based or book ownership”. The person recorded in the register is always the “book owner”, but it is not necessarily that he/she is the possessor (the holder of another right specified in the register). It ensues from this general thesis that land plot boundaries in the register (“on paper”) are not necessarily correct as well. And the boundaries shown “in-situ” (on the ground) are also not always correct, without even mentioning that the actual situation often does not allow determining clearly where a boundary passes. A land plot is an object which may be described in various ways: using a list of boundary turning points in the database, using boundary markers in-situ, using a link to the postal address and area, and so on. However, land plot description in databases (registers), as well as its making in-situ will inevitably involve errors and discrepancies. Given this, any description of a land plot should not be absolutized. Among practical issues pertaining to land plot description, the issue of so-called “overlaps” should be highlighted. If it is impossible to settle this issue without a dispute, vindication is the appropriate remedy in such a case. Following a court judgment in favor of the party requesting vindication, appropriate changes should be made to SLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadastral information is a key component for many land use functions and a core to the effective land markets, land use and sustainable development. These applications require up-to-date, reliable and complete data. This paper focuses on one aspect of land cadastre – identification of the objects of the cadastre. The characteristics and development of the existing cadastral system are discussed. We follow an empirical approach and propose an overview how and in what form the objects of state land cadastre are identified and registered in Ukraine. The paper analyses the problems associated with the plurality of the land cadastre objects. It is proposed to remove the registration numbers of the state land cadastre objects and new cadastral numbers of the land parcel from the legislation and return the legalization of the old cadastral number of the land parcel. The paper also underlines the necessity to consider the land parcel as a single object of the state land cadastre. Finally, it is proposed that the cadastral number of restrictions in the use of the land parcel will be an immense advantage in land registration and in visualisation the restrictions on the public cadastral map of Ukraine.

Cadastral information is a key component for many land use functions and a core to the effective land markets, land use and sustainable development. These applications require up-to-date, reliable and complete data. This paper focuses on one aspect of land cadastre - identification of the objects of the cadastre. The characteristics and development of the existing cadastral system are discussed. We follow an empirical approach and propose an overview how and in what form the objects of state land cadastre are identified and registered in Ukraine. The paper analyses the problems associated with the plurality of the land cadastre objects. It is proposed to remove the registration numbers of the state land cadastre objects and new cadastral numbers of the land parcel from the legislation and return the legalization of the old cadastral number of the land parcel. The paper also underlines the necessity to consider the land parcel as a single object of the state land cadastre. Finally, it is proposed that the cadastral number of restrictions in the use of the land parcel will be an immense advantage in land registration and in visualisation the restrictions on the public cadastral map of Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2019, the Austrian surveyors will celebrate the 50 years anniversary of the enactment of the Austrian Surveying Act. The date of the enactment of this law was also the hour of birth for the Austrian Legal Boundary Cadastre (germ. der Grenzkataster) and with it a milestone to ensure the legal security of parcel boundaries. The jubilee is taken as the occasion to introduce the development, implementation and running of the Legal Boundary Cadastre to a wider scientific community. After a short history of the Austrian Cadastre, the process of its transition from the Fiscal Cadastre to the Legal Boundary Cadastre is documented in the article. The current situation with strengths and weaknesses of the system is outlined and scheduled developments are introduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New sources of geospatial data and information have recently become available in the form of user-generated web content. The integration of these sources, often termed Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) or Crowdsourced Geographic Information (CGI), offer various options for geospatial applications: from monitoring natural disasters and their damages, analysing and monitoring of land cover to various cartographic and societal initiatives, to name just a few. Among other things, VGI brings new challenges in the field of National Spatial Data Infrastructure - NSDI. The paper aims to review the currents state of the art in the VGI research field focusing on the voluntary geographic information in national surveying and mapping agencies often competent for NSDI. As case studies, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and Finland have been chosen. Furthermore, various initiatives for topographic and land-cadastre mapping in developing countries and potentials offered by VGI are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to present the land cadastre legal framework in Slovenia from the very beginning of the parceloriented land cadastre at the beginning of the 19th century to the present. The essential characteristics of legal regulations have been highlighted for each period, focusing primarily on the content requirements for the cadastral documentation - field books. Within our research, we have further investigated the types of land cadastre procedures that were carried out during the studied periods. Aiming to study the dynamics of the execution of the cadastral procedures in dependence on the legislation framework, that is the period, we selected 67 cadastral municipalities in central Slovenia belonging to the state geodetic offices of Trbovlje and Litija. For each study period, which was defined based on the study of cadastral legislation, the number of the cadastral procedures were analysed - classified according to their type. Furthermore, a detailed analysis of cadastral documentation was performed for the selected cadastral municipalities. It has been shown, that the dynamics of the execution of the cadastral procedures varies in the terms of studied periods. The review of the contents of the documentation further showed a remarkable difference between periods, and it is interesting that significant differences occur among the various surveyors. This knowledge is crucial for the proper use of archival cadastral resources within cadastral procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improvement of the land cadastre information system in the administrative district will make more efficient use of the land fund. More than 42,000 land users in Kibray, which is the object of the research, can quickly manage land resources through the creation of land information systems. As a result, the use of specialized software at the district level increases the quality of the specialists’ work compared to traditional methods, and time consuming 3 and 5 times the amount of data transmission to consumers. The collected and regulated data will serve as the main source of the unified system of land registration in Kibray district and the creation of a special land fund and its rational distribution among land users. The method developed to compile a digital cadastre map based on an example of an administrative district is the basis for the registration of land parcel and, in turn, the land fund distribution. Information on the state of land resources is mainly collected in the State Land Cadastre. Registration of the rights to the land parcel, the main component of which is the re-registration of new land users and the existing ones, requires the most up-to-date information on the land cadastre.

The topic of this paper is the challenges of using remote sensing technologies as one of the potential data sources for the establishment of a 3D real property cadastre in Slovenia. More than a decade ago, the legal basis for the registration of property rights on the buildings and parts of buildings was provided in Slovenia, and for this purpose, the Building Cadastre was established. The analyses of the current data within the Land Cadastre and the Building Cadastre revealed that the 3D graphical representation of buildings, where the second level of detail (LoD 2) was discussed, requires additional data in which significant roof points should be additionally acquired. For this purpose, i.e. the creation of a graphical 3D-model of a building at the level LoD 2, we use the cadastral and national topographic data that covers the entire state territory, which are stereopairs of aerial photographs of the cyclic aerial survey (CAS) and airborne laser scanning data. Using a case study, we have analysed and discussed the appropriateness of the state airborne laser scanning data as an additional data source, along with the current cadastral data, for the creation of 3D-building model at the second level of detail, which is important from the cadastral as well as topographic perspective.

Determination of land ownership and boundaries is one of the most important purposes of the urban and rural land laws. There can be some boundary problems while preparing forestry area of any urban area when there is not consistency between the borders constructed by different state organizations like land cadastre, forest cadastre and forest management and planning teams. This study aims to illustrate these conflicts in forestry applications process of two different areas (Ağva and Beykoz) having different characteristics. The study was carried out in Ağva and Beykoz districts in the province of Istanbul and focused on the integration in the land and forest cadastral systems. The Beykoz and Ağva Forest Planning Units have different characteristics in terms of population (urban and rural) and social impacts. Analyses of the data obtained from the field studies which it was utilized for the investigation of the data obtained from various base maps, were carried out using GIS software. Many inhabitants of the villages in the Ağva Planning Unit had migrated from the district. Thus, in accordance with Boundary Law number of 6831 part of 2/B some parcels of villages in Ağva were determined to be acting forest and were reassigned as forest land. In Beykoz, however, areas of this nature were few and the destruction of the forests was great. The spatial analysis of the study made it possible to remove discrepancies occurring in the cadastral situation by preparing forest management plans. Consequently, if land cadastre and forest cadastre units carry out work in coordination to determine the cadastral situation, a basis for forest management plans can be established and cadastral problems greatly reduced.

Districting is a means of continuous description and mapping of territory similar to classification and periodization; it connects space fragments with a narrative. The process of division is also called districting, and its result is a grid of areas that are connective and homogeneous, mosaic and zonal, individual and typological, etc. Cognitive districting is the mental conquest of space. Practical districting, which is the division of territory and waterbodies between owners or users, emerged long ago in the animal world. Human society is characterized by the transition from mobile methods (forays, hikes, expeditions, route description) to stable methods (occupation, bureaucracy, administrative-territorial division (ATD), and monitoring). The objectives of applied districting in Russia include improvement of ATD, functional zoning, rotational land use, and regional differentiation of laws, taxes and tariffs. Diverse districting is necessary for flexible regional policies and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Determining the location, boundaries and areas of land properties accurately in the land cadastre is essential. The named data are provided using coordinates, acquired from field measurements. Since 2008, the Slovenian land cadastre claims positioning in the national realization of the ETRS89, so the GNSS use is practically indispensable. Objectives: Contrary to real-time, we can change parameters in GNSS post-processing. The aim of this paper is to simulate different measurement conditions for GNSS in order to determine how to acquire the best possible coordinates for further use in land area calculation. Methods/Approach: Simulations of obstacles near points followed the increasing of the cut-off angle. Furthermore, shortening the observation interval resulted in different occupation duration. The final condition evaluation for coordinate quality acquisition followed from fuzzy logic. Results: The results show that for short baselines, occupation duration is the most important factor in acquiring high quality coordinates and avoiding the multipath. Differences in coordinates from specific strategies can sometimes exceed the tolerance and evidently affect the area calculation. Conclusions: The findings confirm that only good measurement conditions lead to high quality coordinates and well-defined areas of land properties, which are the fundamental factor in relation to the issues of property valuation and assessing land taxes or rents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contemporary advancements in technology and the widespread availability of GIS (Geographic Information System) tools offer many possibilities in performing computer-assisted geospatial data analysis. For this type of analysis, the quality of the data is an extremely important factor. In the case of analysis related to parcel boundaries, the quality of the data is mainly determined by the mean errors of the location of the breakpoints of the boundary lines for particular parcels and the origin of the information about the boundary point coordinates. This paper presents new opportunities for analyzing the boundary point position errors and their impact on the course of the boundary lines based on these points. The above-mentioned analysis of boundary errors was conducted in the area of the village of Chocznia. The results of the analysis are presented graphically and analytically to illustrate the distribution of these errors. Clear visualization of the distribution of the errors can be a valuable source of information. The information obtained in such a manner can be used in management processes and for planning agricultural land management work. A rapid assessment of parcel boundary data accuracy with GIS tools could also be used for the selection and classification of areas requiring cadastre modernization or for verification of the data contained within it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The key features of the blockchain databases, such as decentralization, distribution, security, and record of the history of all transactions, create significant prospects for their application in the field of cadastre and real estate registration activities, including creation of the global real estate cadastre infrastructure, which will be able to go beyond national legal systems and jurisdictions. The conceptual approach to registration of land plots as spatial objects using blockchain technology is proposed. The land plot should be considered as a combination of smart contracts between landowners, surveyors, appraisers, notaries and other persons. The subject of such contracts will be the description and establishment of spatial (plot boundaries, territorial zones, etc.) and other (property rights and encumbrances, monetary valuation, soil bonitet, etc.) characteristics of land plots. The classification of such smart contracts reliability is also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this discussion is the Austrian land cadastre, which forms the basis of the Austrian land information system, together with the land registry. From a data structure perspective, the Austrian land cadastre is a traditional parcel-oriented system and includes a geometric description of land plots linked to other records describing the nature of the land plots. The changeable institutional (legal) framework was shaped the continuous development of the Austrian land cadastre since the first systematic land survey and cadastral mapping at the beginning of the 19thcentury. With the progress of information technology in recent decades, it has been developed into a contemporary land information system, which (together with the land registry) provides up-to-date land information. It has to be emphasized that the current land cadastre still contains some data from its very beginning and, for this reason, the historical development of this evidence, including data sources, is of great importance for users of these data. The first part of the article provides an introduction to the historical development of the Austrian land cadastre, followed by the presentation of contents and procedures of the current land cadastre.

In order to transcend the challenge of accelerating the establishment of cadastres and to efficiently maintain them once established, innovative, and automated cadastral mapping techniques are needed. The focus of the research is on the use of high-resolution optical sensors on unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) platforms. More specifically, this study investigates the potential of UAV-based cadastral mapping, where the ENVI feature extraction (FX) module has been used for data processing. The paper describes the workflow, which encompasses image pre-processing, automatic extraction of visible boundaries on the UAV imagery, and data post-processing. It shows that this approach should be applied when the UAV orthoimage is resampled to a larger ground sample distance (GSD). In addition, the findings show that it is important to filter the extracted boundary maps to improve the results. The results of the accuracy assessment showed that almost 80% of the extracted visible boundaries were correct. Based on the automatic extraction method, the proposed workflow has the potential to accelerate and facilitate the creation of cadastral maps, especially for developing countries. In developed countries, the extracted visible boundaries might be used for the revision of existing cadastral maps. However, in both cases, the extracted visible boundaries must be validated by landowners and other beneficiaries.

Copyright of Ekonomika APK is the property of Economy of Argo-Industrial Complex and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The land administration system, providing a mechanism to support the management of real properties, is one of the most crucial infrastructures of any country. This infrastructure is needed to support planning and implementation of land-related policies, and in general to support human decisions and activities in our environment. The fundamental part of a modern land administration system is the land cadastre. Over the last decade, the demand for three-dimensional (3D) cadastre has increased significantly worldwide. The physical and legal complexities of the built and natural environment prompt new concepts and definitions of real property units in order to meet the demands of a today's society and to balance private and public spatial interests. Particularly in urban areas, including other areas with intensive human interventions into space, there is a tendency to use space above and below the Earth's surface, above and below structures, etc. Complex 3D objects cannot be defined and registered as cadastral objects in the traditional 2D land cadastre and represented in a 2D cadastral map. For this purpose, next to the land cadastre, in 2000, Slovenia introduced the building cadastre. From the juridical point of view, the current cadastral system is not sufficient for all 3D situations. In this paper, we discuss upgrade possibilities of data models of the land cadastre and building cadastre to introduce a unique 3D real property cadastre in Slovenia. We believe that the data available in the current cadastres will significantly contribute toward the 3D real property cadastre and 3D graphical representation of cadastral data; nevertheless, some additional data are needed. The minimum data required could be provided already through the current cadastral procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

V članku so podane opredelitve načina evidentiranja voda glede na različne pravne podlage. Podana so določila Zakona o vodah, o evidentiranju vodnih zemljišč v javnih nepremičninskih evidencah in pravila, ki se glede evidentiranja voda uporabljajo v javnih nepremičninskih evidencah. Prikazan je tudi način vodenja podatkov o vodah v dejanski rabi kmetijskih in gozdnih zemljišč. Na podlagi teh dejstev je izvedena primerjava med posameznimi zahtevami in prikazani so nekateri primeri odstopanj. Opredeljena je potreba po nastavitvi dejanske rabe prostora kot kazalnika stanja v prostoru, vendar je ne smemo enačiti z zahtevami pravnih režimov. V sklepu je nakazana problematika »umeščanja« voda v toga pravila nepremičninske zakonodaje ; Definitions of recording methods based on various legal grounds are defined in this article. The terms of the legislation on water, recording water areas into public real-estate records and the rules of recording that these public records use, are also stated. Furthermore, a way of keeping records of water in current agriculture and forest land usage is presented. Based on these facts, a comparison between individual demands is made, and certain cases of deviation are presented. The need to establish current land usage as an indicator for the state of space is defined, which must not be equated with the requirements of legal regimes. The issue of “molding” waters into inflexible rules of real-estate legislation is presented in the article’s conclusion.

Zemljiškokatastrski prikaz (ZKP) je grafični prikaz vseh parcel in parcelnih številk v Sloveniji. Po opredelitvi je to slika oblike in medsebojne lege parcel. Položajna natančnost ZKP je zelo različna in je na nekaterih območjih celo zelo slaba. Težave s položajno natančnostjo odpravlja zemljiškokatastrski načrt (ZKN), ki je izdelan na podlagi kakovostnih podatkov, pridobljenih v postopkih vzdrževanja zemljiškega katastra. V prispevku so predstavljeni viri podatkov za izdelavo ZKN, metoda izdelave ZKN za posamezne tipe podatkovnih virov, kakovost izdelka, zagotovljen način vzdrževanja ZKN, praktična dostopnost in možnost širše uporabe ZKN ; The Land Cadastre Representation (ZKP) is a graphic representation of all parcels and parcel numbers in Slovenia. By definition, this is the image of the shape and position of the parcels. The positional precision of the ZKP is highly variable, in some areas even very poor. The Land Cadastre Plan (ZKN) is made on the basis of high quality data obtained in the processes of maintaining the land cadastre and solves the problems with positional precision. This paper presents the data sources that produce the ZKN, the ZKN's method for producing various types of data sources, the quality of the product, the way of maintaining the ZKN, as well as the practical accessibility and possibility of wider use of the ZKN.

In the paper we present some illustrative examples from the Prekmurje region that are related to the issue of registration of water infrastructure in the land cadastre. The Prekmurje region is known among surveyors for the fact that it has a much higher geolocation quality of land cadastre in comparison with the rest of Slovenia. Surveyors are usually able to take this fact into account correctly in their work, but unfortunately this does not apply to other public services, which are responsible for specific areas of environmental management, such as water management and transport infrastructure management, records of agricultural actual use, etc. With the presented examples, we first show the damaging consequences of breaching the rules and facts of land cadastre in the management of water infrastructure facilities. Next, we present the beneficial consequences of compliance with land cadastre rules and facts in the case of extensive flow reconstruction of Kučnica stream on the state border with Austria and its recording in land cadastre. The main purpose of the presented cases is to help the competent managers of water infrastructure in Slovenia to understand better and adhere strictly to the fundamental role of land cadastre in the spatial management ; V članku predstavljamo nekaj nazornih primerov z območja Prekmurja, ki se navezujejo na problematiko evidentiranja vodne infrastrukture v zemljiškem katastru. Prekmurje je med geodeti znano po tem, da ima precej višjo geolokacijsko kakovost zemljiškega katastra kot preostala Slovenija. Geodeti to pri svojem delu praviloma znajo upoštevati, kar pa žal ne velja za druge javne službe, ki so pristojne za posamezna področja prostorskega upravljanja, kot so upravljanje vodne in prometne infrastrukture, evidence kmetijske dejanske rabe idr. S primeri bomo najprej ponazorili škodljive posledice neupoštevanja zemljiškokatastrskih pravil in dejstev pri upravljanju objektov vodne infrastrukture, nato pa predstavili koristi upoštevanja zemljiškokatastrskih pravil in dejstev na primeru obsežnega urejanja in katastrskega evidentiranja mejnega potoka Kučnica na državni meji z Avstrijo. Osnovni namen predstavljene problematike je, da pristojni upravljavci vodne infrastrukture v Sloveniji spoznajo in dosledno upoštevajo temeljno vlogo zemljiškega katastra v prostorskem upravljanju.

When using and comparing land cadastral data in the framework of different land administration systems at the international level, it must be acknowledged that there are common known facts and definitions relating to the registration of land or real property. With deeper study, it is soon evident that the historic development of the country or even region, together with the legal framework in the field of real property registration and management strongly influence the basic functions of land cadastre, and for this reason there is often missing knowledge on the unique features of land cadastres in the particular country or region. The purpose of this article is neither the comparison of land cadastral systems regarding the level of adoption of information technology, nor a demonstration of approaches for maintenance of land cadastre. The main focus is on the influence of information technology on the development of graphical subsystems of land cadastres in Austria, Denmark, Sweden and Slovenia. The establishment and improvement of digital cadastral maps are emphasized. The final remarks are meant as the comparison of Slovenian system of land cadastre layer with the experiences in the selected countries ; Pri uporabi in primerjavi podatkov zemljiškega katastra v okviru sistema zemljiške administracije na mednarodni ravni se pogosto meni, da obravnavamo splošno znana dejstva in definicije, povezane z registracijo zemljišč oziroma nepremičnin. Toda pri podrobnejši obravnavi hitro spoznamo, da so zgodovina, razvitost države ali celo regije ter zakonodaja na področju evidentiranja in upravljanja nepremičnin zelo vplivali na osnovne funkcije v sistemu zemljiškega katastra. Tako se pogosto srečujemo s pomanjkljivim znanjem o posebnostih zemljiškega katastra v posamezni državi ali regiji. Namen članka ni primerjati posameznih katastrskih sistemov glede stopnje informatizacije ali prikazati načine vzdrževanja zemljiškega katastra. V prispevku je obravnavan vpliv informacijske tehnologije na razvoj grafičnih podsistemov zemljiškega katastra, s poudarkom na vzpostavitvi in izboljšavi digitalnih katastrskih načrtov v primerljivih državah: v Avstriji, na Danskem, Švedskem in v Sloveniji. Primerjava zakonodaje ter upravljanja digitalnih katastrskih načrtov v izbranih državah z zemljiškokatastrskim prikazom v Sloveniji je podana v zadnjem delu članka

V prispevku je obravnavana umestitev lastninske pravice v prostor, ki je mogoča samo na podlagi podatkov zemljiškega katastra, pravzaprav njegovega grafičnega dela – zemljiškokatastrskega prikaza. Podana je definicija stopnje zaupanja v lociranje pravic na nepremičninah na podlagi zemljiškokatastrskega prikaza in način njenega določevanja. V prispevku je opredeljen tudi lastninski koncept v Republiki Sloveniji, katerega poznavanje je pomembno pri umeščanju lastninske pravice v prostor. Navedena so tudi neskladja, ki so bila zaznana v okviru projekta obveščanje o poskusnem izračunu nepremičnin zaradi »nepravilnega« umeščanja pravic v prostor. Predvsem smo se osredotočili na povezavo med parcelo in stavbo ter v ta namen preučili vzorec1784 stavb, ki so enakomerno porazdeljene po ozemlju Slovenije ; This article considers the placement of ownership rights into space, possible only with the help of the land cadastre graphical representation. A definition of trust for locating property rights on the land cadastre graphic presentation is given as well as a way of determining it. The ownership concept of the Republic of Slovenia is also defined, the knowledge of which is relevant to ownership rights placement. Discrepancies found in the Information of Test Property Value Calculation formed because of a false placement of rights are also stated. We especially focused on the link between a parcel and building and studied a pattern of 1,784 buildings that were equally distributed throughout Slovenia

Položajna natančnost zemljiškokatastrskega prikaza (ZKP) kot enega od temeljnih elementov kakovosti zbirk prostorskih podatkov je v Republiki Sloveniji pereča tema. Ob pritisku institucionalnih in drugih uporabnikov se je Geodetska uprava Republike Slovenije odločila za uvajanje izboljšav. Na Oddelku za geodezijo Fakultete za gradbeništvo in geodezijo Univerze v Ljubljani smo ob tej pobudi ustanovili skupino, ki je začela natančneje preskušati tako imenovano membransko metodo. Najprej smo začeli razvijati programski modul za metodo končnih elementov in geodetske izravnave, zatem pa smo za namen testiranja uporabili tržno različico nemškega proizvajalca. Z uporabo membranske metode in vključitvijo domeritev je mogoče učinkovito izboljšati homogenost položajne natančnosti ZKP, če se pri tem nedvoumno uporabljajo osnovna načela geodetske stroke (metode koordinatne geometrije, topologija, izravnava, zakon o prenosu pogreškov itd.). Prispevek je namenjen bolj prikazu obstoječih in mogočih metod izboljšave položajne natančnosti ZKP kot pa predstavitvi rezultatov naših prvih raziskav ; The positional accuracy of the land cadastral index map (a graphical presentation termed ‘ZKP’), as one of the basic elements of spatial database quality, is a topic of on-going interest in the Republic of Slovenia. Mainly due to the pressures of institutional and other users of these data, the Surveying and Mapping Authority of the Republic of Slovenia has decided to implement improvements. At the Department of Geodesy, Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana, a working group was established in order to analyse and test in particular the so-called membrane method for this purpose. At the beginning, we started to develop our own program for the finite element method of geodetic adjustments, and then we continued to test the commercial solution of German provider. The membrane method, together with additional measurements, provides the possibility for an effective improvement of the heterogeneity of land cadastral graphical presentation (ZKP), where the basic principles of geodesy must be strongly respected (methods of the coordinate geometry, topology, adjustments, error propagation law, etc.). This article is meant to introduce existing and possible solutions for the improvements of the positional accuracy of the ZKP and not to present the results of our first research.

Zračno lasersko skeniranje, imenovano tudi lidar (light detection and ranging), lahko uporabimo kot samostojno tehniko snemanja ali v kombinaciji z različnimi tipi snemanj (od klasičnih fotogrametričnihsnemanj do hiperspektralnih snemanj). Glavna prednost zračnega laserskega skeniranja pred drugimi tehnikami daljinskega zaznavanja je, da detajle na reliefu neposredno izmerimo in jih ne pridobimo z naknadno restitucijo iz stereoparov. V članku bomo prikazali možnosti uporabe zračnega laserskega skeniranja za obnovo podatkov različnih nepremičninskih evidenc v Sloveniji. Možnost uporabezračnega laserskega skeniranja pri ažuriranju katastra stavb in zemljiškega katastra še ni opredeljena v zakonskih in podzakonskih predpisih, ki te evidence opredeljujejo. Zato bomo v članku opredelili minimalne pogoje, na podlagi katerih se bomo lahkoodločili, ali bomo zračno lasersko skeniranje lahko uporabili v praksi: potrebna natančnost, višina leta in gostota laserskih točk na enoto površine. Aerial laser scanning, also called lidar (light detection and ranging), can be used as a stand-alone acquisitiontechnique or in combination with other types of aerial surveys (from classic photogrammetric to hyperspectral). The basic advantage of lidar in comparison with other remote sensing techniques is that the details on the relief are directly measured rather than acquiredwith additional stereo-restitution. In this paper, we will describe the possibilities of lidar being involved in data acquisition for different real-estate databases in Slovenia. The possibility of applying lidar to the building cadastre and the land cadastre measurements has not been yet defined in the legislation definingthese databases. Therefore, we will define the minimal conditions that will enable us to decide if lidar can be applied for those databases in practice: required accuracy, flying height and number of points per m2.

V prispevku so obravnavane pojavne oblike javnega dobra, ki jih danes lahko zasledimo kot lastnike, vpisane v zemljiško knjigo, in se kot prevzet podatek pojavljajo tudi v zemljiškem katastru. Oblikovan je bil vzorec 80 zemljiškoknjižnih vložkov, ki so bili preučeni glede na pojavno obliko naziva javno dobro v listu B zemljiške knjige in glede na pravne podlage za vknjižbo. Izvedena je bila tudi primerjava med podatki o lastniku v zemljiški knjigi in zemljiškem katastru. Poleg tega je bil opravljen pregled uporabe termina javno dobro v zakonodaji, ki ureja področje zemljiške knjige od leta 1871 do danes. Rezultati preučevanja kažejo, da se kljub določilom Zakona o zemljiški knjigi (ZZK-1), ki uvaja pojem zaznambe javnega dobra in ne javnega dobra kot lastnika, ta še danes pojavlja kot oseba, vpisana v listu B zemljiške knjige. This research paper deals with the different forms of public good that are indicated as owners registered in the land registry; a copy of this information can also be found in the land cadastre. A sample of 80 land registry ledgers was assembled; these were examined in terms of the form of the title “Public good” in the B folio of the land registry and of the legal basis for the registration. A comparison of ownership data in the land registry and land cadastre has also been made. Use of the term “public good” in legislation governing the public registry system from 1871 until today has also been examined. The results indicate that The Land Registry Act provisions introduced theannotation of public good, but not public good as an owner; nevertheless, the results show that the latter is still listed as a person registered in the B folio of the land registry.

V prispevku je opisan postopek izvedbe nadzora kakovosti podatkov zemljiškega katastra v novem državnem koordinatnem sistemu D96/TM, ki ga izvaja Geodetska uprava Republike Slovenije in obsega kontrolo položajne natančnosti zemljiškokatastrskih točk. Podrobneje je predstavljen tehnični del postopka nadzora kakovosti, ki obsega mersko in programsko opremo, metode izmere, obdelavo podatkov in vrednotenje rezultatov kontrole. Predstavljeni so rezultati izvedenega nadzora v letu 2008 in nekateri primeri napak, ki se pojavljajo pri sami geodetski izmeri. The procedure of the supervision of the Land Cadastre quality data in the new national coordinate system D96/TM, which is performed by the Surveying and Mapping Authority of the Republic of Slovenia and consists of horizontal accuracy control of land cadastre points, is described in this article. The technical part of data quality supervision procedure, which includes the measurement equipment and software, measurements methods, data analysis and evaluation of results, is presented in detail. The results of the of the 2008 data quality supervision procedure are described; some mistakes, which are made by geodetic measurements, are also presented.