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Aim. To study the adverse reactions that develop as a result of complex antibiotic therapy in patients with non-tuberculous lung mycobacterial (NTML) and to determine methods for their elimination without compromising the effectiveness of NTML treatment. Materials and methods. Examined 147 patients with confirmed NTML, for which they received treatment in accordance with the results of drug susceptibility of the pathogen. Before and during treatment, a study of clinical, biochemical blood tests, urinalysis, electrocardiogram, external respiration function, ultrasound of the abdominal organs and kidneys was performed. Results. Under the conditions of antimicrobial therapy (AMT) for non-tuberculous mycobacteriosis of the lungs, 41 (27.9%) patients developed adverse drug reaction (ADR). The most frequent adverse reactions were: allergic reactions in the form of urticaria, nausea, vomiting, arthralgia, nephro- and ototoxic reactions; 34 (82.9%) patients required treatment adjustment without discontinuation of AMT, and only in 7 (17.1%) cases, AMT was discontinued. A full course of multicomponent AMT was completed in 124 (84.4%) patients with NTML. An algorithm for monitoring therapy in NTML patients from the standpoint of preventing ADR has been developed. The categories of patients with potential risks of developing ADR under AMT were determined. Patients without the development of ADR had a positive radiological dynamics in 27.9% of cases, sputum conversion – in 42%. Patients with ADR had positive clinical dynamics in 39% of cases, radiological – in 31.7% of cases, sputum conversion – in 36.6% of cases. Conclusion. The incidence of ADR development remains high when complex AMT is administered to patients with NTML. The patient's comorbid background is the main risk factor for the development of ADR when prescribing multicomponent AMT. A multivariate analysis of the effectiveness of treatment in NTML patients showed comparable data among patients taking complex AMT and receiving only alternative therapies. The success of NTML treatment depends on a comprehensive personalized approach.

Environmental pollution with nonylphenols (NPs) is a serious environmental problem due to their persistence, toxicity and ability to have a negative impact on the endocrine system of humans and animals. Biodegradation of NPs is the most environmentally safe and effective way to reduce their content in water and soil ecosystems. A novel bacterial strain, Pseudomonas umsongensis 16, capable of degrading NP in aquatic media and soil microcosm, was isolated from soddy-podzolic soil contaminated with NP. The strain 16 exhibits the ability to degrade NP in a wide range of temperatures (from +5 to +35°C), pH (5–9), and xenobiotic concentrations up to 500 mg/l. Bioaugmentation of nonylphenol contaminated soil by cells of P. umsongensis 16 leads to an increase in the efficiency of NP destruction in the soil microcosm. The degree of pollutant degradation increases by 1.9 times with a 6.4-fold reduction in the time of its half-removal as compared with the soil microcosm without the introduction of the destructor strain cells. It has been established that as a result of bioaugmentation in soil contaminated with NP, the activity of the soil enzyme urease is restored to the level of uncontaminated soil. The results obtained can be used in the development of biotechnology for the purification of environmental objects contaminated with nonylphenols.

This study investigates the role of one of the most powerful regions of the USSR — the Ural — in assisting the restoration and development of the Byelorussian SSR during the final years of World War II and the early postwar period. The research draws on materials from Russian and Belarusian archives. It demonstrates that during this time, the BSSR undertook significant efforts to rehabilitate its economy. The restoration of industry, transportation, agriculture, and other sectors is highlighted. The study emphasizes that substantial support was provided by the republics of the Soviet Union in this endeavor. The novelty of this research lies in the introduction of previously unexamined archival materials from Russian and Belarusian sources, which reveal that Ural enterprises supplied metals, machinery, equipment, timber, raw materials, and other necessities for industrial production. Furthermore, Belarusian specialists received training at Ural enterprises and educational institutions. The authors conclude that the Ural region played a crucial role not only in the reconstruction of the war-torn economy of the republic but also in its subsequent development through the establishment of heavy industry, machine engineering, energy production, and road construction. The mechanisms by which directive bodies from the Ural regions and the Grodno region implemented these decisions are also explored.

The end of the COVID-19 pandemic in the respiratory disease season of 2022—23 was characterized by an increase in the number of cases, a shift in the classic peaks of morbidity for various infections, and a predominance of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus infection (RSVI). Materials and methods. When compared with the last pandemic season, a later start of the 2023—24 respiratory season was noted with a gradual shift to the usual pre-pandemic period timing of viral morbidity increases. Results. The currently prevailing SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant has acquired the properties of a common respiratory viral infection, currently all-season, with a mild course, without the need for hospitalization. The number of patients with influenza has decreased and there were no patients with a severe course of this infection. A feature of the first post-pandemic season was the outbreak of mycoplasma infection, which was a reason of large number of pneumonia cases.

AIM: To evaluate the impact a fixed-ratio combination of insulin glargine(100U/ml) and lixisenatide(iGlarLixi) on the glycemic control in Russian study T2D population uncontrolled on OAD ± insulin therapy in real-world settings.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Russian subanalysis of international, multicentre, prospective, observational SUCCESS study included 160 T2DM patients who had initiated iGlarLixi within 1 month prior to study inclusion from 11 regions of the Russian Federation. The primary endpoint — HbA1c change from baseline to month 6. Secondary endpoints: HbA1c change after 12 months, achievement of target HbA1c levels after 6 and 12 months; change in FPG and PPG, change in body weight after 6 and 12 months, iGlarLixi dose dynamics. Safety endpoints: adverse events, serious adverse events, adverse events of special interest, frequency of hypoglycemia during the study period.RESULTS: The average age of patients in the Russian population was 60.8±9.4 years; average duration of T2DM was 11.4 years, mean HbA1c — 9.3±1.5%; mean BMI 33.3 kg/m2. Prior to the study, most patients were on 2 (36.3%) and 3 OADs (27.5%), 32.5% — on insulin therapy. The mean change of HbA1c at month 6 was -1.81%, and -2.03% at month 12. 51.3% patients achieved individual HbA1c targets at month 12, 46.7% of patients achieved the HbA1c target without hypoglycemia and weight gain. The decrease of body weight in 12 months was -3.3±4.4 kg. During the study period, 17 cases of hypoglycemia were recorded (0.11 events per patient-year); 1 severe hypoglycemia (0.01 events per patient-year). The total number of adverse events (AEs) was 43(26.9%), serious AEs - 10 (6.3%).CONCLUSION: According to the results of this prospective real world sub-group analysis, initiation of iGlarLixi in Russian adults with T2DM uncontrolled on OADs ± insulin significantly improves glycemic control with low risk of hypoglycemia and no body weight increase.

Objective. Over the past decades, heat pumps have gained great popularity due to their advantages in energy efficiency and environmental friendliness, becoming one of the most attractive alternatives to replace traditional heating systems running on fossil fuels. Heat pump efficiency is a decisive factor that should be taken into account when selecting and optimizing a heat pump system. The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficiency of air source heat pumps of the air-to-water system in the climatic conditions typical of the regions of the Central Federal District. Method. To evaluate the efficiency of air source heat pumps, a mathematical model is used that takes into account the multifactorial nature of the process under study. Result. To adequately compare the obtained research results with the passport performance indicators, the transformation coefficient (COP) was used, showing the ratio of the energy received to the expended work. As a result, the method of heating rooms with an air source heat pump with a combined operation mode was recognized as more preferable. Conclusion. Currently, the potential of heat pumps in the field of energy saving and CO2 emission reduction remains largely untapped, which sets the vector for further research.

Background. Currently, the use of an interdisciplinary approach based on a combination of traditional introduction methods and clonal micropropagation techniques makes it possible to solve one of the key problems of introduction – the establishment of bioresource collections consisting of selected plant accessions with valuable agronomic traits and resistance to unfavorable urban environments. Materials and methods. A plant introduction study resulted in identifying seven specimens of Malus niedzwetzkyana Dieck with resilience to urban environments, high rate of crown development, and longevity. They served as source material for the development of a clonal propagation protocol and in vitro preservation of selected genotypes of this species. Results. It was shown for M. niedzwetzkyana that the most favorable time for taking its plant material for introduction into in vitro culture is the beginning of the active growth of vegetative shoots after flowering. The most optimal sterilization technique for such plant material was a stepwise regime using alcohol, sodium hypochlorite, and silver nitrate: it provided from 50 to 70% of sterile explants and the maximum percentage of meristem proliferation. Combining 0.8 mg/L of benzylaminopurine (BAP) with 0.14 mg/L of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) at the stage of microclonal propagation ensured a significant increase of the reproduction coefficient (on average up to 5.3 ± 0.7) and an improvement in morphometric parameters of microshoots; the maximum frequency of shoot proliferation was 100%. The yield of shoots adapted to ex vitro conditions was 90%. Conclusion. The developed clonal micropropagation protocol made it possible to introduce selected M. niedzwetzkyana forms into in vitro culture and reproduce them in order to set up a resource base for further fundamental and applied research into the system of the genus Malus Mill.

The article deals with the metal parts of the belt set from the Shekshovo burial ground in the Suzdal Opolie (X–XII centuries). The objects originate mainly from the upper plowed layer. Most of them are related with destroyed burials, carried out by cremation rite: on the surface or in shallow pits. In total, about 200 finds were collected: solitary finds and 18 typological series of 2–39 items. Along with the significant predominance of finds of the second half of the X – beginning of the XI century, there are samples dated from other monuments of the IX – beginning of the X century and not found in complexes of later times. They are connected by their origin with the Saltovo antiquities. Probably, these finds mark the beginning of the use of the burial ground in the first half of the X century, although the greatest activity developed here in the middle of X–XII century.

Functional dizziness (FD) is the most common form of chronic dizziness, accounting for up to 20% of all cases of chronic dizziness and is diagnosed in 40% of patients referred to specialized clinics. This article discusses the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and diagnostic features of FD. An overview of standard and new methods of drug therapy and methods of vestibular rehabilitation for patients with FD is provided. Experts conclude that FD, currently defined as persistent postural perceptual dizziness (PPPD), is the most common cause of chronic non-rotational dizziness. PPPD is thought to be multifactorial; central and peripheral vestibular disorders, anxiety disorders and traumatic brain injury are noted as possible precipitating causes. The diagnosis of PPPD is based on the presence of a feeling of unsteadiness or non-rotational dizziness occurring more than half of the days over a period of three months or longer, when other possible causes of dizziness have been ruled out. When managing a patient with PPPD, it is necessary to inform the patient about the nature of the disease, provide a patient with an education program and apply psychotherapy and vestibular rehabilitation methods. The use of buspirone prolonged-release tablets (Vespirate®) and vestibular rehabilitation in clinical practice is discussed.

Relevance. Aluminum production is one of the most important industries all over the world. It has a high environmental load, resource and energy intensity. To reduce the negative impact of aluminum production, efforts are underway to improve its technological processes, aimed at increasing aluminum recovery rates, reducing waste volumes, and lowering energy consumption. The reduction of energy consumption can be achieved, among others, through implementing control systems that provide energy management. Due to the complexity and multiplicity of technological processes in aluminum production, the use of traditional linear approaches for such control systems is ineffective, and adequate mathematical models are required. At the same time, for the production level, the use of mathematical models based on a phenomenological description of the ongoing physical processes overly complicates the control task. As a result, the use of intelligent and adaptive approaches to both the mathematical description of technological processes and the optimal energy consumption management is relevant. Objects. Technological complexes of aluminum production, which have the properties of inertia, nonlinearity, and closedness; and the control system based on artificial intelligence methods. Alumina production is chosen as an illustration. Aim. To develop mathematical models capable of adequately describing the interrelated processes in the technological complexes under consideration, as well as the control system that allows optimal energy consumption management. Methods. For the mathematical model based on balance equations under uncertainty, the fuzzy-set theory was used along with the gradient descent method to identify the model parameters; for the optimization task, the genetic algorithm method was used. Results. The mass balance model and the process conditions changing model have been developed to determine the energy consumption for the technological complexes of aluminum production with continuous inertial nonlinear closed production. Based on these models, the dynamic characteristics of energy consumption and the parameters of technological processes were determined depending on the main controlled parameters, allowing us to predict emergencies. Considering technological parameters and cost factors, the optimization task for energy consumption management was solved.

The COVID-19 pandemic has created a new paradigm of 'life in social distancing', which in its turn has had a massive impact on education. Continuing education delivery through alternative channels of instruction became a top priority for education institutions aiming to minimize impacts of the pandemic on education. Most universities shifted from conventional, face-to-face instruction to distance teaching and learning, which meant that teaching approaches, tools of assessments, and ways of teacher-student communication had to be modified. Since the pandemic wake, various global educational organizations have carried out studies to identify threats and potential opportunities for higher education within and beyond the pandemic. Some attempts to analyze the experience of the Ukrainian higher education system transition to mass distance instruction have also been made. However, this research was limited by a territorial or time span, sectoral analysis, or focus on specific issues. Lack of comprehensive cross-sectoral nationwide research regarding the perceptions of the main actors of Ukraine's higher education system (teachers and students) on outcomes of this abrupt transition, inspired the current research. In this regard, we saw the objective of the study in exploring the experience of mass distance learning application in Ukraine's higher education system due to COVID-19 and identifying considerations for e-learning in the national system of higher education within and beyond the pandemic. The research was carried out using a survey. The order of the researchers' actions was as follows: questionnaire compilation, data collection, data analysis, and knowledge generation. In this study, a closed-format questionnaire containing questions with pre-offered answers (multiple choices) was the main research instrument. The questionnaire was distributed to Ukrainian university teachers and students by snowball sampling. The data analysis phase involved analyzing the quantitative datasets. The interpretation of the analyzed information led to the generation of knowledge. 882 responses from 65 Ukrainian higher education institutions were received. The survey data showed that the mass transition to distance learning was a challenge for the majority of Ukrainian universities: only 45.5% of the respondents reported experiences with distance teaching/learning before the pandemic. On the basis of the obtained data, several groups of problems were identified: problems of a technological nature associated with the improper digital infrastructures of Ukraine's higher education institutions, unequal access of teachers and students to electronic devices and Internet connection; problems of a methodological nature associated with a lack of methodological support and special training programs for teachers to carry out distance instruction; problems of a psychological nature associated with the development of motivation, teachers' commitment, and establishing new communication patterns. The research supports the e-learning practice of providing data regarding the experiences of Ukraine's national higher education system on mass and the abrupt transition to distance learning and advances in e-learning knowledge area by envisaging potential for this mode of instruction beyond the pandemic and specifying directions for further research (development of the methodological, technological and informational support model for teachers; studies of the impact of digital learning tools on the mental health of university students; comparative analysis and adoption of the results of international studies into the practice of national education systems; creation of high-quality platforms with an accessible interface and algorithm of use).

The article is devoted to developing an interpersonal model of communicative simulations constituted by a series of communicative practices within which various forms of social interaction are reproduced. The theoretical basis of the work was the study of the concepts of “Model/Simulacrum” and “Mimesis” in philosophy and narratology. The methodological approach proposed within the study was aimed at parameterizing interpersonal interaction in a communicative simulation through establishing the structure of interaction, its participants and the roles they actualize. Based on the model proposed, a typology of communicative simulations was suggested. Three types of communicative simulations were identified: narrative simulation, simulation for entertainment purposes, and falsification. The first type of communicative simulations (the narrative one) is the indirect interaction between the sender of a message (concrete or abstract author, narrator) and its recipient (concrete or abstract reader). The communicative practices of simulations of the first type include ASMR videos and fake news. The second type (simulation for entertainment purposes) involves the interaction of communicants within a fictional world. The participants in the interaction are a particular sender/recipient of a message, an abstract sender/recipient of a message, and avatars (characters). The communicative practices of simulations of the second type include sexting and role-playing games. The third type (falsification of social practice) is the interaction in which one of the participants is unaware of being involved in a communicative simulation. The participants in the interaction are a specific author of the simulation, a specific recipient of the message, an abstract author/recipient of the message, and an avatar, which is a social mask of the author of the simulation. The communicative practices of simulations of the third type include telephone fraud.

Vitrectomy followed by endotamponade of the vitreal cavity with silicone oil (SO) is one of the main techniques of treating severe forms of regmatogenic retinal detachment (RRD). Endotamponade with SO, having numerous advantages and a huge potential, carries the risk of a number of complications arising at various times of application. The literature review analyzes the published data on the effect of tamponade SO on the retina and the function of central vision in RRD surgery: visual acuity, indicators of light and color sensitivity, data of electrophysiological test results. Possible causes of deteriorated central vision functions directly or indirectly related to tamponade with SO are discussed: changes in the thickness and structure of the retina or its individual layers as shown by optical coherence tomography (OCT) data, microcirculation disorders according to OCT angiography, fluorescein angiography, Doppler laser scanning, as well as pathohistological findings related to SO migration into the fundus of eye tissues.

The medical industry is undergoing an active digital transformation, including the creation of electronic databases, cloud security systems, mobile health monitoring devices, and telemedicine tools. Artificial intelligence (AI), one of the most important technological achievements of the last decade, is gradually gaining momentum in various areas of practical medicine. The cutting edge of AI, neural networks, offers promising approaches to the improvement of clinical examination quality. The review presents data of studies focusing on the use of AI tools in the diagnosis of the most common ophthalmic diseases: diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, retinopathy of prematurity, glaucoma, cataracts, and ophthalmic oncology. We discuss both the advantages of neural networks in the diagnosis and monitoring of eye diseases, and outline the difficulties of their implementation, including ethical and legal conflicts.

The difference in the spectral composition of artificial and natural lighting can negatively affect health, as well as lead to a distorted perception of the color of surrounding objects. At the same time, a certain correction of the spectral composition of visible radiation in medical institutions and workplaces has a positive effect on human health, while can be carried lighting control out taking into account the data of personal sensor devices that determine the human condition. The purpose of the research was to select criteria for comparing natural and LED optical and visible radiation by spectral composition and by the visibility of color differences in natural and LED lighting. The effectiveness of the application of known and developed criteria for assessing the difference in the spectral composition of optical and visible radiation from natural and LED sources was investigated, as well as for the visibility of color differences in natural and LED lighting. To minimize the values of criteria are proposed additive and subtractive methods for calculating LED parameters. Their comparison allowed us to conclude that a more complex calculation algorithm, but higher performance for an additive technique than for a subtractive one with the same minimization results.It was found that to simulate the spectral composition of natural radiation using LEDs, it is most effective to use the criteria "standard deviations of the relative differences between the optical and visible spectral components of natural and LED radiation". A comparison of the criteria for the visibility of color differences in natural and LED lighting showed approximately the same effectiveness of using the criteria "small color differences" and "standard deviation by photoreceptors" at the present stage and the prospects for applying the second criterion, provided that its acceptable values are established.

Background. The problem of improving barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grain quality, in particular grain protein content, is of practical importance for breeding. The objective was to select high-protein genetic sources of spring barley for breeding new cultivars and search for possibilities of predicting grain protein content according to the chlorophyll content in leaves. Materials and methods. The studies were conducted in 2018–2020 on 28 barley genotypes of different ecogeographic origin in accordance with conventional methods. Grain protein content was assessed using near-infrared spectroscopy, and chlorophyll content was measured spectrophotometrically in acetone leaf extracts using the method: Chlorophylls and carotenoids: measurement and characterization by UV-VIS spectroscopy. Results and conclusion. Average grain protein content significantly correlated with the amount of precipitations (r = 0.67), the sum of effective temperatures (r = 0.75) and the hydrothermal coefficient (r = 0.76) during the growing season. Genotypes with high grain protein content, high test weight, and grain uniformity were selected. Accessions k-30574 and k-30256 showing high yields and resistance to lodging are promising for the development of high-protein cultivars. Accessions k-15619, k-30379 and k-31046 demonstrated high plasti city in their protein content parameters. Accession k-5983 was characterized by consistently high grain protein content. Statistically significant correlations between chlorophyll content in the flag leaf and grain protein content were found in a set of accessions with environmental plasticity (bi) values lower than 1.0 (r = 0.585…–0.645). A decrease in protein content was observed in extensive-type accessions with increased pigment content in leaves (r = –0.643 and –0.638 for Chl a and Chl b, respectively; r = –0.645 for the total chlorophyll). A high Chl a/b ratio may serve as an indicator of higher grain protein content levels in such genotypes (r = 0.585).

The analysis of normative and legal base of provision with objects of sports infrastructure of educational organizations of higher education is conducted. The results of monitoring the provision of educational organizations of higher education with sports infrastructure facilities for 2022–2023 are presented.

Mastalgia is the most common manifestation of mastopathy. Up to 70 % of women experiencing breast pain report a significant decrease in their quality of life; however, hormone therapy is not indicated and suitable for everyone. The main aim of a clinician in this case is to exclude cancer and choose appropriate treatment to manage pain. First-line therapy for such patients may not necessarily include medications.The aim of this work was to identify the most effective non-pharmacological treatments for patients with mastalgia. We conducted a search of publications assessing various methods of mastalgia management in both Russian and foreign databases (PubMed, CyberLeninka, Elibrary, Google Scholar). We used the following key words: “mastalgia”, “cyclic mastalgia“, and “non-cyclic mastalgia“.Visual demonstration of the fact the woman has no risk of breast cancer (after examination) and proper explanation can reduce complaints of mastalgia without any additional treatment. Recommendation to change a bra also brings a significant relief to the majority of women. Reduced consumption of methylxanthines and fats along with sufficient intake of fiber and liquid can be beneficial for patients. Dietary modifications with certain nutrients (such as indole-3-carbinol and trans-resveratrol) might significantly improve the quality of life of patients with mastalgia. Relaxation practices can also mitigate mastalgia.Most patients with mastalgia can be managed without any medications if they are reassured about the absence of cancer risk, choose a well-fitting and supportive bra, have psychoemotional support, and modify their diet.

The research was carried out in the conditions of the Kirov region. The purpose of the study of 2021…2023 was to evaluate the biological and economic properties of a new cultivar of spring barley ʽYarushnik’, transferred to the state variety testing in 2024. Field research was conducted in a competitive test according to the Methodology of the state variety testing of agricultural crops. The comparison was carried out with ʽRodnik Prikamiya’ standard and the cultivars ‘Pamyati Rodinoy’ (2014) and ʽBoyarin’ (2023) previously included in the State Register. To assess the yield in different growing years and the adaptive abilities of cultivars, the methods described in the works of I. N. Voronchikhina and co-authors (2002), A. A. Goncharenko (2005) and A. V. Kilchevsky (2005) were used. The cultivar was created by the method of intraspecific stepwise hybridization with double selection. The balance in a hybrid combination of high-yielding collection samples Sv 88764 (Sweden) and Annabel (Germany) with the cultivar ‘Duet’ (bred by the Federal Agricultural Research Center of the North-East, Russia) became the basis for the creation of a high-yielding, resistant to region-specific environmental stress factors of the spring barley cultivar ‘Yarushnik’. The new cultivar is mid-ripening, with a high and stable yield over the years (6.21 t /ha), forms a large grain with good technological properties: nature – 705 g/l, protein content in the grain – 13.0 %, grain yield – 55 %. In terms of grain quality, it is a cultivar of grain-forage use. The reaction of the studied barley varieties to environmental conditions was revealed. Comparison with the standard cultivar ‘Rodnik Prikamiya’ revealed the advantage of the new variety in terms of overall adaptive ability (ОАСi = 0.37, standard – -0.41), relative stability of the genotype (Sgi = 35.62; standard – 45.16), breeding value of the genotype (СЦГi = 3.08; standard – 1.76). According to the complex index, the clear superiority of the ‘Yarushnik’ cultivar (1.09) over the standard (0.74) was also revealed.

Justification and purpose of the study. Changes in the vessels of the ocular surface are often associated with the presence of various systemic or ocular diseases. Segmentation of the vessels of the ocular surface using artificial intelligence (AI) tools is highly relevant in terms of improving the quality of early diagnosis of pathology. Purpose: to develop a model of segmentation of the capillaries of the ocular surface based on images from an ophthalmic slit lamp using AI tools using Python.Materials and methods. The study used a dataset (700 eyes), which is publicly available on the Internet and includes photos from an ophthalmological slit lamp, marked up manually. With the help of the augmentation method, this set for research has been increased several times. The system of segmentation of the capillaries of the eye in the images from the ophthalmological slit lamp is based on the trained neural network Unet.Results. The main result of the study is the development of an algorithm for automatic segmentation of eye capillaries in images from an ophthalmic slit lamp. The metric reached 85% during the training of the neural network model.Conclusion. The high efficiency and potential of all methods in the construction of an automatic segmentation system of the capillaries of the ocular surface in the images within the framework of the developed in the Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases automated system of medical decision-making. In the future, this service can be used to improve the effectiveness of early diagnosis and monitoring of treatment of eye diseases in conditions of reduced availability of primary ophthalmological care in part of the territories of the Russian Federation, including at the pre-medical stage.

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is a complex interstitial pulmonary syndrome. This clinical entity is characterized by sensitization to a specific antigen. Early detection of this antigen is associated with an increased likelihood of a favorable outcome. Increased mortality in hypersensitivity pneumonitis is associated with the development of lung fibrosis. At the same time, clinical interventions do not significantly improve the prognosis of the disease due to a lack of understanding the mechanisms underlying the development of this type of fibrosis. Using reliable biomarkers that objectively reflect biological processes in lung fibrosis may improve clinical decisionmaking. Various biomarkers are now beginning to play a critical role in diagnosing and treating a variety of human diseases. Unfortunately, hypersensitivity pneumonitis is an exception to this general trend. There is still a great deal of research to be done in this area in the search for diagnostic biomarkers. The aim of this study was to identify biomarkers of lung fibrosis development in patients with hypersensitivity pneumonitis. We used mature serum microRNAs, which may regulate inflammation and fibrosis, as such diagnostic markers. Patients with a diagnosis of hypersensitivity pneumonitis (with and without lung fibrosis) as well as healthy individuals without chronic diseases (control group) were included into the study. Clinical and laboratory parameters were assessed in all patients. The miScript miRNA PCR Array Kit (QIAGEN) was used for gene expression profiling of mature serum miRNAs. The data obtained were verified using real-time PCR. Our research has identified a number of mature microRNAs that are likely to be involved in lung fibrosis and inflammation (miR-22, miR-150 and miR-106b). Following an extended study, including monitoring of disease progression over time, the applied diagnostic kit may be used in clinical practice to determine disease activity and development of fibrosis formation in lung tissue in patients with different variants of hypersensitivity pneumonitis.

In the paper, on the example of the trend towards environmental friendliness, the specifics of the glocalization of modern advertising trends are considered. The authors proceed from the hypothesis that current social trends exploited by advertising discourse should be subjected to national customization. Glocalization is considered as the only way that ensures the effectiveness of global marketing processes. According to the authors, universal trends in different national linguistic and cultural communities will differ: the dynamics of globalization is constantly reinterpreted at the local level, leading to interpenetration of the global and the local. Thus, in advertising discourse, glocalization becomes a communication strategy that enhances the attractiveness of the product or service being promoted. The study of communication strategies used in the framework of adaptation activities in the foreign market is one of the important aspects of this issue, no less important is the consideration of the process of glocalization of global marketing trends – taking into account the value identity of a particular society. Current world trends at the local level undergo cognitive glocalization, which is objectified in language. In the case of the material selected for analysis (advertising of eco cosmetics), glocalization is carried out at all levels of the advertisement text (naming, the advertisement message itself, information on the package, etc.) through certain language tools. So, among the most frequent ones the authors note the use of place names, an appeal to precedent phenomena, stylization as folk poetic speech and some others, more specific means. The material for the study was the names and logos of Russian brands of natural cosmetics (more than 500), as well as more than 130 advertisement and PR texts that position and promote the products of Russian cosmetic eco-brands. During the study, the following set of methods was used: descriptive, analytical, functional, pragmatic, semiotic, complex intertextual analysis, as well as methods of systematization and classification.

Background: Cerebral contusions occur in approximately 43% of blunt head trauma cases. The gyri are predominantly affected, although severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) may damage the subcortical white matter and deep structures within the brain. Computed tomography (CT) of the brain is used to evaluate all forms of intracranial injuries, fractures, cerebral edema, and other associated injuries.Objective: To analyze the CT potential in the diagnosis of cerebral contusions during the acute phase of TBI in children younger than 3 years.Materials and methods: In 2021-2022 we performed CT using a Philips Ingenuity Elite 128 slice CT scanner in 1334 children with TBI (730 boys and 604 girls younger than 3 years). The area of interest in the examined children was the skull and cervical spine. We did not use enhancement. The effective dose range varied from 1.27 to 1.91 mSv.Results: Of 510 children, 448 (87.84%) patients had skull fractures that combined with intracranial injuries in 366 (81.7%) children, with 262 (71.58%) of them having severe injuries (Glasgow Coma Scale ≤ 8) and 36 (9.83%) of them undergoing surgery. Cerebral contusions were diagnosed in 58.5% (214 of 366) of children. Contusions (98% of which were hemorrhagic) had different volumes and degrees of hemorrhage and edema. The foci of contusions were in the frontal (37.1%), temporal (34.3%), parietal (20.6%), and, less often, occipital (8%) lobes.Conclusions: CT is the preferred imaging modality in acute TBI, which enables to accurately detect and adequately treat cerebral contusions, preventing secondary injuries. CT is the main diagnostic tool and should be performed in all children with TBI within the first hours after injury.