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Background: In WDM networks, there is a crucial need to monitor signal degradation factors in order to maintain the quality of transmission. This is more critical in dynamic optical networks as non-linear impairments are network state dependent. Moreover, PLIs are accumulative in nature, so the overall impact is increased tremendously as the length of signal path is increased. The interactions between different impairments along the path also influence their overall impact. Objective: Among the different impairments, the present work focuses on phase modulations owing to the intensities of signals themselves as well as the neighboring signals. It includes the influence of SPM, SPM and XPM, system parameters like signal power, wavelength and fiber parameters like attenuation coefficient, dispersion coefficient and their influence on Q-value and BER. Methods: The analysis is done through a single and two-channel transmitter system with varied power, wavelengths and system parameters. The corresponding optical spectrums are analysed. Results & Conclusion: It has been found that SPM and XPM pose broadening effect on spectrum without any effect on temporal distributions. The magnitude of signal power is among the parameters significantly influencing the broadening of spectrum. The higher the power, the more the magnitude of broadening. It has been found that in order to neglect the impact of input power; its magnitude must be kept below 20 mW. Also, the dispersion and attenuation value need to be carefully as they pose counteracting effect to SPM and XPM for certain values and hence can be used as compensation measures without any additional cost.

Background: Leishmaniasis is a major health problem which is caused by the protozoan parasite of the genus Leishmania. Cutaneous leishmaniasis is one type of leishmaniasis and selflimited in most of the cases. However, when the lesions come with scars, they make a deep lifelong stigma. Despite being WHO's research priority, the optimum treatment for this disease has not been found yet. The current study aimed to synthesize and assess the activity of some new aminothiazole compounds against Leishmania major-induced cutaneous leishmaniasis in BALB/c mice. Methods: Eight new aminothiazole derivatives were synthesized and their chemical structures were characterized by spectral data 1H-NMR spectroscopy, Mass spectrophotometry and elemental analysis. L. major parasites were inoculated into the tail base of BALB/c mice and the induced lesions were treated every other day with three different doses of the synthesized compounds against meglumine antimoniate as the drug reference for two weeks. Size of the lesions was observed for three weeks and the collected data were analyzed by SPSS software. Also, these compounds are docked into the active site of 14- α-demethylase as the targets in the treatment of leishmaniasis. Results: Among the synthesized aminothiazole derivatives, compounds 1, 2, 3, 4, and 7 had good leishmanicidal effects. Docking binding energies showed that the synthesized compounds could act as inhibitors for 14- α-demethylase. Conclusions: Among the synthesized compounds, compound 3, (N-((4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl) methyl)thiazol-2-amine) was the most promising one which deserves future studies for the treatment of leishmaniasis.

In order to expand the application of Fe3O4@SiO2-SnCl4 in the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds, in this study, we wish to report the use of one-pot three component synthesis of pyrimido [4,5-b]quinolone derivatives (D1-D16) through reaction of 6-amino-2-(methylthio)pyrimidin-4 (3H)-one, dimedone, or 1,3-cyclohexadione and aldehydes in the presence of Fe3O4@SiO2-SnCl4 as an efficient eco-friendly catalyst under ultrasound irradiation. The final aim of this study is evaluation of antifungal activity of resulted products. Synthesis of pyrimido [4,5-b]quinolin derivatives were done via three components coupling reaction of aldehyde, dimedone or 1,3-cyclohexadione and 6-amino-2-(methylthio)pyrimidin-4 (3H)-one in the presence of Fe3O4@SiO2-SnCl4 under ultrasonic irradiation in water at 60 °C. The products structure were studied by FT-IRI, 1H NMR,II and 13C NMRII. All the compounds were screened for antimicrobial activity by broth microdilution methods as recommended by CLSIIII. Considering our results showed that compound (D13) had the most antifungal activity against C. dubliniensis, C. Albicans, C. Tropicalis, and C. Neoformance at concentrations ranging (MIC90) from 1-4 μg/mL. Compounds (D9), (D10), (D14), and (D15) had significant inhibitory activities against C. dubliniensis at concentrations ranging (MIC90) from 4-8 μg/mL, respectively. 5-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-8,8-dimethyl-2-(methylthio)-5,8,9,10-tetrahydropyrimido[4,5-b]quinoline-4,6(3H,7H)-dione (D13) exhibited inhibitory and fungicidal activities against the tested yeasts. The specific binding mode or the binding orientation of more efficient compounds to CYP51 active site, have been also performed by molecular modeling investigations and showed that there is a good correlation with biological test.

Additional file 1: Figures S1–S58

Additional file 1: Figure S1. The FT-IR spectrum of 7a. Figure S2. The 1H NMR spectrum of 7a. Figure S3. The 13C-NMR spectrum of 7a. Figure S4. The Mass spectrum of 7a. Figure S5. The FT-IR spectrum of 7b. Figure S6. The 1H NMR spectrum of 7b. Figure S7. The 13C-NMR spectrum of 7b. Figure S8. The Mass spectrum of 7b. Figure S9. The FT-IR spectrum of 7c. Figure S10. The 1H NMR spectrum of 7c. Figure S11. The 13C-NMR spectrum of 7c. Figure S12. The Mass spectrum of 7c. Figure S13. The FT-IR spectrum of 7d. Figure S14. The 1H NMR spectrum of 7d. Figure S15. The 13C-NMR spectrum of 7d. Figure S16. The Mass spectrum of 7d. Figure S17. The FT-IR spectrum of 7e. Figure S18. The 1H NMR spectrum of 7e. Figure S19. The 13C-NMR spectrum of 7e. Figure S20. The Mass spectrum of 7e. Figure S21. The FT-IR spectrum of 7f. Figure S22. The 1H NMR spectrum of 7f. Figure S23. The 13C-NMR spectrum of 7f. Figure S24. The Mass spectrum of 7f. Figure S25. The FT-IR spectrum of 7g. Figure S26. The 1H NMR spectrum of 7g. Figure S27. The 13C-NMR spectrum of 7g. Figure S28. The Mass spectrum of 7g. Figure S29. The FT-IR spectrum of 7h. Figure S30. The 1H NMR spectrum of 7h. Figure S31. The 13C-NMR spectrum of 7h. Figure S32. The Mass spectrum of 7h.

Additional file 1: Figure S1. The FT-IR spectrum of S1, Figure S2. The 1H NMR spectrum of S1, Figure S3. The FT-IR spectrum of S2, Figure S4. The 1H NMR spectrum of S2, Figure S5. The 13C-NMR spectrum of S2, Figure S6. The 13C-NMR spectrum of S2, Figure S7. The FT-IR spectrum of S3, Figure S8. The 1H NMR spectrum of S3, Figure S9. The FT-IR spectrum of S4, Figure S10. The 1H NMR spectrum of S4, Figure S11. The 13C-NMR spectrum of S4, Figure S12. The FT-IR spectrum of S5, Figure S13. The 1H NMR spectrum of S5, Figure S14. The 1H NMR spectrum of S5, Figure S15. The FT-IR spectrum of S6, Figure S16. The 1H NMR spectrum of S6, Figure S17. The 13C-NMR spectrum of S6, Figure S18. The Mass spectrum of S6, Figure S19. The FT-IR spectrum of S7, Figure S20. The 1H NMR spectrum of S7, Figure S21. The FT-IR spectrum of S8, Figure S22. The 1H NMR spectrum of S8, Figure S23. The 13C-NMR spectrum of S8, Figure S24. The Mass spectrum of S8, Figure S25. The FT-IR spectrum of S9, Figure S26. The 1H NMR spectrum of S9, Figure S27. The 13CNMR spectrum of S9, Figure S28. The Mass spectrum of S9, Figure S29. The FT-IR spectrum of S10, Figure S30. The 1H NMR spectrum of S10, Figure S31. The FT-IR spectrum of S11, Figure S32. The 1H NMR spectrum of S11, Figure S33. EDS analysis of the GO-Fe3O4-Ti(IV), Figure S34. VSM plot of pure Fe3O4, and GO-Fe3O4-Ti(IV), Table S1. The bonding energies (kcal/mol) of the tested compounds on GABA-A using AutoDock Vina.