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We study high harmonic generation (HHG) in the visible spectral range generated in a flat liquid jet of H _2 O, excited by intense mid-infrared (MIR) radiation around 3 μm, which is nearly resonant with the OH vibrational modes. By introducing a weak excitation pulse prior to the intense MIR driver pulse for HHG, we observed an enhancement of the 5th, 7th, and 9th harmonics occurring approximately 2 ps after excitation and persisting for more than 120 ps, which is completely absent in the case of non-resonant D _2 O. These results suggest that the enhancement is caused by ultrafast heating through vibrational excitation.

We demonstrate the generation of sub-two-cycle intense laser pulses based on two-stage hollow-core fiber (HCF) compression in a compact setup (footprint of 0.65 m × 2.85 m) using a commercial Yb:KGW regenerative amplifier. Spectrally broadened laser pulses with an output power of 7.2 W from the second HCF stage are compressed down to 6.6 fs (1.9 cycles at 1030 nm) using a pair of chirp mirrors and a pair of wedges with an efficiency of 86%, leading to a compressed output of 6.2 W. A pulse-to-pulse energy stability of 0.17% is measured for 10 min.

Recent advances in electron microscopy allowed the generation of high-energy electron wave packets of ultrashort duration. Here we present a non-perturbative S -matrix theory for scattering of ultrashort electron wave packets by atomic targets. We apply the formalism to a case of elastic scattering and derive a generalized optical theorem for ultrashort wave-packet scattering. By numerical simulations with 1 fs wave packets, we find in angular distributions of electrons on a detector one-fold and anomalous two-fold azimuthal asymmetries. We discuss how the asymmetries relate to the coherence properties of the electron beam, and to the magnitude and phase of the scattering amplitude. The essential role of the phase of the exact scattering amplitude is revealed by comparison with results obtained using the first-Born approximation. Our work paves a way for controlling electron-matter interaction by the lateral and transversal coherence properties of pulsed electron beams.

An accurate temporal characterization of both pump and probe pulses is essential for the correct interpretation of any pump-probe experiment. This is particularly true for attosecond spectroscopy, where the pulses are too short to be directly measured with electronic devices. However, when measuring the absolute timing between a light waveform and the related photoinduced physical phenomenon, such characterization does not suffice. Here, we introduce a new method called rACE (refined Analytical Chirp Evaluation), which retrieves both pump and probe pulses while establishing a direct relation between the reconstructed time axis and the experimental delay. This feature is particularly relevant for the extraction of absolute time delays, a growing field in attosecond spectroscopy. In this work, we prove the robustness of rACE with simulated datasets involving the effect of pulse chirp, distinctive target attributes, and non-isolated attosecond pulses, which normally constitute challenging situations for standard methods. For all the cases reported here, rACE achieves a precise absolute delay calibration with an accuracy better than the atomic unit of time. Its successful application to attosecond experimental measurements makes it a fundamental tool for attaining sub-cycle absolute temporal resolution, enabling new investigations of lightwave-driven ultrafast phenomena.

Keldysh ionization theory is one of the main pillars of strong field physics and attosecond science. It describes non-relativistic ionization rates of hydrogen-like atoms subjected to strong laser fields within the dipole approximation and the length gauge. According to this theory ionization can be described by two regimes: electronic tunneling through a laser-dressed atomic potential (tunnel ionization) and absorption of multiple photons at once (multi-photon ionization). There are many gaps in the mathematical steps and explanations in the original Keldysh paper. Therefore, the goal of this work is to give a detailed re-derivation of ionization rates following Keldysh’s formulation and to fill in the mathematical steps of this beautiful approach so that it is more accessible to a wider audience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently it has been shown that two coincident well designed laser pulses with two different combinations of circular polarizations ( + + ${ + + }$ or - + ${ - + }$ ) can create chiral electronic densities in an oriented heteronuclear diatomic molecule. Subsequently, the chirality flips from the electronic R a to S a to R a to S a etc. enantiomers, with periods in the femtosecond (fs) and attosecond (as) time domains. The results were obtained by means of quantum dynamics simulations for oriented NaK. Here we investigate the electronic chirality flips in oriented RbCs induced by all possible ( + + ${ + + }$ , - + ${ - + }$ , + - ${ + - }$ , - - ${ - - }$ ) combinations of circular polarizations of two coincident well-designed laser pulses. Accordingly, the + + ${ + + }$ and - - ${ - - }$ as well as the + - ${ + - }$ and - + ${ - + }$ combinations generate opposite electronic enantiomers, e. g. R a versus S a , followed by opposite periodic chirality flips, e. g. from R a to S a to R a to S a etc. versus from S a to R a to S a to R a etc, with periods in the fs and as time domains, respectively. The laser induced spatio-temporal symmetries are derived from first principles and illustrated by quantum dynamics simulations., (© 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

We use a numerically solved time-dependent Schrödinger equation for calculating the photoelectron momentum distribution of ground-state hydrogen atoms in the presence of superintense ultrashort high-frequency pulses. It is demonstrated that the dynamic interference effect within a superintense XUV laser beam has the ability to significantly alter the photoelectron momentum distribution. In our work, a clearly visible dynamic interference pattern is observed when hydrogen atoms are exposed to a superintense circularly polarized laser pulse with a photon energy of ℏω = 53.605 eV, which has previously been found for linearly polarized pulses or the weakly bounded model H− system for circularly polarized pulses. Angular-distorted interference arises for linear superintense XUV pulses of similar intensity. The significant differences in photoelectron momentum distributions that have been seen by linearly and circularly polarized XUV pulses are caused by the Coulomb rescattering phenomenon.

Coherent extreme ultraviolet (EUV) line emissions can be generated from an atom excited through frustrated tunneling ionization (FTI). The phase variation of the EUV emission in a generation medium along the propagation direction is a critical parameter that determines the phase-matching condition of this new light source. Here we show that the EUV emission sensitively depends on the intensity and phase of a driving laser pulse and the target position. Angle-resolved EUV spectra measured at different target positions and the carrier-envelope phases of the laser pulse exhibit an intensity modulation, showing similar behavior to that of a long-trajectory high harmonic radiation. The four-step model developed for the FTI emission accurately describes the coherent control of the EUV emission. These findings are essential ingredients for developing coherent extreme ultraviolet sources with high photon flux and for utilizing the FTI emission in time-resolved spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attosecond pulses, produced through high-order harmonic generation in gases, have been successfully used for observing ultrafast, subfemtosecond electron dynamics in atoms, molecules and solid state systems. Today’s typical attosecond sources, however, are often impaired by their low repetition rate and the resulting insufficient statistics, especially when the number of detectable events per shot is limited. This is the case for experiments, where several reaction products must be detected in coincidence, and for surface science applications where space charge effects compromise spectral and spatial resolution. In this work, we present an attosecond light source operating at 200 kHz, which opens up the exploration of phenomena previously inaccessible to attosecond interferometric and spectroscopic techniques. Key to our approach is the combination of a high-repetition rate, few-cycle laser source, a specially designed gas target for efficient high harmonic generation, a passively and actively stabilized pump-probe interferometer and an advanced 3D photoelectron/ion momentum detector. While most experiments in the field of attosecond science so far have been performed with either single attosecond pulses or long trains of pulses, we explore the hitherto mostly overlooked intermediate regime with short trains consisting of only a few attosecond pulses. We also present the first coincidence measurement of single-photon double-ionization of helium with full angular resolution, using an attosecond source. This opens up for future studies of the dynamic evolution of strongly correlated electrons.

Grimme's Continuous Chirality Measure ( C C M ${CCM}$ ) was developed for comparisons of the chirality of the electronic wave functions of molecules, typically in their ground states. For example, C C M = 14 . 5 ${CCM=14.5}$ , 1 . 2 ${1.2}$ and 0 . 0 ${0.0}$ for alanine, hydrogen-peroxide, and for achiral molecules, respectively. Well-designed laser pulses can excite achiral molecules from the electronic ground state to time-dependent chiral superposition states, with chirality flips in the femto- or even attosecond (fs or as) time domains. Here we provide a time-dependent extension C C M t ${CCM\left(t\right)}$ of Grimme's C C M ${CCM}$ for trailing the electronic chirality flips. As examples, we consider two laser driven electronic wavefunctions which represent flips between opposite electronic enantiomers of oriented NaK within 4 . 76 f s ${4.76\ {\rm f}{\rm s}}$ and 433 a s ${433\ {\rm a}{\rm s}}$ . The corresponding C C M t ${CCM\left(t\right)}$ vary respectively from 14 . 5 ${14.5}$ or from 13 . 3 ${13.3}$ to 0 . 0 ${0.0}$ , and back., (© 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Free-electron lasers (FELs) can produce radiation in the short wavelength range extending from the extreme ultraviolet (XUV) to the X-rays with a few to a few tens of femtoseconds pulse duration. These facilities have enabled significant breakthroughs in the field of atomic, molecular, and optical physics, implementing different schemes based on two-color photoionization mechanisms. In this article, we present the generation of attosecond pulse trains (APTs) at the seeded FEL FERMI using the beating of multiple phase-locked harmonics. We demonstrate the complex attosecond waveform shaping of the generated APTs, exploiting the ability to manipulate independently the amplitudes and the phases of the harmonics. The described generalized attosecond waveform synthesis technique with an arbitrary number of phase-locked harmonics will allow the generation of sub-100 as pulses with programmable electric fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of an angular array of electron time‐of‐flight (eToF) spectrometers is reported, intended for non‐invasive spectral, temporal, and polarization characterization of single shots of high‐repetition rate, quasi‐continuous, short‐wavelength free‐electron lasers (FELs) such as the LCLS II at SLAC. This array also enables angle‐resolved, high‐resolution eToF spectroscopy to address a variety of scientific questions on ultrafast and nonlinear light–matter interactions at FELs. The presented device is specifically designed for the time‐resolved atomic, molecular and optical science endstation (TMO) at LCLS II. In its final version, the spectrometer comprises up to 20 eToF spectrometers aligned to collect electrons from the interaction point, which is defined by the intersection of the incoming FEL radiation and a gaseous target. The full composition involves 16 spectrometers forming a circular equiangular array in the plane normal to the X‐ray propagation and four spectrometers at 54.7° angle relative to the principle linear X‐ray polarization axis with orientations in the forward and backward direction of the light propagation. The spectrometers are capable of independent and minimally chromatic electrostatic lensing and retardation, in order to enable simultaneous angle‐resolved photo‐ and Auger–Meitner electron spectroscopy with high energy resolution. They are designed to ensure an energy resolution of 0.25 eV across an energy window of up to 75 eV, which can be individually centered via the adjustable retardation to cover the full range of electron kinetic energies relevant to soft X‐ray methods, 0–2 keV. The full spectrometer array will enable non‐invasive and online spectral‐polarimetry measurements, polarization‐sensitive attoclock spectroscopy for characterizing the full time–energy structure of SASE or seeded LCLS II pulses, and support emerging trends in molecular‐frame spectroscopy measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attosecond pulses, produced through high-order harmonic generation in gases, have been successfully used for observing ultrafast, subfemtosecond electron dynamics in atoms, molecules and solid state systems. Today's typical attosecond sources, however, are often impaired by their low repetition rate and the resulting insufficient statistics, especially when the number of detectable events per shot is limited. This is the case for experiments, where several reaction products must be detected in coincidence, and for surface science applications where space charge effects compromise spectral and spatial resolution. In this work, we present an attosecond light source operating at 200 kHz, which opens up the exploration of phenomena previously inaccessible to attosecond interferometric and spectroscopic techniques. Key to our approach is the combination of a high-repetition rate, few-cycle laser source, a specially designed gas target for efficient high harmonic generation, a passively and actively stabilized pump-probe interferometer and an advanced 3D photoelectron/ion momentum detector. While most experiments in the field of attosecond science so far have been performed with either single attosecond pulses or long trains of pulses, we explore the hitherto mostly overlooked intermediate regime with short trains consisting of only a few attosecond pulses. We also present the first coincidence measurement of single-photon double-ionization of helium with full angular resolution, using an attosecond source. This opens up for future studies of the dynamic evolution of strongly correlated electrons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When graphene is exposed to a strong few-cycle optical field, a directional electric current can be induced depending on the carrier-envelope phase of the field. This phenomenon has successfully been explained by the charge dynamics in reciprocal space, namely an asymmetry in the conduction band population left after the laser excitation. However, the corresponding real-space perspective has not been explored so far although it could yield knowledge about the atomic origin of the macroscopic currents. In this work, by adapting the nearest-neighbor tight-binding model including overlap integrals and the semiconductor Bloch equation, we reveal the spatial distributions of the light-field-driven currents on the atomic scale and show how they are related to the light-induced changes of charge densities. The atomic-scale currents flow dominantly through the network of the π bonds and are the strongest at the bonds parallel to the field polarization, where an increase of the charge density is observed. The real-space maps of the currents and changes in charge densities are elucidated using simple symmetries connecting real and reciprocal space. We also discuss the strong-field-driven Rabi oscillations appearing in the atomic-scale charge densities. This work highlights the importance of real-space measurements and stimulates future time-resolved atomic-scale experimental studies with high-energy electrons or x-rays, for examples.

Coherent extreme ultraviolet (EUV) line emissions can be generated from an atom excited through frustrated tunneling ionization (FTI). The phase variation of the EUV emission in a generation medium along the propagation direction is a critical parameter that determines the phase-matching condition of this new light source. Here we show that the EUV emission sensitively depends on the intensity and phase of a driving laser pulse and the target position. Angle-resolved EUV spectra measured at different target positions and the carrier-envelope phases of the laser pulse exhibit an intensity modulation, showing similar behavior to that of a long-trajectory high harmonic radiation. The four-step model developed for the FTI emission accurately describes the coherent control of the EUV emission. These findings are essential ingredients for developing coherent extreme ultraviolet sources with high photon flux and for utilizing the FTI emission in time-resolved spectroscopy.

Photoionization time delays have been investigated in many streaking experiments in which an extreme ultraviolet (XUV) attosecond pulse is used to ionize the target in the presence of a dressing infrared laser field. The discrepancies between the photoionization time delays thus experiment measured and those from many sophisticated theoretical simulations have generated a great deal of controversy in recent years. The difficulty of achieving an accuracy of the retrieved time delays comes from two facts: a so-called wavepacket approximation is introduced to construct the photoionization electron wavepacket, this approximation is invalid if atto-chirp of XUV is non-zero; the other one is that the lower sensitivity of the streaking spectra to the phase of the photoionization transition dipole. Here we present a time delay retrieval method born from our recently proposed ‘phase retrieval of broadband pulses auto correlation’ (PROBP-AC) technology to overcome above limitations. We carefully exam the validity of our method and make a few compare with some other common used retrieval codes, and the simulations demonstrate that more accurate results can be retrieved using PROBP AC. Based on the present method, the angular dependent photoionization time delays can also be retrieved. Our investigation casts doubts on the measured group time delays in previous streaking experiments. We also mention here that a single photoionization group time delay at the XUV peak energy is not enough to represent a complete photoemission process; instead, a fully characterization of the photoionization group time delay over the whole bandwidth of the wave packet is required.

High harmonic generation (HHG) has been accepted as a tool for tabletop based generation of light source in the XUV and soft x ray region. HHG can produce coherent optical pulses having pulse duration in the femtosecond or even attosecond time region. In this paper, generation of high harmonics are produced by using high power laser system having optical pulses at 6mj pulse energy with pulse duration of 50fs at 10Hz repetition rate. High harmonics in pure Ar, N2 and mixture of the Ar-N2 are used as a generation medium to produce high harmonics. The harmonic signal is increased or decreased depending on the experimental condition. Harmonic yield produced in Ar is stronger than harmonic yield produced in N2 gas. Generation of high order harmonics are observed up to 35H (~54eV corresponding photon energy), and harmonic order from N2 gas is 33H. The mixture of two gas species cause to enhancement of 35H order, which is weakly observed in pure N2 gas. The mechanism of high harmonic generation is explained that strong harmonic signal generated in pure Ar gas helps increase the ionization rate of N2 gas. Thus, the harmonic signal in Ar-N2 is boosted compared the harmonic signal produced in pure N2. The enhancement factor of harmonic yield is from ~2 to 5 for per harmonic order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Free-electron lasers (FELs) can produce radiation in the short wavelength range extending from the extreme ultraviolet (XUV) to the X-rays with a few to a few tens of femtoseconds pulse duration. These facilities have enabled significant breakthroughs in the field of atomic, molecular, and optical physics, implementing different schemes based on two-color photoionization mechanisms. In this article, we present the generation of attosecond pulse trains (APTs) at the seeded FEL FERMI using the beating of multiple phase-locked harmonics. We demonstrate the complex attosecond waveform shaping of the generated APTs, exploiting the ability to manipulate independently the amplitudes and the phases of the harmonics. The described generalized attosecond waveform synthesis technique with an arbitrary number of phase-locked harmonics will allow the generation of sub-100 as pulses with programmable electric fields.

Floquet engineering has recently emerged as a technique for controlling material properties with light. Floquet phases can be probed with time- and angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (Tr-ARPES), providing direct access to the laser-dressed electronic bands. Applications of Tr-ARPES to date focused on observing the Floquet-Bloch bands themselves, and their build-up and dephasing on sub-laser-cycle timescales. However, momentum and energy resolved sub-laser-cycle dynamics between Floquet bands have not been analyzed. Given that Floquet theory strictly applies in time-periodic conditions, the notion of resolving sub-laser-cycle dynamics between Floquet states seems contradictory-it requires probe pulse durations below a laser cycle that inherently cannot discern the time-periodic nature of the light-matter system. Here we propose to employ attosecond pulse train probes with the same temporal periodicity as the Floquet-dressing pump pulse, allowing both attosecond sub-laser-cycle resolution and a proper projection of Tr-ARPES spectra on the Floquet-Bloch bands. We formulate and employ this approach in ab-initio calculations in light-driven graphene. Our calculations predict significant sub-laser-cycle dynamics occurring within the Floquet phase with the majority of electrons moving within and in-between Floquet bands, and a small portion residing and moving outside of them in what we denote as 'non-Floquet' bands. We establish that non-Floquet bands arise from the pump laser envelope that induces non-adiabatic electronic excitations during the pulse turn-on and turn-off. By performing calculations in systems with poly-chromatic pumps we also show that Floquet states are not formed on a sub-laser-cycle level. This work indicates that the Floquet-Bloch states are generally not a complete basis set for sub-laser-cycle dynamics in steady-state phases of matter., (Creative Commons Attribution license.)

The last decade has seen an intense renewed debate on tunnelling time, both from a theoretical and an experimental perspective. Here, we review recent developments and new insights in the field of strong-field tunnel ionization related to tunnelling time, and apply these findings to the interpretation of the attoclock experiment Landsman et al. [Optica2014, 1, 343]. We conclude that models including finite tunnelling time are consistent with recent experimental measurements. Abbreviations: A: adiabatic; ADK: Ammosov, Delone and Krainov model (1, 2); CEO: carrier-envelope-offset phase ; CoM: centre of mass; CTMC: classical trajectory monte carlo simulation; FWHM: full width half maximum; IR: infrared; KR: Keldysh-Rutherford model; NA: non-adiabatic; PMD: photoelectron momentum distribution; PPT: Perelomov, Popov and Terent'ev model (3, 4); SAE: single active electron approximation; SCT: singleclassical trajectory; SFA: strong field approximation; TDSE: time-dependent Schrödinger equation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What are the final size and velocity limits of electronic data processing and magnetic information storage areas, and how can we approach these boundaries questions and the understanding and control of microscopic electron motion along with many scientific studies have led to the birth and progress of Attosecond Science. The progress of ultrafast laser technology in recent years, the interaction process between the matter and the intense field play a key role in understanding how energy and charge are carried in atoms as well as in more complex solid and molecular systems. This review study will focus on the basic concepts and experimental tools that allow to observe and control the atomic scale motion of electrons in real time, understand the theoretical models that are critical for combining experimental observability with microscopic variables, and the expected technological effects. For this purpose, the role of nano and attosecond technologies in atomic and molecular physics, and condensed matter physics will be investigated and local literature sources will be presented about several important and recent current application areas of attosecond pulses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The generation of attosecond pulse trains at free-electron lasers opens new opportunities in ultrafast science, as it gives access, for the first time, to reproducible, programmable, extreme ultraviolet (XUV) waveforms with high intensity. In this work, we present a detailed analysis of the theoretical model underlying the temporal characterization of the attosecond pulse trains recently generated at the free-electron laser FERMI. In particular, the validity of the approximations used for the correlated analysis of the photoelectron spectra generated in the two-color photoionization experiments are thoroughly discussed. The ranges of validity of the assumptions, in connection with the main experimental parameters, are derived.

In this work, we report on coherent control of electron dynamics in atoms via attosecond pulse-shaping. We show that the photoelectron emission from argon gas produced by absorption of an attosecond pulse train (APT) made of odd and even harmonics can be manipulated along the direction of polarization of the light by tuning the spectral components (amplitude and phase) of the pulse. In addition, we show that APTs produced with a two-color (400- plus 800 nm) femtosecond driving field exhibit high temporal tunability, which is optimized for an intensity ratio between the two colors in the range of 0.1 to 5%.

We report on the application of femtosecond laser micromachining to the fabrication of complex glass microdevices, for high-order harmonic generation in gas. The three-dimensional capabilities and extreme flexibility of femtosecond laser micromachining allow us to achieve accurate control of gas density inside the micrometer interaction channel. This device gives a considerable increase in harmonics’ generation efficiency if compared with traditional harmonic generation in gas jets. We propose different chip geometries that allow the control of the gas density and driving field intensity inside the interaction channel to achieve quasi phase-matching conditions in the harmonic generation process. We believe that these glass micro-devices will pave the way to future downscaling of high-order harmonic generation beamlines.

Coherent, broadband pulses of extreme ultraviolet light provide a new and exciting tool for exploring attosecond electron dynamics. Using photoelectron streaking, interferometric spectrograms can be generated that contain a wealth of information about the phase properties of the photoionization process. If properly retrieved, this phase information reveals attosecond dynamics during photoelectron emission such as multielectron dynamics and resonance processes. However, until now, the full retrieval of the continuous electron wavepacket phase from isolated attosecond pulses has remained challenging. Here, after elucidating key approximations and limitations that hinder one from extracting the coherent electron wavepacket dynamics using available retrieval algorithms, we present a new method called absolute complex dipole transition matrix element reconstruction (ACDC). We apply the ACDC method to experimental spectrograms to resolve the phase and group delay difference between photoelectrons emitted from Ne and Ar. Our results reveal subtle dynamics in this group delay difference of photoelectrons emitted form Ar. These group delay dynamics were not resolvable with prior methods that were only able to extract phase information at discrete energy levels, emphasizing the importance of a complete and continuous phase retrieval technique such as ACDC. Here we also make this new ACDC retrieval algorithm available with appropriate citation in return.

Advanced applications of attosecond pulses require the implementation of experimental techniques for a complete and accurate characterization of the pulse temporal characteristics. The method of choice is the frequency resolved optical gating for the complete reconstruction of attosecond bursts (FROG-CRAB), which requires the development of suitable reconstruction algorithms. In the last few years, various numerical techniques have been proposed and implemented, characterized by different levels of accuracy, robustness, and computational load. Many of them are based on the central momentum approximation (CMA), which may pose severe limits in the reconstruction accuracy. Alternative techniques have been successfully developed, based on the implementation of reconstruction algorithms which do not rely on this approximation, such as the Volkov-transform generalized projection algorithm (VTGPA). The main drawback is a notable increase of the computational load. We propose a new method, called refined iterative ptychographic engine (rePIE), which combines the advantages of a robust algorithm based on CMA, characterized by a fast convergence, with the accuracy of advanced algorithms not based on such approximation. The main idea is to perform a first fast iterative ptychographic engine (ePIE) reconstruction and then refine the result with just a few iterations of the VTGPA in order to correct for the error introduced by the CMA. We analyse the accuracy of the novel reconstruction method by comparing the residual error (i.e., the difference between the reconstructed and the simulated original spectrograms) when VTGPA, ePIE, and rePIE reconstructions are employed. We show that the rePIE approach is particularly useful in the case of short attosecond pulses characterized by a broad spectrum in the vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV)–extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dedicated simulations show that the application of time-domain ptychography to angular photo-electron streaking data allows shot-to-shot reconstruction of individual X-ray free electron laser pulses. Specifically, in this study, we use an extended ptychographic iterative engine to retrieve both the unknown X-ray pulse and the unknown streak field. We evaluate the quality of reconstruction versus spectral resolution, signal-to-noise and sampling size of the spectrogram. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A variety of processes originating from the interaction of atomic or molecular N-electron states with strong and/or hypershort radiation pulses can be understood quantitatively only by first determining with good accuracy the solutions of the many-electron time-dependent Schrödinger equation (METDSE) that describe the corresponding physics. The METDSE is solvable nonperturbatively via the state-specific expansion approach (SSEA). SSEA solutions have been used, or can be used, for quantitative explanation and numerically reliable predictions of quantities that have been measured or are measurable in modern laser-driven experiments that can track, with hypershort (attosecond) time resolution, the effects of electron rearrangements in atoms and molecules. The calculations take into account in a transparent way the interplay between the phenomena and the electronic structures of the physically significant states in discrete and multichannel continuous spectra, including multiply- and inner-hole–excited resonance states. The discussion focuses on novel topics of time-resolved many-electron physics and includes a comparison of our predictions to recent quantitative measurements of attosecond-resolved generation of the profile of the ( 2 s 2 p ) 1 P o doubly excited resonance state of helium during photoionization and of the relative time delay in photoemission of the (2s,2p) electrons of neon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-harmonic radiation in the extreme ultraviolet and soft X-ray spectral regions can be used to generate attosecond pulses and to obtain structural and dynamic information in atoms and molecules. However, these sources typically suffer from a limited photon flux. An additional issue at lower photon energies is the appearance of satellites in the time domain, stemming from insufficient temporal gating and the spectral filtering required for the isolation of attosecond pulses. Such satellites limit the temporal resolution. The use of multi-colour driving fields has been proven to enhance the harmonic yield and provide additional control, using the relative delays between the different spectral components for waveform shaping. We describe here a two-colour high-harmonic source that combines a few-cycle near-infrared pulse with a multi-cycle second harmonic pulse, with both relative phase and carrier-envelope phase stabilization. We observe strong modulations in the harmonic flux, and present simulations and experimental results supporting the suppression of satellites in sub-femtosecond pulses at 20 eV compared to the single colour field case, an important requirement for attosecond pump-probe measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a gauge-invariant formulation of the channel orbital-based time-dependent configuration interaction singles (TDCIS) method [Phys. Rev. A, 74, 043420 (2006)], one of the powerful ab initio methods to investigate electron dynamics in atoms and molecules subject to an external laser field. In the present formulation, we derive the equations of motion (EOMs) in the velocity gauge using gauge-transformed time-dependent, not fixed, orbitals that are equivalent to the conventional EOMs in the length gauge using fixed orbitals. The new velocity-gauge EOMs avoid the use of the length-gauge dipole operator, which diverges at large distance, and allows us to exploit computational advantages of the velocity-gauge treatment over the length-gauge one, e.g., a faster convergence in simulations with intense and long-wavelength lasers, and the feasibility of exterior complex scaling as an absorbing boundary. The reformulated TDCIS method is applied to an exactly solvable model of one-dimensional helium atom in an intense laser field to numerically demonstrate the gauge invariance. We also discuss the consistent method for evaluating the time derivative of an observable, which is relevant, e.g., in simulating high-harmonic generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We perform a phase-space analysis of strong-field enhanced ionisation in molecules, with emphasis on quantum-interference effects. Using Wigner quasi-probability distributions and the quantum Liouville equation, we show that the momentum gates reported in a previous publication (Takemoto and Becker 2011 Phys. Rev. A 84 023401) may occur for static driving fields, and even for no external field at all. Their primary cause is an interference-induced bridging mechanism that occurs if both wells in the molecule are populated. In the phase-space regions for which quantum bridges occur, the Wigner functions perform a clockwise rotation whose period is intrinsic to the molecule. This evolution is essentially non-classical and non-adiabatic, as it does not follow equienergy curves or field gradients. Quasi-probability transfer via quantum bridges is favoured if the electron’s initial state is either spatially delocalised, or situated at the upfield molecular well. Enhanced ionisation results from the interplay of this cyclic motion, adiabatic tunnel ionisation and population trapping. Optimal conditions require minimising population trapping and using the bridging mechanism to feed into ionisation pathways along the field gradient.

Tunneling, transport of particles through classically forbidden regions, is a pure quantum phenomenon. It governs numerous phenomena ranging from single-molecule electronics to donor–acceptor transition reactions. The main problem is the absence of a universal method to compute tunneling time. This problem has been attacked in various ways in the literature. Here, in the present work, we show that a statistical approach to the problem, motivated by the imaginary nature of time in the forbidden regions, lead to a novel tunneling time formula which is real and subluminal (in contrast to various known time definitions implying superluminal tunneling). In addition to this, we show explicitly that the entropic time formula is in good agreement with the tunneling time measurements in laser-driven He ionization. Moreover, it sets an accurate range for long-range electron transfer reactions. The entropic time formula is general enough to extend to the photon and phonon tunneling phenomena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electron-electron interactions are the fastest processes in materials, occurring on femtosecond to attosecond timescales, depending on the electronic band structure of the material and the excitation energy. Such interactions can play a dominant role in light-induced processes such as nano-enhanced plasmonics and catalysis, light harvesting, or phase transitions. However, to date it has not been possible to experimentally distinguish fundamental electron interactions such as scattering and screening. Here, we use sequences of attosecond pulses to directly measure electron-electron interactions in different bands of different materials with both simple and complex Fermi surfaces. By extracting the time delays associated with photoemission we show that the lifetime of photoelectrons from the d band of Cu are longer by ∼100 as compared with those from the same band of Ni. We attribute this to the enhanced electron-electron scattering in the unfilled d band of Ni. Using theoretical modeling, we can extract the contributions of electron-electron scattering and screening in different bands of different materials with both simple and complex Fermi surfaces. Our results also show that screening influences high-energy photoelectrons (≈20 eV) significantly less than low-energy photoelectrons. As a result, high-energy photoelectrons can serve as a direct probe of spin-dependent electron-electron scattering by neglecting screening. This can then be applied to quantifying the contribution of electron interactions and screening to low-energy excitations near the Fermi level. The information derived here provides valuable and unique information for a host of quantum materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last few decades, the investigation of ultrafast phenomena occurring in atoms, molecules and solid-state systems under a strong-field regime of light-matter interaction has attracted great attention. The increasing request for a suitable optical technology is significantly boosting the development of powerful ultrafast laser sources. In this framework, Optical Parametric Amplification (OPA) is currently becoming a leading solution for applications in high-power ultra-broadband light burst generation. The main advantage provided by the OPA scheme consists of the possibility of exploring spectral ranges that are inaccessible by other laser technologies, as the InfraRed (IR) window. In this paper, we will give an overview on recent progress in the development of high-power few-optical-cycle parametric amplifiers in the near-IR and in the mid-IR spectral domain. In particular, the design of the most advanced OPA implementations is provided, containing a discussion on the key technical aspects. In addition, a review on their application to the study of strong-field ultrafast physical processes is reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work we report on the current progress of the recently constructed GW attosecond extreme ultraviolet (XUV) source developed at the Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser of the Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (I.E.S.L-FO.R.T.H.). By the implementation of a compact-collinear polarization gating arrangement, the generation of a broadband, coherent XUV quasi-continuum produced by the interaction of a many-cycle infrared field with a gas phase medium is achieved. The spectral width of the XUV emission generated in Xenon, is spanning in the range of 17–32 eV and can support isolated pulses of duration in the range from 0.4 fs to 1.3 fs and pulse energy in the 1 μ J level. Theoretical calculations, taking into account the experimental conditions of this work, are supporting the observations, offering also an insight regarding the temporal profile of the emitted radiation. Finally, the high intensity of the produced XUV pulses has been confirmed by investigating the two-XUV-photon double ionization process of Argon atoms. The demonstrated results inaugurate the capability of the beamline of producing intense coherent quasi-continuum XUV radiation, supporting isolated as pulses, that can be exploited in studies of non-linear XUV processes, attosecond pulse metrology and XUV-pump–XUV-probe experiments. [Display omitted] • Intense XUV Attosecond Pulses. • High flux Quasi-Continuum XUV Radiation. • Two-photon Direct Double Ionization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]