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This study empirically investigates the moderating effects of institutions interacted with economic growth as determinants of cross-country income inequality. For a sample of 43 advanced and developing countries in the OECD and Varieties of Capitalism (VoC) literature over the period of 1995–2019, we test the hypothesis that the income inequality-increasing effects of GDP growth are reduced by robust institutions through interactive terms between economic growth and labour market institutions, gender-based institutions, and governance-based institutions. We use correlated random effects, feasible generalised least squares, and systems-generalised method of moments for panel data analysis using the Gini coefficient for post-tax and post-transfer household disposable income inequality as the dependent variable. Across all models, we find consistently significant statistical evidence for contingency effects between greater GDP growth rates and robust institutions. More specifically, the positive or inequality-increasing effects of greater GDP growth are shown to be reduced by stronger employment protection legislation and greater gender parity in education. Policy implications on inclusive growth thereby call for labour market reforms in terms of employment protection and improved access to education for women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Sustainable income growth in emerging nations requires productive populations to adopt and innovate technology to boost marginal productivity per worker. To this end, the present study examines how technological adoption, productive population and sustainability affect income growth in selected Asian economies between 1990 and 2022. Thus, to achieve the study objective, a panel analysis circumvents cross‐sectional dependence with estimators such as Augmented Mean Group (AMG) heterogeneous panel regression. Similar robustness estimators like Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS), Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) and Driscoll–Kraay Standard Errors (DKSE) were employed. Key empirical findings include that, with all things being equal, productive population size decreases income growth by 5.6%. This means that productive activity considerably reduces Asian income growth. However, technical advancement boosts revenue. Technological innovation enhances Asian income growth by 1.1% when all model variables are constant. In contrast, using 1% sustainable energy to increase sustainability reduces the region's income growth by 2.9%. This means sustainable energy consumption in Asia reduces economic productivity and income per capita. Based on the study's findings, Asian countries should encourage technology innovation and skill development for productive populations. A productive workforce can build creative skills through ongoing training and manpower incubation via an innovation ecosystem. In the conclusion, more policy directions are appended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a novel framework to measure inclusive policy based on capability approach and institutional analysis and development method. In the process, it records its distinction of inclusive growth from earlier growth theories, particularly highlighting its economic and non‐economic dimensions. The paper inculcates consequential ethics in discussing inclusive growth. The proposed framework is conceptualised on the theoretical foundation of Amartya Sen's capability approach and Elinor Ostrom's IAD method. The framework allows theorists to develop more precise theories and models and derive empirical analysis of existing and proposed policies. The paper identifies the major limitations of the existing inclusive policy analysis methods which include disregarding the 'noneconomic dimensions of inclusive growth' (benefit share, participation, equality of opportunity). The existing methods endorses equality of opportunity from an arbitrary point to wrongly fulfil the inclusiveness dimension. Such an approach fails in sustaining moral and ethical rightness of equity. Further, the excising methodologies do not disclose the precise time of change in opportunities among the target population resulting into waste of policy resources. The proposed framework's novel contribution is integrating CA and IAD method to reveal the precise time of change in opportunity that occurs over time due to policy implementation. The framework will help policy makers to measure policy outcome and reduce waste of resource. Analysts and researchers can apply framework for empirical analysis to identify the inclusive growth policy or compare inclusive policy between various countries, states, and regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigates the effects of inclusive growth, environmental policy incentives, fintech innovations, and globalization on the environmental sustainability of G20 countries. In light of the growing global concern about carbon emissions from anthropogenic sources, which contribute to severe environmental degradation, the Paris Agreement aims to mitigate these impacts by controlling carbon emissions. This study explores how inclusive growth, fintech, and environmental policies interact to affect ecological footprints in G20 member countries, which represent some of the world's most influential economies and policymakers. Specifically, inclusive growth is examined for its potential to reduce economic and social inequalities, which, if unmanaged, can exacerbate environmental degradation. In contrast, fintech is analyzed as a double-edged sword—its impact on sustainability depends on its influence on industries and economies, which may either exacerbate or alleviate environmental harm. Globalization's role is scrutinized for its interactions with the economic, social, and ecological dimensions of sustainability. Our methodology employs advanced econometric models to analyze data from 1990 to 2023, focusing on the relationships between these variables and ecological footprints. Key findings suggest that while fintech can both increase and reduce environmental degradation depending on its application, environmental policy incentives are crucial for promoting sustainable practices and clean technology adoption. Inclusive growth can mitigate environmental harm by addressing inequalities, and globalization's effects on sustainability depend largely on regulatory frameworks and corporate governance. This study contributes to the literature by highlighting the complex interactions between economic growth models, technological advancements, and environmental policies. Its originality lies in its comprehensive analysis of the G20 economies, shedding light on how inclusive growth, fintech, and environmental policies shape environmental outcomes. The research offers key policy implications, stressing the need for stringent environmental regulations, the promotion of green technologies, and the diversification of economies to reduce reliance on resource rents. The findings emphasize the importance of balancing economic development with environmental sustainability to achieve long-term ecological stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we have explored the direct relationship between social accounting (SAC) and sustainable corporate social responsibility (SCSR). Additionally, we have examined how inclusive growth (IG) and creating shared value (CSV) mediate the relationship between SAC and SCSR. The research survey was conducted in five districts of Odisha, India, involving 418 participants. We have validated our proposed model through both confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses. The study's empirical findings suggest that SAC significantly and positively influences sustainable CSR. Furthermore, the findings suggest that IG and CSV partially mediate this relationship. This study is one of its kind, and it considers factors that significantly affect the sustainability of CSR measures. This model will also provide future researchers with new insights into the role of accounting relating to CSR and guiding in their future investigations. The framework developed in this study, will enhance the understanding of CSR for companies and policymakers, enabling them to devise effective strategies for implementing CSR initiatives that address social challenges sustainably. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the results of an empirical investigation into the relationships between public social spending, government effectiveness, and economic growth. Using panel data covering 132 developed and developing countries over the 2008 to 2019 period, we find significant and complementary relationships among the variables through fixed effects, system GMM, and instrumental variable estimation. All three components of public social spending, including social security benefits, education expenditure, and health expenditure, have a significant and positive impact on subsequent economic growth. Government effectiveness has a direct growth-enhancing effect as well as a mediating and positive effect on the association between public social expenditures and economic growth. Thus, governments accelerate the positive impact of public social spending on economic growth. These relationships hold for countries at all income levels, while the channels predicting a positive social spending – growth relationship are stronger in high-income countries than lower-income countries. To stimulate inclusive growth, governments must actively design and implement social spending policies. These, however, should be complemented by concomitant efforts to strengthen the quality of public institutions, which exerts a substantial impact on the social spending – growth relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the contingency effect of infrastructure (disaggregated into physical and digital) in the relationship between foreign aid and inclusive growth in Sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA). We employ macro data for 41 SSA countries and the dynamic system GMM estimator for the empirical analysis. We find that (i) foreign aid promotes inclusive growth in SSA, (ii) whereas transport infrastructure enhances inclusive growth, energy infrastructure, sanitation infrastructure, and digital infrastructure are statistically insignificant, and (iii) only transport infrastructure amplifies the inclusive growth‐enhancing effect of foreign aid. Across the digital and physical infrastructure domains, we find that the contingency effect of the latter is rather remarkable. Our threshold analysis also indicates that for digital infrastructure and transport infrastructure to condition complementary policies to foster inclusive growth in SSA, minimum thresholds of 22% and 57.8% are required. We conclude that comprehensive transport infrastructural development is key if foreign aid is to enhance inclusive growth in SSA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a crucial measure to promote the coordinated development of urban and rural areas in developing countries (such as China), how to provide and manage rural infrastructure investment is a major challenge. In line with the implementation of a coordinated urban–rural development strategy, inclusive growth provides direction for rural infrastructure investment. Taking Chongqing, China, as an example, informed by the goals of inclusive growth, this study develops a system dynamics model to investigate the interaction between interdependent infrastructure systems and socioeconomic systems and to explore priorities for rural infrastructure investment. The results indicate the following: (1) more rural infrastructure investment is still needed in Chongqing by 2030; and (2) based on the importance of all types of rural infrastructures for the impact of inclusive growth goals, the ratio of budget shares invested in each dimension is, in descending order, environment infrastructure, energy infrastructure, communication infrastructure, transportation infrastructure, education infrastructure, and medical infrastructure. The approach and results of this study allow governments to assess the contribution of infrastructure provision to the goals of inclusive growth and to make better-informed infrastructure investment options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inclusive growth had faced global challenges in social and gender disparities issues, especially in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region, which affects its administrations and distributions in modern development contexts. Recognised international institutions have used the term inclusive growth as a description of growth that is formed through labor force and distributions focusing on well-being. This study examines the relationship between mobile cellular subscriptions and inclusive growth to improve the standard of living using a panel autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach from 2000 to 2020. The economic growth context studies applied were unable to capture the demand for improving welfare and expectations to lessen poverty, while promoting inclusivity for SADC. Moreover, SADC economic growth partially dealt with the inclusive growth challenges of network connectivity, poor household benefit sharing, and a fast-growing population by applying non-validated methods that were useful to measure economic growth but fail to respond to inclusive growth. The World Bank (WB) and International Telecommunication Union (ITU) databases were used to identify that there is a positive and statistically significant relationship between mobile cellular subscriptions and inclusive growth in the long run. The findings of this study contribute by clarifying and urging policymakers and researchers concerned about equitable economic development to incorporate this sufficient to the relevant upbringing of communication channels to embrace inclusive growth opportunities to expand inclusive growth rapport and channels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature has shown that related diversification in more complex industries enhances economic growth in regions but also inter-regional inequality. However, it has drawn little attention to the relationship between industrial dynamics (i.e., the rise and fall of industries) and intra-regional wage inequality. This explorative study examines the relationship between industry dynamics and wage inequality in NUTS-3 regions in the Netherlands in the period 2010–2019. Our study shows that related diversification in less complex industries tends to reduce wage inequality within a region. This implies it remains a policy challenge to combine smart and inclusive growth in regions. Our study also showed that there is no significant relationship between the exit of industries and regional inequality, with one exception: unrelated low-complex exits tend to increase intra-regional wage inequality. Overall, these findings suggest that related diversification in less complex industries tends to bring benefits in terms of inclusive growth, while unrelated exits in less complex industries tend to do the opposite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the impact of mobile financial services on the shadow economy in Southern Africa countries and explored how regulatory quality moderates this relationship. Utilising panel data from 1993 to 2022, this study employed dynamic common-correlated effect (DCCE) and dynamic seemingly unrelated regression (DSUR) methods to assess long-run effects. The findings reveal that increased mobile financial services adoption markedly diminishes the scale of the underground economy by enhancing transaction transparency and accessibility, thus drawing more participants into the formal economy. The results are consistent across DCCE and DSUR estimations. Additionally, improvements in regulatory quality further diminish the shadow economy by bolstering trust and compliance within the financial system, suggesting that well-crafted regulations enhance the effectiveness of mobile financial services. Economic and financial sector developments also contribute to a reduced shadow economy, indicating that broader economic growth and advanced financial systems facilitate formal sector participation. Conversely, larger public sector expenditures appear to expand the shadow economy enterprises, likely due to inefficient resource allocation and increased fiscal burdens that push economic activities underground. Policy recommendations include the need to expand mobile financial services infrastructure, enhance financial literacy, and optimise financial regulatory frameworks to balance oversight with innovation encouragement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article applies a modified perspective of inclusive growth in order to understand the diversity of communities within a remote and predominantly rural region of northern Europe. A transdisciplinary process co-constructed an enhanced and regionally appropriate framework of inclusive growth, which recognised the importance of evaluating the concept as multidimensional and affected by the uneven contexts of physical geography and connectivity, and social characteristics, which influence development potential and community resilience, and which extend the relevance of inclusive growth to rural places. Operationalisation of this framework was achieved at the local level through quantitative multivariate analysis, which identified underlying dimensions of inclusive growth 'performance' representing interactions of broad economic outcomes and variation in geographical and social contexts, and then clusters of locations with similar characteristics. The evidence of multidimensional and geographical inequalities from this analysis was evaluated using a spatial justice perspective, enhancing the applicability of an inclusive growth framing as a means of understanding the wellbeing economy and rural diversity. Conceptually, the regionally-sensitive understanding of inclusive growth performance builds on and develops existing broader framings of inclusive growth. To avoid leaving places behind, policies which seek to achieve inclusive growth should recognise and adapt to nuanced and localised inequalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study addresses the deficiency in performance indicators of public institution arboretums and highlights the increasing need for collaborative cooperation for mutual growth. We aim to develop both quantitative and qualitative performance indicators to improve the evaluation systems and optimize operational efficiency. Initial indicators were formulated based on a review of 31 literature sources, followed by focus group interviews and a Delphi analysis involving 21 experts. A total of 23 core indicators were identified and categorized into three domains: public interest, economics, and functional aspects. Public interest indicators included seven items focusing on co-growth indicators (four) and contributions to the arboretum and garden culture development (three). Economic indicators featured ten items, including those related to regional exhibitions (four) and regional economic activation (six). The functional aspects indicators comprised six items: outsourced cultivation (three) and plant management (three). The highest-priority indicator was related to regional economic activity (income generation for local small business owners). Recommendations should be tailored to each department to bolster organizational performance, strengths, and capabilities. We anticipate that these indicators will support the mutual growth of national arboretums and local farming communities in Korea.

This article applies a modified perspective of inclusive growth in order to understand the diversity of communities within a remote and predominantly rural region of northern Europe. A transdisciplinary process co-constructed an enhanced and regionally appropriate framework of inclusive growth, which recognised the importance of evaluating the concept as multidimensional and affected by the uneven contexts of physical geography and connectivity, and social characteristics, which influence development potential and community resilience, and which extend the relevance of inclusive growth to rural places. Operationalisation of this framework was achieved at the local level through quantitative multivariate analysis, which identified underlying dimensions of inclusive growth ‘performance’ representing interactions of broad economic outcomes and variation in geographical and social contexts, and then clusters of locations with similar characteristics. The evidence of multidimensional and geographical inequalities from this analysis was evaluated using a spatial justice perspective, enhancing the applicability of an inclusive growth framing as a means of understanding the wellbeing economy and rural diversity. Conceptually, the regionally-sensitive understanding of inclusive growth performance builds on and develops existing broader framings of inclusive growth. To avoid leaving places behind, policies which seek to achieve inclusive growth should recognise and adapt to nuanced and localised inequalities.

The informal sector has become the bedrock for employment creation. However, its capacity for growth and production of goods and services remains doubtful. This study investigated the growth path of businesses in the informal sector and factors that sustain this growth trajectory in Enugu State, Nigeria. A sample of 500 respondents was chosen from two communities in each of the two local government areas from the three senatorial zones within Enugu State. The sampling techniques employed were purposive and stratified random sampling. Survey and quantitative research techniques were adopted. Results did not confirm a vertical growth trajectory of informal sector businesses but confirmed that economic, demographic, and environmental factors drive the informal sector horizontal growth trajectory in Enugu State. Therefore, we recommend a paradigm shift that curbs corruption, allows the gains from growth to trickle down, creates access to finance, and provides critical infrastructure to facilitate the vertical integration of informal sector businesses with the formal sector for improved productive capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the impact of government spending on inclusive growth in developing Asia, focusing on fiscal redistribution through education, health, and social benefits. Using panel data from 16 countries over the period 1970–2017, we apply a fixed-effects logistic regression model to assess the likelihood of inclusive growth episodes. Our findings indicate that fiscal redistribution, particularly through targeted health and education spending, significantly enhances the chances of achieving inclusive growth. The results also suggest that redistributive spending helps reduce income inequality, ensuring that the benefits of economic growth are more widely shared. We further explore the practical implications of these findings through case studies of China, India, and Vietnam, demonstrating how effective government spending can foster inclusive growth. The paper highlights the importance of well-targeted fiscal policies to support sustainable and equitable development in the post-COVID recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the distinctive features of the contemporary cyclical inclusive growth model within the European Union (EU). As an integration entity, the EU contends with a series of internal challenges that impede its development, arising from the divergent economic interests of member states and the uneven distribution of the costs and benefits of the 'twin transition' in the context of Europe’s declining global competitiveness. Exploring the nuances of inclusive growth in the EU, particularly the role of citizen participation in societal progress, offers a valuable framework for understanding the social and economic contradictions both within and between member states. The study commences with a critical review of existing definitions of inclusive growth, laying the groundwork for an in-depth analysis of the EU model.The research employs quantitative methods to compare EU member states using the UNCTAD Inclusive Growth Index and additional indicators of social and economic development and well-being. It also evaluates the outcomes of the 'Europe 2020' strategy, which aimed to establish inclusive growth targets for the EU by 2020. The findings reveal that the highest levels of inclusive growth are concentrated in northern and continental European countries, whereas Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) exhibit significantly lower levels. The analysis further uncovers key contradictions, such as the tension between reducing socio-economic inequality and promoting economic growth, the generational conflict over the ‘green economy,’ and the misalignment of interests between smaller and larger EU economies.Despite the initiatives under the 'Europe 2020' strategy, the study observes a shift in the priorities of EU citizens concerning inclusive growth. The research identifies fundamental characteristics of the EU's inclusive growth model, marked by a cycle of emerging and resolving social and economic contradictions at the Union level. A notable aspect of this model is the increasing complexity and multiplicity of contradictions, alongside a growing emphasis on subjective well-being and the fulfillment of intangible individual needs. The insights derived from this analysis have practical implications for developing inclusive growth support measures within the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) and can aid in defining priorities and mechanisms for the social and economic policies of EAEU member states.

This study examines the strategic responses of Chinese female business owners to perceived operational barriers, integrating insights from the Resource-Based View, Signaling Theory, Institutional Theory, and Social Role Theory. Data from the World Bank Enterprise Survey (conducted in China in 2012; the sample comprises 2,700 firms from diverse China’s industries) was analyzed with advanced path modeling techniques. All statistical analyses were conducted using R (version 4.0.2) and SPSS 29. The R packages lavaan and semTools were utilized for implementing Structural Equation Model (SEM) techniques. How female ownership influences diversification strategies was investigated with the mediation effect of business environment barriers and the moderation effect of international certifications. It is revealed that female entrepreneurs are more likely to pursue international diversification due to heightened perceptions of business environment barriers. Perceived regulatory barriers are positively related to product diversification, while perceived business environment barriers are positively related to international diversification. Female business owners perceive operational barriers, particularly business environment challenges, as more significant than their male counterparts, mediating the relationship between female ownership and international diversification. Furthermore, international certifications, while associated with international diversification, attenuate the positive effect of female ownership on international diversification. These insights inform policies aimed at reducing domestic barriers and enhancing access to international markets for female entrepreneurs. Support mechanisms, such as accessible international certifications, can mitigate gender gaps in domestic markets and facilitate global opportunities for female business owners.

Issues such as inequality, collapsed state capacity, and spatial exclusion, particularly in South Africa, affect economic development negatively. This study aims to assess the relationship between inclusive growth and economic development and employs the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach in annual time series data ranging from 1990-2022. Data were obtained from the South African Reserve Bank and the World Bank. The findings of this study reveal that, in the long run, a percentage change in gross fixed capital formation will positively affect economic development by 44%. Similarly, in the short term, a percentage change in gross fixed capital formation will affect economic development by 33%. Lastly, trade openness has an insignificant impact in the short run and long run. In addition, the error correction term coefficient is negative and significant. The implication is that the economic development model has a speed of adjustment of about 11% to reach equilibrium. This study improves the understanding of the link between economic development and inclusive growth, contributing to academia and policymaking for more equitable and sustainable economic development. This study explores the impact of inclusive growth on South Africa's economic development, offering recommendations for policy formulation to promote equitable benefit distribution across various social segments

Background This research investigated the dynamics of fee-free higher education in South Africa, analysing the interplay of socioeconomic, political, and institutional factors to elucidate the complexities surrounding its implementation and impact. Using a causal loop diagram approach (CLD), the study aims to identify key factors to effective implementation, how they interact to shape the outcome of the policy, and actionable strategies to address the challenges hindering the policy sustainability. Method A participatory approach was used to developing the CLD, integrating insights from an extensive literature review and stakeholder opinion. The initial CLD was constructed based on evidence from prior research contextualizing fee-free higher education within South Africa’s unique socio-political sector. Discussions with stakeholders and experts provided critical feedback to refine the model, ensuring its relevance and accuracy. The CLD methodology was selected for its ability to illustrate complex interdependencies and systemic challenges. Results Key findings highlight the impact of funding constraints, which create reinforcing feedback loops limiting access and infrastructure improvements. Also, administrative inefficiencies within the National Student Financial Aid Scheme (NSFAS) result in delays and inconsistencies, reducing policy inclusivity, and decentralized implementation across institutions perpetuates disparities in quality and access. Conclusion The study concludes the urgent need for systemic reforms, including digitising financial aid processes, centralising NSFAS operations, and improving resource allocation to under-resourced institutions. Furthermore, the study aligns with global goals, particularly Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 4 (Quality Education), 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), and 10 (Reduced Inequalities), as well as the African Agenda 2063’s focus on human capital development. While the findings offer valuable recommendations for policymakers, further research is needed to explore longitudinal impacts of these reforms and expand comparative analyses with other nations implementing similar policies.

This study examines the role of Social Financial Grants (SFGs) in poverty reduction in South Africa, focusing on their impact on economic stability and income inequality. Using a structured model, it explores both the direct and mediated effects of SFGs on poverty alleviation. Results indicate that SFGs significantly reduce poverty by decreasing income inequality and enhancing economic stability, key factors in a highly unequal society. Effective administration and expansion of SFGs could further benefit vulnerable populations. The study notes limitations, such as the need for longitudinal data to assess sustainability and attention to regional disparities. Recommendations include integrating SFGs with job training, improving distribution, and reducing stigma. Implications extend beyond South Africa, offering insights for other developing nations. Future research should investigate additional mediators and conduct comparative regional studies to optimise social grant programmes globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to understand the social cooperative model's empowerment and social cohesion impacts based on the case of a cooperative with the partnership of local and refugee women in southern Türkiye to give evidence for the potential and challenges of women cooperatives. Design/methodology/approach: The authors conducted surveys and focus group interviews with both members and board members. The authors grounded the findings in dimensions extracted from literature on the impact of cooperatives on their members and the wider community. Findings: The social cooperative economically empowers women through employment and income generation, and skill training while enhancing them socially with increased decision-making power, autonomy, self-esteem and respect. It fosters social cohesion between local and refugee members by building trust and peace, solidarity, knowledge sharing and collective action. However, the cooperative faces challenges in managing sustainable business models, and cooperative membership does not ensure a steady income, social security, economic independence or a fairer division of domestic work. Research limitations/implications: The challenges and limited outcomes of social cooperatives are primarily due to resource scarcity. Hence, these needs must be considered by policymakers and sponsors of women empowerment programmes so that they can offer response actions to empower social women cooperatives. During the research period, the COVID-19 pandemic posed a significant threat to the survival of the cooperative. Moreover, the restrictions imposed by the pandemic made it impossible to engage Syrian women in focus group discussions. Consequently, the focus group interactions were limited to two Palestinian members, while Syrian members were included in survey interviews. Originality/value: This study is one of the few attempts to examine the social cooperative model's impact on women's empowerment and social cohesion in the context of a mixed membership of local and refugee women in Türkiye. Fieldwork evidence on cooperatives that improve gender equality and inclusive growth can contribute to the advocacy of support for women's cooperatives in the context of refugees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past three decades, there has been a significant increase in information and communication technology (ICT) investments around the world, resulting in a rise in the use of modern ICT packages. Sub‐Saharan African (SSA) countries, however, face different challenges. This study examines the relationship between ICT diffusion, foreign direct investment (FDI), trade openness, and economic globalization on inclusive growth for 48 SSA countries during 2005–2020. We use the modified generalized method of moments method for estimation. Empirical results reveal that ICT has a positive and significant influence on inclusive growth, while trade and economic globalization have a negative impact. FDI, on the other hand, has a favorable and considerable effect on inclusive growth. Inflation and vulnerable employment have negative impacts on inclusive growth, whereas social protection has a positive impact. From a policy standpoint, it is recommended that policymakers focus on enhancing ICT penetration in the region, particularly integrating ICT into the educational system to improve learning effectiveness and reduce research costs. Additionally, the interaction between economic globalization and ICT diffusion can enhance inclusive growth. Therefore, macroeconomic policies should promote ICT development, implement sound trade agreements, and attract capital inflows for inclusive economic growth. ICT diffusion is deemed both necessary and sufficient for SSA's advancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study is to analyze the relationship between inclusive growth and carbon emissions in Türkiye for 1991-2021 period. In order to measure inclusive growth, an inclusive growth index is created, and this index is used as an indicator of inclusive growth. In the study, Toda-Yamamoto causality test is applied to determine the causality relationship between the series, Gregory-Hansen cointegration test is applied to determine the cointegration relationship, and FMOLS, DOLS and CCR methods are used to estimate the long-run coefficients. According to the results of the Toda-Yamamoto causality test, a causality relationship is found from carbon emissions to inclusive growth, but there is no causality relationship from inclusive growth to carbon emissions. According to the results of the Gregory-Hansen cointegration test, it is found that there is a cointegration relationship between the series and there is a positive relationship between inclusive growth and carbon emissions in the long run. According to FMOLS, DOLS and CCR test results, a 1% increase in carbon emissions increases inclusive growth by 0.17% on average, while a 1% increase in inclusive growth increases carbon emissions by 4.38% on average. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study delves into a critical concern on the relationship between energy poverty, digital and social development and inclusive growth. The main research hypothesis assumes a positive relationship between these areas, although differences between countries are inevitable. Therefore, the following research questions were asked: Is the impact of the level of energy poverty on inclusive growth the same in different EU countries? How does the use of renewable energy sources in individual countries affect energy poverty and thus inclusive growth? What is the link between energy poverty, digital and social development and inclusive growth in the countries studied. This study uses a critical analysis of the literature and methods of descriptive and mathematical–statistical tools/model. The main conclusions and findings of the analysis reveal that the link between energy poverty, use of renewable energy resources, digital and social development and inclusive growth varies across EU countries. The results of our analyses may be useful, for example, for government decision makers in terms of actions aimed at eliminating energy poverty through the country's use of sustainable energy sources as well as designing and implementing actions aimed at increasing digital and social development, which will then contribute to inclusive growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global spread of the COVID-19 epidemic has caused increasingly grievous issues such as poverty, inequality and economic recession, which has hindered the realization of inclusive growth (IG) and disrupted the sustainable development trajectory. Meanwhile, with the vigorous development of digital finance (DF) based on advanced digital technologies such as big data, the Internet of things and artificial intelligence, new vitality has been injected into China's growth model. Thus, whether DF could affect IG and to what extent has drawn attention from scholars to policymakers. This study examines whether DF significantly contributes to IG using the XGBoost machine learning (ML) algorithm for the first time. Using a panel of 281 prefecture-level cities from 2005 to 2020, we employ the Entropy-VIKOR model to assess cities' inclusive growth index and reveal the spatial–temporal evolution and regional differences characteristics. We find that DF plays an indispensable role in promoting urban IG and influences the three sub-dimensions of IG: economic growth, opportunity equity and achievement sharing. The heterogeneous analyses based on geographic location and population size show that digital finance plays a more significant role in promoting inclusive growth of cities in central and western China than cities in eastern China; however, cities with different population sizes have little difference. Our findings using ML algorithms are robust to using traditional econometric models. This study sheds light on how DF could help achieve the IG in developing countries similar to China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social fairness and economic recovery stimulation constitute crucial challenges in countries all around the world, and tourism development has enormous potential for balancing efficiency and fairness. Based on the panel data at city level in Yangtze River Delta Region, China, this study uncovered the role that tourism development plays in economic growth and urban–rural income gap by adopting the dynamic SYS‐GMM model. In addition, the moderating effect model was employed to concentrate on the moderating role of urbanization on the relationship between tourism development and economic growth as well as urban–rural income gap. The main conclusions are as follows. First, tourism development does not only promote economic growth, but it also narrows the urban–rural income gap. Second, when it comes to the dynamic effect generated by tourism development, the economic growth‐promotion effect is stronger than the urban–rural income gap‐inhibiting effect. Third, urbanization can enhance the impact of tourism development on economic growth and the reduction of urban–rural income gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Along most of the 2005–2019 period, Uruguay experienced an impressive economic growth. The country extended its public policies across industrial, technological, and social domains. However, there was a dearth of significant structural changes, constraining Uruguay’s ability to embark on a sustained developmental trajectory. Our findings reveal that the majority of implemented policies were designed to enhance competitiveness and build capabilities horizontally, rather than promoting structural changes. This allows us to discuss the dynamic nature of developmental processes marked by increasing policy challenges. In doing so, we stress the relevance of policy support and coordination to sustain inclusive growth processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Shared prosperity"—a social objective that all nations should pursue—has gained increasing importance in the discussion of development policy. Promotion of it has been endorsed as one of two fundamental goals meant to guide the World Bank in all its endeavours. The juncture between shared prosperity (for the sake of this paper we will use the terms shared prosperity and inclusive growth interchangeably) and poverty alleviation is appealing to a growing number of scholars and practitioners. Although a subject of increasing importance, shared prosperity has been relatively less studied and less conceptualized to date. In this paper we intend to (1) study existing research on "shared prosperity" and, on the basis of this existing research (2) identify key underlying concepts of shared prosperity. On the basis of the outcomes of this study a number of guidelines are suggested for future research which may encourage further research work in this novel area of study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background This research investigated the dynamics of fee-free higher education in South Africa, analysing the interplay of socioeconomic, political, and institutional factors to elucidate the complexities surrounding its implementation and impact. Using a causal loop diagram approach (CLD), the study aims to identify key factors to effective implementation, how they interact to shape the outcome of the policy, and actionable strategies to address the challenges hindering the policy sustainability. Method A participatory approach was used to developing the CLD, integrating insights from an extensive literature review and stakeholder opinion. The initial CLD was constructed based on evidence from prior research contextualizing fee-free higher education within South Africa’s unique socio-political sector. Discussions with stakeholders and experts provided critical feedback to refine the model, ensuring its relevance and accuracy. The CLD methodology was selected for its ability to illustrate complex interdependencies and systemic challenges. Results Key findings highlight the impact of funding constraints, which create reinforcing feedback loops limiting access and infrastructure improvements. Also, administrative inefficiencies within the National Student Financial Aid Scheme (NSFAS) result in delays and inconsistencies, reducing policy inclusivity, and decentralized implementation across institutions perpetuates disparities in quality and access. Conclusion The study concludes the urgent need for systemic reforms, including digitising financial aid processes, centralising NSFAS operations, and improving resource allocation to under-resourced institutions. Furthermore, the study aligns with global goals, particularly Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 4 (Quality Education), 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), and 10 (Reduced Inequalities), as well as the African Agenda 2063’s focus on human capital development. While the findings offer valuable recommendations for policymakers, further research is needed to explore longitudinal impacts of these reforms and expand comparative analyses with other nations implementing similar policies.

Achieving a balance between economic growth, environmental sustainability, and social well-being remains a pressing challenge for emerging economies. This study examines the factors contributing to inclusive growth in the BRICS countries, concentrating on the connections between life expectancy, environmental sustainability, and economic growth. We perform wavelet-based data analysis from 1990 to 2022 to investigate the dynamic time–frequency relationships between life expectancy (LEO) and essential variables such as GDP, CO2 emissions, RNE consumption, and population growth (PGP). The results show that although economic development and industrialization often increase life expectancy, they also hurt the environment, as most BRICS countries have a positive link between CO2 emissions and life expectancy at birth. The findings also indicate that short-term economic and infrastructural disturbances prevent the immediate effects of renewable energy usage on life expectancy. Furthermore, because population increases burden healthcare systems and resources, inclusive growth faces substantial hurdles. The study provides insights into the importance of green energy and demographic management in fostering sustainable and inclusive growth, and it underscores the challenges of striking a balance between economic development, social well-being, and environmental sustainability in emerging nations.

This study investigates the critical role of structural transformation in African economies and its significance for inclusive growth, utilizing the African Transformation Index (ATI). The core focus is to understand how structural transformation influences economic growth and to highlight key factors driving this process. By employing a Cobb-Douglas production function and panel quantile regression analysis on data from 30 African countries from 2000 to 2022, the research aims to fill a gap in the literature on African economic development. The major findings reveal that the ATI positively impacts GDP per capita growth rates, especially at lower quantiles, indicating that structural transformation is vital for inclusive growth. Conversely, diversification negatively affects growth, highlighting the challenges of overly diversified economies. Additionally, export competitiveness and productivity improvements contribute positively to growth, while technology upgrading shows significant impact mainly at lower quantiles. Human well-being is identified as a crucial driver of growth, particularly at middle quantiles. The significance of these findings lies in their policy implications: prioritizing structural transformation, enhancing export competitiveness, improving productivity, and focusing on human well-being are essential for achieving sustainable and inclusive growth in Africa. This research provides empirical evidence on the importance of structural transformation and offers valuable insights for policymakers aiming to foster sustainable development in African economies.

The study examines the impact of human capital and governance on inclusive growth in Africa. It further explores how governance dynamics influence the relationship between human capital and inclusive growth. Drawing on macro data spanning 43 African countries from 2005 to 2020 and employing the two-step system generalized method of moments (SYS-GMM) estimation technique, the following findings emerge. First, human capital promotes inclusive growth in Africa, while governance has a diminishing effect. Second, the six governance indicators counteracted the positive effect of human capital on inclusive growth. This means that negative governance dynamics completely nullify/dampen the positive effect of human capital on inclusive growth. In conclusion, the anticipated benefits of human capital in fostering inclusive growth may remain elusive unless significant improvements are made to Africa’s weak institutional fabric.

This study examines the role of social protection policies as a driver of inclusive growth. While some research argues that social protection policies empower marginalized groups, promote human capital, reduce inequality, alleviate poverty and contribute to long-term sustainable development, other studies contend that these policies can create disincentives and potentially exacerbate poverty. This inconclusive evidence may stem from the complex nature of these welfare indicators. We deviate from existing literature by examining the potential role of social protection policies on inclusive growth. As such, we aim to elucidate the inconclusive debate on the impact on social protection policies on welfare at the macro level. We used a panel of 48 countries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) over the period 1990–2022. By using the least squares dummy variable corrected (LSDVC) estimator the results confirm that social protection policies significantly contribute to inclusive growth. This finding is consistent with the Rawlsian theory of justice. We also show that factors such as real effective exchange rate (REER), foreign direct investment (FDI), CO2 emissions and infrastructure positively influence inclusive growth whereas corruption and inflation exert a negative effect. The study underscores the urgency for policy interventions to reinvigorate social protection systems to facilitate inclusive growth in the SSA region.

Purpose – Inclusive growth in the education sector is still a major challenge in some countries because of limited access to technologies and internet connectivity, among other reasons. However, as a technology, augmented reality (AR) is expected to be widely used in the field of education in the future. The main purpose of this paper is to explore the use of AR for inclusive growth in education as well as identify the challenges, particularly in countries like India and Tanzania. Design/methodology/approach – This paper applies a systematic literature review by analysing and synthesising relevant documents, mainly journal articles, books and conference papers. Descriptive statistics and cross-tabulation were used for the analysis. Content analysis was used to evaluate the contents of the reviewed literature. Findings – For the use of AR, it is important to have adequate digital infrastructure, access to universal internet or broadband facilities and the digital empowerment of citizens. Major challenges to inclusive growth in education include the lack of trained teacher educators and students’ preference for practical or project-based curriculum. Practical implications – Practitioners in both countries may consider the use of AR for inclusive growth in education. Originality/value – This paper specifically examines the use of AR in higher education and the related challenges based on a review of two countries, namely India and Tanzania.

The profound attempts to promote financial inclusion (FI) need more scrutiny for better policy insights. This paper, therefore, assesses the nature of FI in terms of geographical dispersion, convergence, and implications on development goals using various FI measures for a large cross-section of countries. The findings indicate that FI is multifaceted, accounting for a diverse geographical dispersion across countries in terms of financial access and use. FI, over the years, has progressed significantly while mobile money transition in developing countries shows a gradual progress, focusing on certain regions. We observe FI convergence across countries, albeit at a slower rate. FI can act as a tool for promoting income per capita and human development index, especially in developing countries. Nevertheless, the impact of FI on inequality is limited, requiring policymakers to formulate a better governance system to promote FI as a catalyst. Policy implications are further discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy is distinct from fossil fuels since it does not contribute to global warming or air pollution. Advancements in technology make it essential to investigate various facets of digitalization in the energy sector to innovate renewable energy sources. In addition, a stable financial system is essential for doing all this. Keeping this in mind. In this context, this paper analyzes the impact of inclusive digitalization, financial inclusion and inclusive growth on renewable energy demand for the period 2004 to 2022, in 103 countries. We categorize the sample into low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries to address the issue of heterogeneity. For panel data that can withstand the problem of cross-sectional dependency, the regression with panel-corrected standard errors (PCSE) is used in this study. The results indicate that inclusive digitalization, financial inclusion, and inclusive growth have a positive effect on renewable energy demand across all income groups, while inclusive growth has no effect on renewable energy demand in middle-income countries. Almost all of the variables are shown to have bi-causal links, as shown by the Dumitrescu and Hurlin-Granger causality test. Our findings point to concrete policy implications for countries looking to increase clean energy, sophisticated digital infrastructure, and an enhanced financial system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the pivotal role of social entrepreneurs in combating urban poverty across diverse global contexts. Urban poverty presents a multifaceted challenge, exacerbated by rapid urbanization, economic inequality, and inadequate access to essential services. Social entrepreneurs emerge as key players, leveraging innovative solutions to address these systemic issues. By integrating social objectives with entrepreneurial strategies, they create sustainable business models that empower marginalized communities and foster economic resilience. The study explores various case studies that highlight successful social enterprises worldwide, illustrating how these initiatives tackle specific urban poverty challenges such as unemployment, lack of education, and inadequate healthcare. Furthermore, the paper discusses the critical factors that contribute to the effectiveness of social entrepreneurship, including community engagement, collaboration with local governments, and the ability to scale solutions. Additionally, the paper highlights the importance of supportive ecosystems that facilitate social entrepreneurship, including access to funding, mentorship, and policy frameworks. It also addresses the challenges faced by social entrepreneurs, such as navigating regulatory environments and sustaining their impact in the long term. This paper emphasizes the transformative potential of social entrepreneurs in fostering inclusive urban development. By aligning economic growth with social progress, they contribute significantly to alleviating urban poverty and promoting sustainable communities. This review underscores the need for greater recognition and support for social entrepreneurship as a viable approach to addressing the pressing issue of urban poverty on a global scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]