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The aim of the present study was to determine the effective dose of fosfatriclaben through a field study in sheep naturally infected with F. hepatica. Thirty crossbred sheep positive for fluke eggs were selected for inclusion in the trial. On day 0, 5 groups of 6 animals each were formed for treatments: group 1 (G1), G2, and G3 received fosfatriclaben at 4, 6, and 8 mg/kg/IM, respectively. G4 received triclabendazole at 10 mg/kg/PO, and G5 was the untreated control group. Fecal samples of the sheep were analyzed to count the number of fluke eggs to evaluate the percentage of egg reduction. Twenty-one days after treatment, all sheep were humanely euthanized to extract the flukes from the bile ducts. They were counted to assess the percentage of fluke reduction. Fosfatriclaben reduced fluke eggs by 99.6, 99.6, and 100% and flukes by 94.3, 100, and 100%, respectively. Triclabendazole reduced fluke eggs by 95.2% and flukes by 100%. The fosfatriclaben injectable prodrug showed a high fasciolicidal efficacy similar to triclabendazole, with advantages over its predecessor, since only half the dose as compared to triclabendazole was required to remove eggs and flukes in the sheep that were studied.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of four water salinity levels on productive performance, physiological and behavioral responses of confined sheep. Thus, 24 crossbred sheep, ½ Dorper x ½ Santa Inês were evaluated while receiving ration and water ad libitum. The experimental design was completely randomized, composed of four treatments (1.5; 3.0; 6.0 and 9.0 dSm-1) and six replicates. The water supply with salinity of up to 9.0 dSm-1 did not affect (P > 0.05) the physiological indexes, performance, or ingestive behavior of the animals, which were able to maintain normal physiological conditions even at times when the thermal comfort indexes were above the ideal. For voluntary water consumption, it was observed that there was a significant difference between treatments (P < 0.05), where animals consuming water with a conductivity of 1.5; 3.0 dSm-1 had lower consumption than those who received six dSm-1. The supply of water with a salinity of up to 9.0 dSm-1 did not affect the performance or the ingestive behavior of the animals, so waters with this salinity can be a valid alternative for crossbred sheep in the semi-arid region, as long as it is used seasonally and strategically.

Histology, lectin histochemistry and ultrastructure of interdigital gland in sheep was studied using six adult cross bred sheep of either sex collected from the Meat Technology Unit, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy. The manus and pes were detached from the rest of limbs and after recording the gross observations, the interdigital glands were fixed in 10 per cent neutral buffered formalin and processed for histological examinations. Stratified squamous epithelium with a prominent keratin layer lined the lumen, similar to the skin over the dorsal surface of manus and pes. The epidermis presented mucosal folds, which projected into the lumen. The dermis contained small sebaceous glands, hair follicles of different sizes, arrector pili muscles and apocrine sweat glands. The secretory epithelium of sweat glands was lined with a simple layer of cuboidal and relatively flattened cells. The excretory ducts of these glands were lined by cuboidal cells, with darker appearance than its secretory portion. The fibrous capsule was composed of dense connective tissue with collagen, adipose cells, blood vessels and nerve fibers. Glandular secretion and the granules in the stratum granolosum of the surface squamous epithelium showed positive reaction for lectin Ulex europaeus (UEA-I). The apocrine nature of sweat glands was revealed in the ultrastructural studies by scanning electron microscope. Keywords: Interdigital gland, sheep, histology, lectin histochemistry and ultrastructure

This study aimed to evaluate the performance and carcass of lambs of different genotypes through univariate and multivariate analysis. Intact male lambs of the Berganes (BG), Berganes x Santa Ines (BSI), and Berganes x Dorper (BD) genotypes and the control group Dorper x Santa Ines (DSI) were used. Eight lambs of each genotype were used, aged between 4 and 5 months, with an average initial weight of 27.52 ± 3.79 kg, distributed in a completely randomized design. Data were tested by analyzing variance, followed by Tukey’s test and principal component analysis (PCA) and discriminant analysis (DA). Slaughter body and average daily gain were higher for BD and BG than BSI (P

This study reports the preparation, in vitro release, pharmacokinetics, and local tolerability of novel ethylene-vinyl acetate intravaginal rings (IVRs) delivering 17β-estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P), in drug-naive ovariectomized female Dorset crossbred sheep. After preparation and assessment of in vitro release of E2 and P, animals were randomized to treatment groups 1 or 2 (comparator rings releasing 50 or 100 μg/d E2, respectively), groups 3 or 4 (ethylene-vinyl acetate IVRs, 160 μg/d E2 with 4 [160/4 IVR] or 8 mg/d P [160/8 IVR], respectively), or group 5 (160 μg E2 and 10 mg P administered intravenously). IVRs were placed on day 1 and remained in place through day 29. Animals underwent daily examinations to confirm ring placement, and vaginal irritation was scored from 0 (none) to 4 (severe). Blood samples were taken at scheduled times for pharmacokinetic analysis. Postmortem examinations performed on groups 1-4 were macroscopic and microscopic evaluations, including irritation scoring and histopathology. IVRs were retained over 28 days in all but 1 animal (group 4). In all animal groups, clinical observations showed no significant abnormal findings. Pharmacokinetic analysis in the animals showed sustained release of E2 and P over a 28-day period. Irritation scores and microscopic assessments were consistent with foreign object placement. A novel 2-drug IVR delivery system was well tolerated in a sheep model and pharmacokinetic release was as expected over a 28-day release period. These results will guide future human clinical studies.

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o efeito do alho como anti-helmíntico em ovinos. A eficácia dos tratamentos foi calculada com base na redução de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG) e coprocultura. Foram conduzidos oito experimentos (En), quatro em condições de confinamento, ovelhas submetidas ao tratamento, repetido quatro (E1) e duas vezes (E2); o mesmo foi conduzido com cordeiros (E3-4) e quatro experimentos (E5-8) em pastagem natural. Foram utilizados ovinos mestiços, manejados em confinamento e alocados em três grupos: controle negativo, outro tratado com alho in natura (120 g/100 kg de peso corporal), administrado em intervalos regulares, quatro ou duas vezes (1º; 7°; 14° e 21º dia ou 1° e 14º dia). O mesmo foi realizado em condições de pastejo, mas com dois grupos: o controle e o tratado com extrato aquoso de alho. O mesmo foi realizado em condições de pastejo, mas com dois grupos: o controle e o tratado com extrato aquoso de alho. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições (ovelhas ou cordeiros). Amostras de fezes foram coletadas dia 0; 7; 14; 21 e 28. Os tratamentos constituídos por alho in natura e extrato de alho apresentaram redução do número de OPG de 55 e 72% em ovelhas e 68 e 76% em cordeiros confinados, respectivamente. Sob pastejo, a redução do número de OPG foi de 80 e 74%, respectivamente, para ovelhas e cordeiros tratados com extrato de alho. Valor aproximado foi observado entre grupos submetidos ao tratamento repetido (quatro ou duas vezes). Valores similares de gêneros larvais foram observados entre os tratamentos em ambas estratégias de manejo.

The article presents the results of studies of meat productivity of crossbred lambs ♀Tsigay х ♂Bentheimer of the first generation and ♀Karakul х ♂Avassi (82.5%) of the blood volume of the Awassi breed. At the first stage were studied, the fattening qualities (growth and development of crossbred lambs and sheep and the second stage meat productivity of lambs carcass output and meat content. The studies were conducted on the first-generation of crossbred lambs and sheep, obtained from crossing ♀Tsigay х ♂Bentheimer, on the farm of Experimental-Technological Station “Maksimovka” and at crossbreeding ♀Karakul х ♂Avassi, with blood share of Avassi breed 82.5% obtained on the farm “Tsurcanu Andrei”. The cultivation of local lambs, of both genotypes, was carried out by the traditional method for the conditions of the republic – sharing with the uterus from birth to beating. It is set the superiority of crossbred lambs ♀Karakul x ♂Avassi in comparison with peers ♀Tsigay х ♂Bentheimer by live weight at birth by 0.72 kg, (P ≤ 0.01), when beating by 6.88 kg, (P ≤ 0,01 ), and at statement on experience by 3.92 kg or 14.9%. Also, for the 62 days of the experimental period (fattening), the gross weight gain at hybrids ♀Karakul х ♂Avassi) was higher by 3.0 kg (17.4%). The same tendency is and at sheep for live weight at birth, at beating and at the beginning of the experiment by 0.8 kg (18.1%), 3.1 kg (14.6%), and the live weight at the end of the experiment and gross weight gain is higher at sheep of ♀Tsigay х ♂Bentheimer by 0.98 kg (3.9%) and 1.58 kg (4.2%) and 2.56 kg (23.0%). In accordance with the gender, the gross weight gain of the lambs is higher in accordance to the sheep in both variants. Thus, at the ♀Karakul х ♂Avassi crossbreed, the gross weight at labms is higher by 9.14 kg and in the ♀Tsigay х ♂Bentheimer – by 13.68 kg. Calculated physique indices indicate that lambs ♀Tsigay х ♂Bentheimer compared to their peers ♀Karakul х ♂Avassi stretchiness index is 5.55% more, transverse by 2.86%, massiveness by 11.0% and consistency by 3.62%, and the indices of the thoracic and bony, are lower by 0.88 and 1.77%, respectively. There are also a number of differences at sheep, but less in quantitative terms. At crossbred sheep of the ♀Tsigay х ♂Bentheimer genotype, the stretch index is by 3.14% more, transverse by 0.28%, massiveness by 3.68%, and breast indexes, crush index and bony index are less respectively by 5.89% (P ≤ 0.05), 0.32% and 0.21%. According to meat qualities of crossbred sheep, at genotype ♀Tsigay х ♂Bentheimer compared to ♀Karakul х ♂Avassi crossbred, the indices are better. The mass of double carcass is by 3.4 kg more (17.1%), the mass of chilled carcass is 3.23 kg (17.3%), slaughter weight by 3.29 kg (17.3%), respectively, and the amount of meat in the half carcass is 0.796 kg more, and as a result, the coefficient of meatiness is higher by 0.46 units. On the chemical composition of meat at lambs ♀Karakul х ♂Avassi and ♀Tsigay х ♂Bentheimer there is no significant difference in indicators. At the same time, it is noted a slightly higher content of fat and protein in meat (average sample) of cross-bred lambs of the ♀Karakul х ♂Avassi genotype in relation to the same indicators of ♀Tsigay х ♂Bentheimer hybrids. The carcasses received from the lambs of both groups were measured and the corresponding indices were calculated. The carcass indices characterizing the shape and reflecting their quality showed that the carcass index of the crossbred lambs of the ♀Tsigay х ♂Bentheimer genotype was significantly higher by 5.05% (P ≤ 0,001) in relation to the indicator obtained from the cross ♀Karakul х ♂Avassi. A similar trend was noted in the ham index (higher by 0.27), in carcass compactness by 7.84%, in ham development by 6.64%, in chest depth by 2.41% (P ≤ 0.05) and proportionality of ham by 0.4%. An exception is the carcass uniformity index, which at crossbred lambs ♀Tsigay х ♂Bentheimer is less by 0.356%.

The relationship between body development and external measures in sheep could provide useful information to define the optimal slaughter time as well as the adequate nutritional management. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the morpho-functional diversity of Dorper sheep crossed with Brazilian native breeds using in vivo morphometric analysis. The animals evaluated were from crosses of Dorper with Morada Nova, Rabo Largo and Santa Ines sheeps. The animals were slaughtered at 120 and 240 days of age. Body and carcass measures, weight of meat cuts and growth were evaluated. The crossbred animals were analyzed by sex, totaling six treatments. A factorial analysis was performed using two sets of data: the in vivo morphometric measures, and all the other characteristics and these factors were used as new variables. The differences among treatments were analyzed using MANOVA and canonical analysis. The meat cuts, conformation, marketability adaptation, and early maturity of the animals slaughtered at 120 days, as well as the meat cuts, conformation, adaptation, early maturity, and hindquarter of the animals slaughtered at 240 days were evaluated. As regards body measurements, at both slaughter ages, the following factors were discriminated: height, robustness, length, and thoracic circumference. Animal slaughtered at 120 days of age showed greater differences whereas at 240 days the differences diminished allowing to individuate which treatments were more adaptive or productive. Crosses ½ Dorper × ½ Santa Ines (male and female), and ½ Dorper × ½ Rabo Largo male slaughtered at 240 days seem to show higher productivity and better marketability abilities. The other crosses tend to have a more rustic profile (less productive) and smaller size, reaching however adult size earlier and showing better adaptive characteristics, which allows to decide for slaughtering at younger ages.

The study aimed at evaluating the testicular structure and spermatogenesis of Santa Ines and Santa Ines and Dorper crossbred sheep. Sixteen testicles of the animals under study were used, in order to evaluate the volumetric proportion, the diameter of the tubules, the height of seminiferous epithelium, the frequency of stages of the seminiferous epithelium cycle and the spermatogenic yield. The data were submitted to Student-Newman-Keulstestat 5% significance. The tubular diameter was 173.12 ± 29.09 μm and 185.71 ± 29.7 μm, and the height of the seminiferous epithelium was 52.29 ± 9.98 μm and 56.68 ± 11.25 μm, for the crossbred and the Santa Ines, respectively. There was no difference between the testicular compartments and the frequency of the stages of the seminiferous epithelium cycle between the groups. Santa Ines sheep presented a number of 15.36 ± 4.49 spermatocytes in the pre-leptotene/leptotene stage and 27.42 ± 6.65 spermatocytes in the pachytene, whereas the crossbred presented 13.18 ± 5.19 and 23.48 ± 7.80, respectively. The crossbred showed higher meiotic yield (3.98 ± 1.28) and spermatogenesis yield (3.71 ± 1.02). It is concluded there are differences in testicular morphology and spermatogenesis between Santa Ines sheep and crossbred Dorper/Santa Ines, indicating that the crossbreeding between the Santa Ines and Dorper animals allows a gain in the reproductive potential.

Simple Summary In this study, we measured the performance parameters of two crossbred sheep breeds, using Masson staining of the muscle tissue, and using the Illumina high-throughput sequencing platform to determine the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in Dorper (DP) × Small-tailed Han (STH) sheep and Mongolia (MG) × Small-tailed Han sheep (STH). New transcripts of the muscle transcriptome were examined for the first time. DP × STH sheep were superior to MG × STH sheep in terms of meat quality and muscle morphology. In addition, 13 DEGs were found to play important roles in growth, development, and meat quality. The findings of this work may provide valuable resources for future research on muscle development in sheep. Abstract Crossbreeding can improve production performance and meat quality in sheep. The objective of this study was to look for genes related to sheep growth, development, and muscle. In this study, Dorper (DP) × Small Tailed Han (STH) sheep and Mongolia (MG) × Small-tailed Han (STH) sheep were used to estimate the productive performance and meat quality in a crossbreed. Subsequently, transcriptome analysis and bioinformatic analysis were performed on the Longissimus dorsi muscles of DP × STH and MG × STH sheep to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to growth, development, and meat quality. The presence of DEGs was confirmed by real-time PCR (qPCR). Productive performance and meat quality of the DP × STH sheep were better than the MG × STH sheep. Compared to DP × STH, a total of 1445 DEGs were identified in MG × STH sheep (1026 DEG were up-regulated and 419 DEG were down-regulated). Of these, 38 DEGs were related to growth, 161 to development, and 43 to muscle. In addition, 13 co-expressed genes (FGFRL1, SIX1, PLCB1, CRYAB, MYL2, ADIPOQ, GPX1, PPARD, GPC1, CDC42, LOC101106246, IGF1, and LARGE) were identified. The expression of DEGs was consistent with the comparative transcriptome analysis. This work provides genetics resources for future research on muscle development in sheep.

Crossbred sheep have many prominent traits, such as excellent production performance and high-quality meat, when compared to local sheep breeds. However, the genetic molecular markers related to these characteristics remain unclear. The crossbred MG &times, STH (small-tailed Han sheep (STH) &times, Mongolian sheep (MG)) breed and the STH breed were selected to measure production performance and meat quality. We used 14 indexes of production performance and meat quality, which in the MG &times, STH population showed significant differences compared to the STH breed. Subsequently, the longissimus dorsi from the two sheep were subjected to comparative transcriptomic analyses to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to production performance and meat quality. A total of 874 DEGs were identified between the two sheep groups. A total of 110 unique DEGs related to sheep production performance and meat quality were selected as the candidate DEGs. We found 6 production-performance-related and 30 meat-quality-related DEGs through a correlation analysis, including SPARC, ACVRL1, FNDC5 and FREM1. The expression levels of 11 DEGs were validated by real-time PCR, and the results were in accordance with the results of the comparative transcriptomic and correlation analyses. These results will assist in understanding sheep heterosis and molecular marker-assisted selection.

The effect of substituting soybean meal (SM) with four levels (0, 33, 67 and 100%) of detoxified castor cake (DCC) on intake, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance was evaluated in uncastrated, male, crossbred sheep in a randomised complete block design with four treatments and five replications. There was a decreasing linear effect from the levels of substitution on dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and crude protein (CP) intake, total carbohydrates (TC), non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) and total digestible nutrients (TDN), and on DM, OM and TC digestibility, for reductions of 2.04, 1.70, 0.35, 1.56, 1.89 and 1.67 g dia-1 and 0.34, 0.53 and 0.51 g kg-1 DM respectively, for each 1% SM substituted with DCC. DMI and NDFap expressed, in %BW and g kg-0.75, showed a quadratic response, with a maximum value of 3.85 and 1.73%BW, and 95.15 and 42.47 g kg-0.75, for 25.00, 65.00, 20.75 and 61.50% SM substituted with DCC respectively. There was a linear increase in the intake of acid detergent fibre and in ether extract digestibility. The nitrogen balance was not affected by the substitution of SM with DCC. Substituting soybean meal with castor cake detoxified by autoclaving in lamb diets alters nutrient intake and digestibility without affecting the nitrogen balance. [Consumo, digestibilidade e balanço nitrogenado em ovinos alimentados com rações contendo torta de mamona destoxificada]. Resumo: Avaliou-se a influência de quatro níveis de substituição (0; 33; 67 e 100%) do farelo de soja (FS) pela torta de mamona destoxificada (TMD) em rações sobre o consumo, digestibilidade dos nutrientes e balanço de nitrogênio em ovinos mestiços, machos, não castrados em delineamento em blocos completos ao acaso com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições. Observou-se efeito linear decrescente dos níveis de substituição do FS pela TMD sobre o consumo de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), carboidratos totais (CT), carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF), nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT), digestibilidade da MS, MO e CT com reduções respectivas de 2,04; 1,70; 0,35; 1,56; 1,89 e 1,67 g dia-1 e 0,34; 0,53 e 0,51 g kg-1 de MS, para cada 1% de substituição do FS pela TMD. O CMS e FDNcp expressos em %PC e g kg-0,75 apresentaram resposta quadrática com valor máximo de 3,85 e 1,73%PC e 95,15 e 42,47 g kg-0,75 com 25,00; 65,00; 20,75 e 61,50% de substituição do FS pela TMD, respectivamente. Houve aumento linear no consumo de fibra em detergente ácido e digestibilidade do extrato etéreo. O balanço de nitrogênio não foi influenciado pela substituição do FS pela TMD. A substituição do farelo de soja pela torta de mamona destoxificada por autoclavagem na ração de cordeiros altera o consumo e digestibilidade dos nutrientes sem influenciar o balanço de nitrogênio. Made available in DSpace on 2020-02-10T18:10:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 cnpc2020Intake.pdf: 77668 bytes, checksum: 55d63683548921cf76894092cf1533f7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020

The work consisted of the evaluation of photosensitization in sheep grazing signal grass (Brachiaria decumbens) in a silvopastoral system or under full sunlight for 60 days in the summer. We hypothesized that shade provided by trees in the silvopastoral system prevents or alleviates the classic symptoms of photosensitization in grazing sheep and affects the concentration of the saponin protodioscin in signal grass. Twenty naive crossbred sheep (Dorper x Santa Ines) were used in a randomized block design, with two blocks and five animals per block. Animals in both silvopastoral and full sun treatments grazed B. decumbens, and animals in both treatments presented with clinical symptoms, alterations in the liver, and increased serum levels of gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and bilirubin over the duration of the experiment. Although the protodioscin content of B. decumbens in the silvopastoral system was lower than in the full sun treatment, it was sufficient to cause secondary photosensitization in the animals. The natural shading provided by the silvopastoral system does not prevent or ameliorate photosensitization symptoms in young naive sheep grazing on B. decumbens.

Nutritional scarcity during summer and winter is a major constraint for sheep rearing in the semi-arid tropical region. In this region, a new crossbred sheep has been developed by the crossing of a native sheep breed Malpura with a breed of hot-humid coastal region breed Garole. A study was conducted for 9 weeks to assess the physiological response of crossbred (Garole x Malpura x Malpura, GMM) rams under nutritional scarcity in the semi-arid tropical region. Eighteen adult crossbred rams were randomly allocated into three groups of six animals each. The groups are G1 (control, ad libitum feeding), G2 (20% less than ad libitum feeding), and G3 (30% less than ad libitum feeding). The animals were stall-fed with a diet consisting of 70% roughage (Cenchrus ciliaris hay) and 30% concentrate feed. Body weight gain, average daily gain, and feed intake were significantly (P

A study was conducted to determine effect of supplementation with isonitrogenous level of concentrate mixture (CM; 33% noug seed cake (NSC) and 67% wheat bran (WB)), alfalfa, lablab, and Leucaena leucocephala (LL) on feed intake, digestibility, daily body weight gain (ADG) and net return of sheep kept on Rhodes grass hay (RGH) basal diet. Twenty four yearling male Dorper×Afar F1 crossbred sheep were used in completely randomized block design blocked by initial body weight into 6 blocks of 4 animals and allocated to one of the treatments. Treatments were RGH fed ad libitum to all treatments plus 300 g/day CM (T1), 286 g/day alfalfa hay (T2), 326 g/day lablab hay (T3) and 299 g/day LL hay (T4). The study contained 90 days feeding and 7 days digestibility trials. The CP, NDF and ADF contents of RGH was 11, 77 and 51%, respectively. The CP contents of NSC, WB, alfalfa, lablab and LL were 32, 17, 23, 20 and 22%, respectively. Among the supplements alfalfa and lablab had relatively higher NDF and ADF levels. Total DM intake differed among treatments and was greater (P T1 = T2 > T3 (P 0.05) with all other treatments. The apparent digestibility of CP was greater for T1 than T2 and T3, but values for T4 was similar with the other treatments (82.3, 78.7, 78.3 and 80.4 (SEM = 0.02) for T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively). ADG was 65, 45, 40 and 69 g/day (SEM = 8.36) for T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively and the values were greater (P 0.05). The net return in the currents study was 836, 797, 888 and 982 ETB. Thus, based on biological performance and net return, T4 and T1 outweighs other treatments. However, all supplements used in this study induced favorable ADG and thus can be employed in feeding systems depending on their availability and relative cost. Key words: Isonitrogenous, crossbred, digestibility, ADG, RGH, DM, SEM.

Background: Arman sheep breed was synthesized by crossing several breeds, including Baluchi, Ghezel, Chios, and Suffolk. Objective: To estimate the (co)variance components and genetic parameters using the restricted maximum likelihood via twelve animal models for lamb survival and four animal models for ewe productivity traits. Methods: Data and pedigree information were collected at Abbasabad Sheep Breeding Station, Khorasan Razavi province, north-east of Iran, from 1999 to 2011. The traits studied were lamb survival rate (LSR), litter size at birth (LSB), litter size at weaning (LSW), litter mean weight per lambing (LMWL), litter mean weight per lamb weaned (LMWLW), total litter weight at birth (TLWB), and total litter weight at weaning (TLWW). Moreover, multivariate analyses were performed to estimate covariance between the traits. Results: Direct heritability estimates (h2a) for LSR was 0.081 and increased to 0.253 after correcting. Maternal genetic effects (h2m) and common litter effects (l2) accounted for 4 and 11.3% of the phenotypic variance for LSR, respectively. The estimations of h2a were 0.131, 0.080, 0.111, 0.190, 0.118, and 0.150 for LSB, LSW, LMWL, LMWLW, TLWB, and TLWW, respectively. The estimated fractions of variance —attributed to permanent environmental effects on ewe, (pe2) were 0.038, 0.050, 0.071, 0.060, and 0.050 for LSB, LSW, LMWL, TLWB, and TLWW, respectively. Service sire effects (S2) were significant for LSW, LMWL, and TLWB, being 0.038, 0.030, and 0.049, respectively. Direct genetic correlations showed a vast range from 0.13 for LSB-LMWL to 0.91 for LMWL-TLWW. Conclusion: Results indicate that genetic change not only depends on the heritability of traits, but also on the observed phenotypic variation; therefore, improvement of non-genetic factors should be included in the breeding programs. Keywords: animal models, direct heritability, litter mean weight, litter size, maternal effects. Resumen Antecedentes: Las ovejas Arman fueron sintetizadas a traves del cruzamiento de varias razas, incluyendo Baluchi, Ghezel, Chios y Suffolk. Objetivo: Estimar los componentes de (co)varianza y parametros geneticos por maxima verosimilitud restringida a traves de doce modelos animales para la sobrevivencia de los corderos y cuatro modelos para caracteristicas de productividad. Metodos: Los datos y la informacion de pedigri se recogieron en la Estacion de Cria Abbasabad, provincia de Khorasan Razavi, noreste de Iran, entre 1999 y 2011. Las caracteristicas estudiadas fueron la tasa de supervivencia de los corderos (LSR), tamano de la camada al nacimiento (LSB), tamano de la camada al destete (LSW), peso promedio de la camada por parto (LMWL), peso promedio de la camada por cordero destetado (LMWLW), peso total de la camada al nacer (TLWB), y peso total de la camada al destete (TLWW). Ademas, se realizaron analisis multivariados para estimar la covarianza entre los rasgos. Resultados: La estimacion de heredabilidad directa (h2a) para LSR fue 0,081 y aumento a 0,253 despues de la correccion. Los efectos geneticos maternos (h2m) y los efectos comunes de la camada (l2) representaron el 4 y el 11,3% de la varianza fenotipica para LSR, respectuvamente. Las estimaciones de h2a fueron 0,131, 0,080, 0,111, 0,190, 0,118 y 0,150 para LSB, LSW, LMWL, LMWLW, TLWB y TLWW, respectivamente. Las fracciones estimadas de varianza —atribuidas a los efectos ambientales permanentes en las ovejas, (pe2) fueron 0,038, 0,050, 0,071, 0,060 y 0,050 para LSB, LSW, LMWL, TLWB y TLWW, respectivamente. Los efectos del servicio de carneros (S2) fueron significativos para LSW, LMWL y TLWB, siendo 0,038, 0,030 y 0,049, respectivamente. Las correlaciones geneticas directas mostraron un amplio rango de 0,13 para LSB-LMWL a 0,91 para LMWL-TLWW. Conclusion: Los resultados indicaron que el cambio genetico no solo depende de la heredabilidad de los caracteres, sino tambien de la variacion fenotipica observada; por lo tanto, el mejoramiento de los factores no geneticos debe ser incluido en las programas de mejora. Palabras clave: efectos maternos, heredabilidad directa, modelos animales, peso medio de la camada, tamano de la camada. Resumo Antecedentes: Arman ovelhas foi sintetizado pelo cruzamento de quatro racas incluindo Baluchi, Ghezel, Chios e Suffolk. Objetivo: Estimar os componentes de (co)variância e parâmetros geneticos por maxima verossimilhanca restrita atraves de doze modelos animais para a sobrevivencia dos cordeiros e quatro modelos animais para caracteristicas de produtividade. Metodos: Os dados e as informacoes de pedigree foram coletadas no Abbāsābād Estacao de Criacao, provincia de Khorasan Razavi, nordeste do Ira desde 1999 a 2011. As caracteristicas estudadas foram a taxa de sobrevivencia de cordeiro (LSR), tamanho de leitegada ao nascimento (LSB), tamanho de leitegada ao desmame (LSW), peso medio da leitegada por entrega (LMWL), peso medio da leitegada por cordeiro desmamado (LMWLW), o peso total da leitegada ao nascimento (TLWB) e peso total da leitegada ao desmame (TLWW). Alem disso, as analises multivariadas foram realizadas para estimar a covariância entre as caracteristicas. Resultados: As estimativas de herdabilidade direta (h2a) para LSR foi 0,081 e aumentada ate 0,253 apos correccao. Os efeitos geneticos maternos (h2m) e os efeitos comuns de leitegada (l2) representaram 4 e 11,3% da variância fenotipica de LSR, respectivamente. Estimativas de h2a foram 0,131, 0,080, 0,111, 0,190, 0,118 e 0,150 para a LSB, LSW, LMWL, LMWLW, TLWB e TLWW, respectivamente. As fraccoes de variância —atribuidos aos efeitos ambientais permanentes em ovelhas, (pe2) foram 0,038, 0,050, 0,071, 0,060 e 0,050 para a LSB, LSW, LMWL, TLWB e TLWW. Os efeitos de servico de carneiros (s2) foram significativos para LSW, LMWL e TLWB sendo 0,038, 0,030 e 0,049, respectivamente. As correlacoes geneticas diretas mostrou uma gama de 0,13-0,91 LSB-LMWL para LMWL-TLWW. Conclusao: Os resultados indicaram que a modificacao genetica nao so depende da hereditariedade de tracos, mas tambem da variacao fenotipica observada; portanto, a melhoria dos fatores nao-geneticos devem ser incluidos em nos programas de melhoramento. Palavras-chave: efeitos maternos, herdabilidade direta, modelos animais, peso medio da leitegada, tamanho de ninhada.

A questionnaire survey and focused group discussions were conducted to characterize sheep production systems and traditional breeding practices of Gumz sheep as an essential step for designing the Gumz sheep breed conservation and improvement programme. A total of 240 households were included in the study during the period of November 2016 to March 2016. Smallholder farmers kept sheep as a source of income, meat and wealth with an index value of 0.43, 0.19 and 0.15, respectively. Important purposes of large scale farmers for keeping sheep were source of cash income (0.57) and investment opportunity (0.22). Average sheep flock sizes were 17.25 ± 0.68 and 90.63 ± 5.38 at smallholder and large scale production systems, respectively. Smallholder sheep flocks’ composition was 7.47 ± 0.28 Gumz, 3.68 ± 0.25 Rutana and 4.52 ± 0.22 Rutana-Gumz crossbred sheep. The corresponding figures for large scale farms were 21.2 ± 1.4, 30.7 ± 1.69 and 24.7 ± 1.47 sheep. The average numbers of rams in the smallholder sheep flocks were 0.31 ± 0.04 Gumz, 0.39 ± 0.04 Rutana and 0.24 ± 0.03 crossbreds, respectively. The corresponding figures for large scale farms were 3.10 ± 0.13 Rutana and 0.90 ± 0.14 crossbreds. The Gumz sheep was large in number, but farmers prefer Rutana and its crosses than Gumz in both systems. Diseases, stock theft and labour shortage were reported as the main constraints of sheep production. Although the pure Gumz breed meets the multifaceted roles of sheep for the smallholder farmers, the Gumz sheep population was declining in number in the study area due to uncontrolled breeding with Rutana and high preference of farmers for crossbreds over Gumz sheep. It is observed that there is a risk of dilution and loss of genetic diversity of the Gumz sheep. Hence, we recommend designing of conservation-based breeding program to conserve the locally adapted Gumz breed as well as to improve sheep production and productivity in the area through rational utilization of all the three genotypes.

From a genetic perspective, the advantages of crossbreeding in sheep are unclear. In the present study, a comparative transcriptomic analysis was performed using Longissimus dorsi tissues from two sheep groups in order to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to growth, development and meat quality. Compared to Small Tail Han sheep, a total of 874 DEGs were identified in the crossbred sheep. Among these DEGs, 30, 116 and 32 DEGs were related to growth, development and meat quality, respectively. Seven DEGs highlighted by functional analysis as playing crucial roles in growth, development and meat quality were validated by the gene-act-network and co-expression-network. The expression levels of DEG mRNAs and proteins were further confirmed using RT-qPCR and western blot analyses. The results were consistent with the comparative transcriptome data. The data from this transcriptomic analysis will help to understand genetic heterosis and molecular-assisted breeding in sheep.

The objectives of this work were to evaluate the in vitro release and in vivo pharmacokinetics and local tolerability of a novel, segmented ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) intravaginal ring (IVR) delivering progesterone (P) in drug-naive ovariectomized female Dorset crossbred sheep. Following preparation and assessment of in vitro release of P, animals were randomized into one of six treatment groups: group 1 Crinone® 8% gel (90 mg); group 2 Prometrium® 200-mg capsules; group 3 placebo IVR; group 4 progesterone (P) IVR 4 mg/day; group 5 P IVR 8 mg/day; or group 6 P IVR 12 mg/day. Crinone 8% gel and Prometrium capsules were administered once daily for 28 days. IVRs were inserted vaginally on day 1 and remained in place through day 14; a new ring was administered on day 15 and was removed at day 28. Animals underwent daily examinations to confirm ring placement, and vaginal irritation was scored from 0 (none) to 4 (severe). Blood samples were taken at scheduled times for pharmacokinetic analysis. Postmortem examinations performed on all IVR groups included vaginal irritation, macroscopic, and microscopic evaluations, including irritation scoring and histopathology. Intravaginal rings were retained over 28 days in all animals. Clinical observations showed no significant abnormal findings in any group. Pharmacokinetic analysis in animals showed sustained release of P over from days 0 through 14 of ring use. Irritation scores and microscopic assessments were consistent with the IVRs being well tolerated. These results will guide future human clinical studies to ultimately develop an IVR for use in women for the prevention of preterm birth.

SUMMARY This studyaimed to assess the influence of three pre-grazing heights of Massai grass on the ingestive behavior of sheep under rotational stocking. Eighteen Dorper x nondescript crossbred sheep were used under rotational stocking on Massai grass at pre-grazing heights. The animal stocking was estimated to ensure a reduction of approximately 50% of the initial height. Behavior assessments were performed from 6 to 18 h at the entrance and exit of animals from paddocks. The longest activity was grazing, followed by rumination and other activities, and the period from 6 to 10 h showed the longest grazing.In the other periods, the animals in the 35-cm treatment grazed less when compared to those ofthe other treatments. Rumination in all treatments was more significant in the period from 14 to 18 h, but the animals in the 45-cm treatment spent more time doing this activity, which gave them a higher time of rumination of the food bolus, as well as ruminating chews. The bite rate was higher for the 25-cm treatment, followed by the 45 and 35-cm treatments, respectively.

Most of the information about leptospirosis was obtained from experimental infections with rodents, which in spite of being relevant, do not provide all the answers about the disease in animals and human beings, given the variability of interactions which exist between the agent and the different hosts. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to verify the pathogenesis of the infection in native breeds of sheep of Brazil challenged with a strain of the serogroup Pomona. A total of 10 sheep were divided into two groups with five animals according to the breed. In each group four sheep were challenged by intraperitoneal route with a strain of the serogroup Pomona and one was used as control. Sheep were monitored for 60 days, with collection of blood for serologic diagnosis, as well as vaginal fluid and urine for microbiological and molecular analyses. After this period the animals were submitted to euthanasia and necropsy, with collection of tissues for microbiological, molecular and histopathologic diagnosis. All the challenged sheep presented anti-Leptospira antibodies. Crossbred sheep presented a lower concentration of titers and the antibodies were detected for a shorter period of time when compared to the Santa Inês sheep, with statistical difference in the concentration of the titers on the days 15 (p0.05). Eight positive reactions in the urine and vaginal fluid PCR were detected in both groups, being four (50%) in urine and four (50%) in the vaginal fluid, however without statistical difference (p>0.05). In both groups there was a greater proportion of PCR positive samples in kidneys (71.4%) in relation to uterus (28.6%), however without significant difference (p>0.05). There was no significant difference between the groups when comparing the positivity rates of the PCR (p>0.05). The isolation of leptospires from the urine and kidney of a crossbred sheep was possible. Therefore, it is possible that the native sheep, especially the crossbred, may have a relation of resistance with strains of the serogroup Pomona. However the intensity and duration of this relation need to be elucidated and longer-lasting investigations of natural and experimental infections are necessary in order to determine the epidemiological nature of this relation. La mayor parte de la información sobre la leptospirosis se obtuvo de infecciones experimentales con roedores, que a pesar de ser relevantes, no brindan todas las respuestas sobre la enfermedad en animales y seres humanos, dada la variabilidad de interacciones que existen entre el agente y los diferentes hospedadores. Por lo tanto, el objetivo del presente estudio fue verificar la patogénesis de la infección en razas nativas de ovejas de Brasil desafiadas con una cepa del serogrupo Pomona. Un total de 10 ovejas se dividieron en dos grupos con cinco animales según la raza. En cada grupo, cuatro ovejas fueron desafiadas por vía intraperitoneal con una cepa del serogrupo Pomona y una se usó como control. Las ovejas fueron monitoreadas durante 60 días, con recolección de sangre para diagnóstico serológico, así como fluidos vaginales y orina para análisis microbiológicos y moleculares. Luego de este período los animales fueron sometidos a eutanasia y necropsia, con recolección de tejidos para diagnóstico microbiológico, molecular e histopatológico. Todas las ovejas desafiadas presentaron anticuerpos anti-Leptospira. Los ovinos mestizos presentaron menor concentración de títulos y los anticuerpos se detectaron por un período de tiempo más corto en comparación con el ovino Santa Inês, con diferencia estadística en la concentración de los títulos en los días 15 (p 0.05). Se detectaron ocho reacciones positivas en la PCR de orina y fluido vaginal en ambos grupos, siendo cuatro (50%) en orina y cuatro (50%) en fluido vaginal, sin embargo sin diferencia estadística (p> 0.05). En ambos grupos hubo una mayor proporción de muestras positivas a PCR en riñones (71,4%) en relación al útero (28,6%), sin embargo sin diferencia significativa (p> 0,05). No hubo diferencia significativa entre los grupos al comparar las tasas de positividad de la PCR (p> 0.05). Fue posible el aislamiento de leptospiras de la orina y el riñón de una oveja mestiza. Por tanto, es posible que la oveja autóctona brasileña, especialmente la mestiza, pueda tener una relación de resistencia con cepas del serogrupo Pomona. Sin embargo, es necesario dilucidar la intensidad y duración de esta relación y se necesitan investigaciones más duraderas de las infecciones naturales y experimentales para determinar la naturaleza epidemiológica de esta relación. A maioria das informações sobre a leptospirose foi obtida a partir de infecções experimentais com roedores, que apesar de relevantes, não fornecem todas as respostas sobre a doença em animais e seres humanos, dada a variabilidade de interações existentes entre o agente e os diferentes hospedeiros. Portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar a patogênese da infecção em raças nativas de ovinos do Brasil desafiados com uma cepa do sorogrupo Pomona. Um total de 10 ovelhas foram divididas em dois grupos com cinco animais de acordo com a raça. Em cada grupo quatro ovelhas foram desafiadas por via intraperitoneal com uma cepa do sorogrupo Pomona e uma foi utilizada como controle. As ovelhas foram acompanhadas por 60 dias, com coleta de sangue para diagnóstico sorológico, bem como de secreção vaginal e urina para análises microbiológicas e moleculares. Após esse período os animais foram submetidos à eutanásia e necropsia, com coleta de tecidos para diagnóstico microbiológico, molecular e histopatológico. Todas as ovelhas desafiadas apresentaram anticorpos anti-Leptospira. Ovinos mestiços apresentaram menor concentração de títulos e os anticorpos foram detectados por menor período de tempo quando comparados aos ovinos Santa Inês, com diferença estatística na concentração dos títulos nos dias 15 (p 0,05). Oito reações positivas na PCR de urina e fluido vaginal foram detectadas em ambos os grupos, sendo quatro (50%) na urina e quatro (50%) no fluido vaginal, porém sem diferença estatística (p> 0,05). Em ambos os grupos houve maior proporção de amostras positivas para PCR em rins (71,4%) em relação ao útero (28,6%), porém sem diferença significativa (p> 0,05). Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos ao comparar as taxas de positividade da PCR (p> 0,05). O isolamento de leptospiras da urina e rim de ovelhas mestiças foi possível. Portanto, é possível que ovinos nativos, principalmente os mestiços, tenham relação de resistência com linhagens do sorogrupo Pomona. No entanto, a intensidade e a duração dessa relação precisam ser elucidadas e investigações mais duradouras das infecções naturais e experimentais são necessárias para determinar a natureza epidemiológica dessa relação.

The monitoring of a high fecundity ewe flock in the Te Anau basin demonstrates the process of improved feeding to improve lamb survival and growth to weaning. Feed budgeting was changed from traditional to tailored feed requirements based on measured ewe liveweight with wastage of 15% factored in. Feed allocation was changed from monthly to weekly increases during late pregnancy, and set stocking was delayed until the planned start of lambing. This increased late pregnancy feed allocation from 99 kg DM/ewe to 128 and 144 kg DM/ewe for twin and triplet bearing ewes, respectively. Ewe body condition score was maintained at between 3 and 3.5, with condition score loss between scanning and lambing being reduced to zero. Lamb survival and lamb liveweight gain to weaning increased in both twin and triplet bearing ewes. Pregnancy scanning increased from 200 to 222 lambs per 100 ewes, between 2007 and 2012, while lambing percentage (lambs weaned/ ewe mated) rose from 132% to 165%, with more ewes rearing lambs and rearing multiples. Lamb wastage declined from 37% in 2007 and 2008, to 25% in 2011 and 2012, though scanning percentage rose by 20%. Lamb weights increased from 27.5 to 36 kg/lamb at 100 days of age. The increase in the liveweight of lambs and ewes at weaning reduced the calculated feed requirements over summer and autumn, potentially releasing 70 to 110 kg DM/ewe to provide feed to meet the extra winter feed requirements. Keywords: ewe body condition score, feed allocation, lamb survival, lamb weaning weight

The purpose of the survey was to determine a bond between certain factors that affect most of the production traits in crossbreeds between Awassi and Ovchepolian indigenous sheep in Macedonia. We implemented 1145 individual lactation controls in two years of production (2012 and 2013). The impact of individual factors is studied using F-test and the analyses are made using SPSS set of programs. Many factors (lactation, lambing month and number of milk controls) had highly significant impact (P (lt) 0.001) on daily milk production (morning, evening and total milk, fat percentage and fat kg) in this breed of sheep. Only fertility had no impact on any of the examined factors, with the exception of total daily milk, on which manifested with highly significant impact (P (lt) 0.01). The average milk yield in examined crossbred sheep was 109 ± 0.479 l in two years of production, while the production of milked milk was 72 ± 0.421 l for the same period of time. The length of lactation period in these sheep was average 203 ± 0.61 days, for two analysed years. In relation to the age, in second lactation sheep was determined somewhat higher daily milk yield (0.478 ±0.01 l.), compared to sheep in first lactation (0.475 ± 0.01 l.). This is quite logical, keeping in mind the lactation curve in sheep, especially those of dairy breeds to which Awassi breed belongs. Cilj ovih istraživanja, bio je da se utvrdi veza između nekih faktora koji imaju uticaj na proizvodna svojstva kod meleza između rase Awassi i autohtone ovčepoljske ovce u Makedoniji. Uključili smo ukupno 1145 individualnih laktacijskih kontrola, u toku dve proizvodne godine (2012 i 2013). Uticaj posebnih faktora ispitivan je pomoću F-testa, dok su analize dobijenih podatka urađene pomoću programskog paketa SPSS. Veći broj faktora (laktacija, mesec jagnjenja i broj kontrole mlečnosti) imali su visoko značajan uticaj (P (lt) 0.001) na dnevnu proizvodnju mleka (jutarnje, večernje i ukupno mleko, % mlečne masti i kg mlečne masti). Jedino plodnost nije imala nikakav uticaj na ispitivane faktore, osim na ukupnu dnevnu produkciju mleka, gde je manifestovan visoko značajan uticaj (P (lt) 0.01). Prosečna laktacijska mlečnost kod ispitivanih meleza, bila je 109 ±0.479 l za dve proizvodne godine, dok je proizvodnja muznog mleka u istom periodu bila 72 ± 0,421 l. Dužina laktacijskog perioda u toku dve ispitivane godine u proseku je bila 203 ± 0,61 dana. U odnosu na uzrast, kod meleza u drugoj laktaciji je utvrđena nešto veća dnevna mlečnost (0.478 ±0.01 l.) u poređenju sa melezima u prvoj laktaciji (0.475 ± 0.01 l.). Ovo je sasvim logično imajući u vidu laktacijske krive kod ovce, posebno kod mlečne rase, gde pripada i Awassi rasa.

This study set out to define the energy and protein requirements for maintenance and lactation of Dorper☓Hu crossbred lactating ewes. Eighteen ewes of similar weight (53.37 ± 1.18 kg) were randomly divided into three groups after parturition: ad libitum (AL), IR70 % (intake restricted to 70 % of AL), and IR50 % groups (intake restricted to 50 % of AL). Energy, nitrogen, and carbon balance were calculated by determining the carbon or nitrogen content of orts, feces, urine, milk, CH4, and CO2 samples in digestibility and respiratory trials. Maintenance requirements of net energy [NEm; 257.04 ± 1.15, 252.35 ± 1.08, 244.34 ± 1.15 kJ/kg body weight (BW)0.75/day]; metabolizable energy (MEm; 353.29 ± 3.27, 352.16 ± 3.54, 354.97 ± 2.67 kJ/kg BW0.75/day); net nitrogen (NNm; 326 ± 110, 306 ± 81, 285 ± 77 mg/kg BW0.75/day); and net protein (NPm; 2.03 ± 0.17, 1.91 ± 0.28, 1.78 ± 0.28 g/kg BW0.75/day) were observed on 20th, 50th and 80th day of lactation. Compared with these results, the Wood’s model showed adequate estimates of peak yield (0.88 vs. 0.87 kg/day), but an overestimation of milk yield either side of the peak, and an underestimation of the timing of peak yield compared with the observed milk curve in the current study (4th vs. 3rd week of lactation, respectively). The corresponding NE requirements for lactation (NEL; MJ/kg milk) linearly increased with progressing lactation and were scaled from 3.76 to 4.19 (MJ/kg milk). Additionally, milk yield varied from 1–3 kg daily, and, from 20th to 80th day of lactation, the daily metabolizable protein (MP) requirement for lactation ranged from 141.14–283.43 g/day. The combined results suggest that the estimated MP and ME requirements for lactating Dorper and Hu crossbred sheep fell between the NRC recommendations for lactating ewes suckling a singleton and twin lambs.

There is an increasing economic pressure in sheep production. Hence, it is imperative to use all available tools contributing to improvements in lamb survival. In this regard, there is a lack of studies addressing the impact of maternal body condition traits on lamb performances during lactation. Specifically, the focus of the present study was to analyse associations between ewe traits reflecting maternal energy metabolism and lamb body weight (LBW), separately in a low and in a high input production system. The dataset considered 199 Merinoland- (ML) and 45 Rhonsheep (RH) ewes from the high input production system (> 33% concentrates in the ration), as well as 47 Coburger Fuchssheep (CF), 78 RH and eight crossbred (CB) ewes from the low input production system ( 100 kg EBW were 1.41 kg heavier at weaning than lambs from ML ewes 3 mm had significantly greater 12 W W (2.63 kg, P

This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of dietary urea in sheep rations having a 50:50 concentrate:roughage ratio. Sixty-four Dorper × thin-tailed Han crossbred ram lambs with an average body weight of 30.8 (±0.02) kg were randomly divided into four groups of 16 sheep each, and each group was fed one of the following diets: a basal diet (CON), or CON supplemented with 0.5% (0.5UTM), 1.5% (1.5UTM) or 2.5% (2.5UTM) urea. Growth performance, carcass characteristics, non-carcass offals, meat quality and peptic tissue lesions were assayed. The average daily weight gains for CON, 0.5UTM, 1.5UTM and 2.5UTM were 216, 218, 200 and 170 g, respectively, with the CON and 0.5UTM groups higher than 2.5UTM group (p 0.05). Sheep from the 2.5UTM treatment had a significantly lower dry matter intake (1.29 kg/day) than those from the CON and 0.5UTM treatments (1.42 and 1.43 kg/day, p 0.05), and the feed conversion ratio in the 2.5UTM group was the highest (p 0.05). Carcass characteristics, including shrunk body weight, empty body weight, hot carcass weight, dress percentage, and the absolute or relative weight (% body weight) of heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney, were not altered by the treatments (p 0.05). The muscular pH of 2.5UTM was higher than that of CON (5.68 vs. 5.52, p 0.05), and shear force in 0.5UTM was lower compared with CON and 2.5UTM (p 0.05). The anatomical structure lesions in kidneys became more serious with the increasing dietary urea concentrations, with the 2.5UTM animals showing the most severe lesions compared with CON animals. Therefore, supplementary urea as a non-protein nitrogen source for sheep should not exceed 1.5% of ration having a 50:50 concentrate:roughage ratio to ensure efficacy and safety.

This study aimed to evaluate the reproductive performance of crossbred sheep (New Address) nulliparous, primiparous and pluriparous, subjected or not to the male effect. There were used 79 ewes and two rams (one vasectomised ram – teaser ram) and a breeder). In the first year, the females were subjected to the male effect (ME: male effect), in the following year, there has been no application of this method (AME: absence of male effect). Ewes subjected to ME showed a higher synchronization (P

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of calcium lignosulfonate associated with whole cottonseed in high-concentrate diets for sheep. Eight Dorper crossbred sheep with an average live weight of 42.5 ± 1.70 kg were assigned to two 4 × 4 Latin squares. The following experimental diets were evaluated: control diet (without calcium lignosulfonate) and diets with inclusion of 50, 100, and 150 g of calcium lignosulfonate/kg fresh matter. Diets were composed of soybean meal, ground corn, and whole cottonseed. Feed intake, digestibility, metabolic characteristics, and feeding behavior were evaluated. The intake of nutritional components did not show significant differences as a function of the lignosulfonate levels in the diet; however, the increase in calcium lignosulfonate levels linearly decreased the dry matter digestibility. Rumen ammonia nitrogen concentrations decreased linearly as the lignosulfonate levels in the diets were increased. There was no effect of lignosulfonate levels on blood parameters or feeding behavior of the animals. The use of lignosulfonate associated with cottonseed decreases the digestibility of dry matter and the concentration of rumen ammonia nitrogen, but does not change the intake of nutritional components, the blood parameters, or the feeding behavior of sheep.

Mohammed N, Alemayehu K, Getachew T. 2017. On-farm phenotypic characterization of indigenous sheep population and its cross with awassi in selected Districts of South Wollo, Amhara, Ethiopia. Trop Drylands 1: 1-12. This study aimed at investigating the phenotypic diversity of indigenous sheep breeds in selected districts of south Wollo highlands and to assess the effect of crossbreeding of Wollo sheep with Awassi on growth and morphological characters under stallholder management of eastern Amhara, Ethiopia. Three districts were selected purposely based on their sheep flock size, sheep production potential and their contribution to the farmers. Body weight and linear body measurements were taken from 525 mature indigenous sheep and Local x Awassi crossbred. Body weight and most of the linear body measurements of indigenous sheep population were significantly affected by the district. Crossbred had significantly higher body weight and body measurements than indigenous sheep in Legambo district. Sex had significant effect on body weight, wither height and rump height for Awassi crossbred. Body weight and all linear body measurements were significantly influenced by age group. Sex and age group interaction significantly affected body weight and most linear measurements of indigenous sheep, and significantly affected wither height and rump height of local x Awassi crossbred. There was a positive and strong correlation between body weight and chest girth of indigenous female sheep as well as between rump height, body length, chest girth, wither height and body weight of indigenous male sheep. Positive and strong correlation between body weight and chest girth was observed for Awassi crossbred female. Chest girth and body length for indigenous and local x Awassi crossbred sheep could be used for the prediction of body weight. The body weight of local x Awassi crossbred (28.75±0.49 kg) was higher than the indigenous sheep (22.19±0.41 kg) in Legambo district. As the conclusion indigenous sheep has potential for improving livelihood and economy of smallholder farmers using crossbred in the study areas.

En la zona tropical de Colombia, la nutrición constituye el factor de mayor influencia en procesos productivos y reproductivos de rumiantes, por lo tanto, el objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de la edad de corte de botón de oro Tithonia diversifolia, (Td) y el grado de maduración de su ensilaje sobre la calidad nutricional y digestibilidad in vivo en ovinos criollos de pelo, como suplemento de una dieta base de king grass (PP) (Pennisetum purpureum). Se realizó una poda de nivelación, luego tres cortes: 45, 60 y 75 días, los ensilajes se mezclaron melaza 25%: ensilaje de Td (ETd) 75%. Para la digestibilidad se emplearon nueve ovinos con peso promedio 30kg ± 5kg, a los que se les suministró PP a voluntad y 400 gramos de materia seca (MS) de ETd. Las dietas y excretas fueron evaluadas en laboratorio de Nutrición. Se usó un diseño completamente al azar, de nueve tratamientos que conciernen a los tres cortes y tres tiempos de maduración del ETd: 30, 45 y 60 días, con tres repeticiones. Cuando fue realizado el trabajo de campo y de laboratorio los valores de la calidad nutricional del ensilaje, fueron en promedio: MS (21,7%), proteína (12%), y contenidos de fibra detergente neutro (FDN) por debajo de 40%. Las digestibilidades aparente de MS (DAMS) fueron superior al 60% con un promedio 68,5% ± 5,5. Referente a la digestibilidad de la proteína cruda (DPC), esta se ve afectada conforme incrementa el tiempo de corte, pero un mayor tiempo de maduración del ETd mantienen o incrementa su digestibilidad, resultando en promedio: 62,3% ± 9,9. In the tropical zone of Colombia, nutrition is the most influential factor of productive and reproductive processes of ruminant, therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of cut age of Tithonia diversifolia (Td) and the degree of maturity of silage on the nutritional quality and digestibility in vivo in crossbred sheep hair as a supplement to a basal diet of King grass (Pennisetum purpureum) (PP). Leveling pruning was done after three cuts: 45, 60 and 75 days, 25% silages were mixed: 75% molasses (TdS). For digestibility nine sheep were used with average weight 30 kg ± 5kg, were fed adlibitum and PP 400 g dry matter (DM) of TdS. Diets and excreta were evaluated in laboratory Nutrition. Completely randomized design, nine treatments concerning the three cuts and three maturation TdS was used: 30, 45 and 60 days, with three replications. When conducted fieldwork and laboratory values of the nutritional quality of silage were on average: MS (21.7%), protein (12%), and content of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) below 40 %. Apparent digestibility of DM (DAMS) was higher than 60% with an average 68.5 ± 5.5%. Regarding the digestibility of crude protein (CPD), as this is affected increases cutting time, but a longer maturation TdS maintain or increase its digestibility, resulting in average: 62.3 ± 9.9%.

The aim of this research was to evaluate heat tolerance of thirty crossbred sheep (Santa Ines with Dorper) with white and black coat under heat stress. The experiment was conducted in September and October of 2012 and a completely randomized design was used. Before and after one hour exposure to solar radiation (14h00 - 15h00), rectal temperature, respiratory rate and surface temperature of the animals were measured. The Black Globe Temperature Humidity Index, the Heat Tolerance Index and the Heat Tolerance Coefficient were calculated. The values found for the Black Globe Temperature Humidity Index in the sun and in the shade were 89.08 and 82.81 respectively. Animals coat coloring did not influence on their rectal temperature and there was no difference on the heat tolerance index. It was verified the effect of coat coloring on the respiratory rate in dark colored hair coat sheep (P < 0.05) and the effect of the environment and coat coloring on the surface temperature and on the heat tolerance coefficient under the sun. Dark colored hair coat sheep presented lower heat tolerance.

Now, image processing is a better technique than the subjectively assessments for linear scoring of morphologic traits, especially in fattailed ewe?s. The objective of this study was to assess this application in animal characterization on a case study in order to comparing of, udder morphological characteristics in two Iranian crossbred sheep populations including Ghezel-Arkhamerino (GH-MR; 25 ewes), Moghani-Arkharmerino (MG-MR; 25 ewes) and a pure one that was Ghezel ewes (20 ewes). Ten udder factors and five milk traits were measured on seventy ewes during three stages of lactation. Digital pictures were analyzed by Digimizer 3.6 software. Statistical analysis of udder liner scores was performed by using the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.1 software. Results showed that long udders were more frequent in the Ghezel ewes than in crossbred?s ewes. Least variation was observed for teat placement score in Ghezel purebred ewes. The means of udder depth in the Ghezel ewes were larger than in the crossbreds (P

The objective of the study was to evaluate the pre-weaning growth performance of Farta, Washera, and their cross-sheep lambs. The study was conducted in Farta and Lay Gayint districts of the Amhara National Regional State. The data were collected from November 2016 to May 2017. A total of 132 sheep, i.e., 82 Farta, 20 Washera, and 30 Washera-Farta crossbred, were selected using purposive sampling technique to assess their pre-weaning growth performance. Growth data was analyzed using SAS Version 9.1.3. (SAS, 2008). Mean birth weight (± SE in kg) was 2.7±0.30 for Farta, 3.1±0.14 for Washera, and 2.9±0.08 for Washera-Farta crossbred lambs. Weaning weights were 10.9±0.30 kg for Farta, 13.1±0.50 kg for Washera, and 12.2±1.1 kg for Washera-Farta crossbreds. Daily weight gain calculated from birth to 30 days was 89.4±6.44 g for Farta, 119.4±23.53 g for Washera and 111.4±10.46 g for Washera-Farta crossbreds. Weight gain from birth to 90 days was 88.8±3.21 g, 103.2±11.75 g, and 111.9±5.22 g, respectively. Washera breed was significantly heavier at birth and at weaning age, followed by crossbred lambs. Crossbred lambs were not significantly bigger than Farta lambs. This means crossing the two breeds did not have advantage and selection breeding of Farta sheep by itself will be adequate.

In eight Australian Merino and crossbred sheep flocks, all lamb deaths were recorded, together with the corresponding weather before and after each case. Deaths on the day of birth were not strongly associated with a high chill index, but deaths in the following 3 days were significantly increased by a high chill index in the period between birth and the relevant day. Losses were greater for multiple-born lambs than singles under all conditions, but there was not a significant interaction of chill index with multiple births. A model is given for the risk of loss of lambs after birth, on the basis of birthweight, sex of the lamb, multiple birth and chill index for the ewe before birth and the lamb after birth. However, some of this information is not available until after the lamb is born, so a model is also given using only information available shortly before birth, namely, the expected chill index and whether pregnancy scanning has identified single or multiple lambs.

Animal models remain the gold standard for the preclinical evaluation of tissue response, sealing and integrity of aortic endografts. Preclinical testing of the InCraft® device was performed to evaluate these attributes. Through the femoral arteries of eight male crossbred sheep, 22 mm diameter InCraft® Aortic Bifurcate devices were deployed in the abdominal aortas, and shortened 13 mm diameter iliac limbs were deployed in the right iliac arteries. Vessels were excised for radiographic and histopathologic assessment at six months. There were no instances of graft thrombosis, type I endoleak or endograft migration. No fractures of the stents or fixation barbs were observed. There were minimal inflammatory changes on histology, characterized by histiocytes and multinucleated giant cells located along the fabric. The InCraft® device has favorable tissue compatibility and functions well in a sheep model, maintaining patency and sealing without migration, stent fracture or abnormal histologic changes.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between microbial N (MN) yield and urinary excretion of purine derivatives (PD) from the rumen in Dorper × thin-tailed Han crossbred sheep. Twelve Dorper × thin-tailed Han crossbred, non-castrated male lambs (41.3 ± 2.8 kg body weight) fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulae were randomly assigned to one of three levels of DM intake: ad libitum intake, 70%, or 50% of the ad libitum intake, with four lambs at each level. The MN yield from the rumen was measured using 15N or purine bases (PB) as a microbial marker, and urinary PD were determined by colorimetric methods. Microbial components (OM, N, PB and ratio of PB to N) were not affected (P > 0.05) by dietary treatment. The MN yield measured using PB was slightly lesser and more variable than using 15N. No difference in MN yield was found between markers. The efficiency of MN synthesis (g N/kg organic matter apparently digested in the rumen) was not affected (P > 0.05) by feed intake regardless of the marker used. Urinary PD decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with decreasing level of feed intake and the molar recovery of duodenal PB measured with digesta markers as urinary PD was 0.83 (r2 = 0.89, P < 0.001). Urinary PD excretion was linearly correlated with DOMI (r2 = 0.94, P < 0.001), and MN yield estimated by using either 15N or PB (r2 = 0.91 and 0.80, respectively, P < 0.001). These results suggest that urinary PD excretion is an accurate indicator of MN synthesized in the rumen, and an equation, MN (g/d) = 0.030 + 0.741 × PD (mmol/d), is proposed to predict the MN yield from the rumen of Chinese sheep.

Se realizaron dos experimentos para determinar el efecto de la aplicación de dos inóculos de bacterias productoras de ácido láctico (BAL), sobre las características fermentativas, estabilidad aeróbica (EA) y consumo voluntario (CV) de ensilaje de gramíneas tropicales naturalizadas (GTN). Antes de ensilarse, 6 a las GTN se les trató o no con el inóculo correspondiente, aplicado a razón de 106 ufc/g de materia fresca para el Inóculo Comercial 1 y 1010 ufc/g de materia fresca para el Inóculo Comercial 2. Se aplicaron los inóculos a porciones pesadas de GTN, manualmente mezcladas, y se envasaron en silos PVC de laboratorio para determinar las características fermentativas. Se analizaron ensilajes de cada tratamiento luego de siete períodos de fermentación (0, 4, 7, 14, 21, 28, y 35 d) para pH y contenidos de productos de fermentación (ácidos orgánicos y amoníaco). Para la determinación de la EA, se abrieron silos por triplicado por cada tratamiento después de 35 días de ensilamiento; se colocaron muestras de ensilaje en recipientes de poliestireno envueltos parcialmente con bolsas de plástico y se expusieron al aire durante cinco días. Usando termómetros incrustados en la superficie del ensilaje expuesto, se tomaron lecturas de la temperatura cada seis horas durante los cinco días; el pH se determinó después de 0,1, 3, y 5 d de exposición aeróbica. Para uso en las pruebas de CV, las GTN se fermentaron, con o sin el inoculo de BAL correspondiente, durante 35 días en bolsas de plástico de 208 L (55 galones) de capacidad. Para cada prueba se alimentaron seis ovinos criollos tipo carne, tres de ellos con cada una de las dos dietas experimentales, durante cinco días. Las dietas tenían en común 50% de heno de GTN y 50% de GTN fermentada con o sin adición de BAL, y se ofrecieron diariamente a 3% del peso vivo en base seca (PV/BS). Ninguno de los dos inóculos de BAL añadidos logró mejorar las características fermentativas de las GTN, las cuales resultaron ser aceptables en los ensilajes control. En ambos experimentos, los ensilajes con y sin inóculo fueron estables a condiciones aeróbicas durante cinco días. Se observó un efecto positivo de la inoculación con Inóculo Comercial 1 sobre el CV, en el primer experimento, pero no así con el Inóculo Comercial 2 en la segunda oportunidad.

En la primera parte del trabajo se presenta la situación actual de la ganadería en el país, y en la segunda se realiza un análisis financiero de una posible alternativa de suplementación sostenible en la producción, para lo cual se realizó una estructura de costos para posteriormente hacer el análisis financiero de la producción ganadera, haciendo una estimación y análisis de los costos de la implementación de un sistema de suplementación nutricional y sus consecuencias en la misma, es decir que además se analizó una estrategia para aumentar la competitividad de la ganadería en los llanos orientales. Se utilizó el valor presente neto (VPN) puesto que esta herramienta permite evaluar proyectos de inversión, determinando si la misma cumple con el objetivo básico financiero, el cual es maximizar la inversión, al tiempo que permite conocer si el proyecto es rentable. Se concluye que la suplementación nutricional en los sistemas ganaderos de levante y ceba es una tecnología viable con beneficios productivos y económicos, puesto que permite duplicar la ganancia de peso, pasando de 361 a 750 g/día, a la vez que se reduce el tiempo necesario para finalizar los animales. Además, bajo las condiciones del análisis, hacerlo con forraje verde hidropónico (FVH) tiene beneficios, puesto que permite duplicar el VPN pasando de COP$549.228.02 a COP$1.006.320.31, en la mitad del tiempo requerido, en comparación al caso de ceba sin suplementación nutricional (de 16.6 a 8.3 meses), lo cual influye directamente en el tiempo necesario para recuperar la inversión: 11.02 años en ceba sin suplemento a 2.07 suplementando con FVH. Por lo tanto, la suplementación con forraje verde hidropónico es una alternativa ambiental, económica y productivamente sostenible para mejorar la competitividad de la ganadería en Colombia, al tiempo que brinda la posibilidad de hacer lo mismo en otros procesos productivos de la ganadería tales como: calidad del suelo para el establecimiento de pasturas. In the first part of the work is presented the current situation of livestock in the country, and the second is performed a financial analysis of a possible alternative sustainable production supplementation, for which a cost structure to be subsequently performed financial analysis of livestock production, making an estimating and analysis of implementation costs of a system of nutritional supplementation and its consequences thereof, that is to say that also was analyzed a strategy to increase the competitiveness livestock in the eastern plains. The net present value was used (NPV) because this tool allows to evaluate investment projects, determining if it meets with financial basic objective, which is to maximize investment, while allowing know if the project is profitable. We conclude that nutritional supplementation in east and fattens livestock systems is a viable technology with productive and economic benefits, because it allows duplicate the weight gain, passing from 361 to 750 g/day, while it is reducing the time required to complete the animals. Furthermore under the conditions of the analysis, do with hydroponic green forage (HGF) has benefits, because it allows duplicate the NPV rising from COP$549.228.02 to COP$1.006.320.31, at half the time required, in comparison with the case of fattening without nutritional supplementation (from 16.6 to 8.3 months) which directly influences in the time needed to recoup the investment: 11.02 years in unsupplemented fattening to 2.07 supplementing with FVH. Therefore, the supplementation with hydroponic green fodder is an environmental alternative, economic and productively sustainable to improve the competitiveness of livestock in Colombia, while providing the possibility of doing the same in other livestock production processes such as: soil quality for pasture establishment.