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Primula xingshanensis, a new species of Primula endemic to Hubei Province, China, is described and illustrated. It is morphologically similar to two other species belonging to Primula sect. Auganthus, P. rupestris from West Hubei and South Shaanxi Provinces, and P. sinensis from Guizhou and Sichuan Provinces, but can be easily distinguished from the two by its obovate-spatulate to spatulate and pinnately lobed leaf blade, cuneate leaf base and shorter petioles that are 1.3–4.8 cm long.

Primula xingshanensis Y. B. Wang, sp. nov. (Fig. 1). Type.— CHINA. Hubei Province, Yichang City, Xingshan County, Xiakou Town, on rocks, elev. 360 m, 31°12´N, 110°51´E, 27 Feb 2022, Wang et al. ycmy152 (holotype, IBSC!, isotypes, PE!). Description:— Perennial herb, up to 30 cm tall, leaves and stems with dense long hairs. Roots dark brown or lilac, fleshy and brittle. Rhizomes brown, 3–22 cm long, sometimes branched, comparatively stout, with numerous dry leaf sheath, old and young leaves at apex. Leaves 5–12, rosette; petioles 1.3–4.8 cm long, green with copious multicellular white hairs, vaginate at base; blades obovate-spatulate to spatulate, 2–5 × 1–3 cm, fleshy, densely white villous on both sides, adaxially green, abaxially light green, pinnately lobed to ca. 1/3 of its width; lobes 7–10, oblong to subrotund, margin entire; cuneate at base, round at apex, lateral veins 4–6 pairs. Scapes 2–3 arising from each leaf rosette, 2.2–6.2 cm tall, densely white villous, umbels 1–3, superimposed, each umbel with 2–5 flowers; bracts linear to lanceolate, 0.3–1.5 cm long, acute at apex, densely white villous; pedicels 1.2–3.0 cm long, densely white villous. Flowers heterostylous; calyx bell-shaped, 6–9 mm long, 5–7 mm in diam., inflated at base in fruit, densely white villous, parted to 1/3, lobes triangular, margin entire, apex acute; corolla pink or pale lilac, funnel-shaped, with yellow spots at throat; limb 2.5–4.0 cm in diam., lobes 5, broadly elliptic, ca. 10 × 9 mm, glabrous, 2-lobed at apex, parted to 1/3. Pin flowers with corolla tube ca. 1–1.3 cm long, stamens inserted 3–4 mm from base of corolla tube, pillar length about 3/4 of corolla tube, 6–9 mm long, slightly higher than the calyx; thrum flowers with corolla tube 1.2–1.4 cm long, stamens inserted 6–8 mm from base of corolla tube, pillar 3 mm long. Stigma globular; ovary globular, glabrous, ca. 3.5 mm in diam., ovules many. Capsule subglobose, 5–6 mm in diam. Seeds many, ellipsoid, 1–2 mm long. Phenology:— The species was observed flowering from February to March, and fruiting from the end of March to April. Etymology:— The specific epithet refers to the Chinese pinyin of Xingshan County, where is the type locality. Distribution and ecology:— The new species is currently only known from Xiakou Town, Xingshan County, Yichang City, Hubei Province, China, growing on the rock ledges of rocky cliffs of limestone at about 360 m a.s.l., where there is without soil and moisture due to exposure to the sun. Companion species, such as Corydalis saxicola Bunting, Triaenophora shennongjiaensis X. D. Li, Y. Y. Zan & J. Q. Li, Silene dentipetala H. Chuang can be found around. Conservation status:— To date, only one population with ca. 1000 individuals of the new species has been found. The habitat is free from human disturbance, but the conditions are very poor (nearly without soil or moisture). Based on present survey and according to IUCN red list criteria (IUCN 2001), its conservation status is assessed as ‘Critically Endangered’ (CR)(B2abiii). Taxonomic Note:— According to Hu (1996), Primula xingshanensis should be placed in P. sect. Auganthus because of its distinctively broad and flat-bottomed calyx. Primula xingshanensis is morphologically most similar to P. rupestris in the broad and flat-bottomed calyx and rhizomes with persistent old leaves at the apex and has an overlapping geographical distribution with the latter (West Hubei versus West Hubei and South Shaanxi), but can be easily distinguished by leaf base (cuneate versus cordate or sub-truncate), leaf lobation pattern (pinnately lobed versus palmately lobed) and petiole length (1.3–4.8 cm versus 4–13 cm). The new species is also similar to P. sinensis from Guizhou and Sichuan, but P. xingshanensis clearly differs in its old leaves remaining at the apex of the rhizomes (versus without old leaves at apex), green petiole 1.3–4.8 cm long (versus purplish petiole 4–15 cm long), cuneate leaf base (versus cordate or sub-truncate) and pinnately lobed leaf blade (versus palmately lobed). Here, to facilitate its identification, we provided photographs (Figs. 1 & 2), a detailed morphological comparison (Table 1), as well as a key to the species of Primula sect. Auganthus., Published as part of Wang, Shi-Qin, Yan, Hai-Fei, Cheng, Zhi-Jie & Wang, Yu-Bing, 2023, Primula xingshanensis (Primulaceae), a new species from Hubei, China, pp. 158-162 in Phytotaxa 594 (2) on pages 158-160, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.594.2.8, http://zenodo.org/record/7900653, {"references":["IUCN. (2001) IUCN red list categories and criteria, ver. 3. 1. IUCN Species Survival Commission. [https: // www. iucnredlist. org /]","Hu, C. M. & Kelso, S. (1996) Primulaceae. In: Wu, Z. Y. & Raven, P. H. (Eds.) Flora of China. Vol. 15. Science Press, Beijing & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, pp. 39 - 185."]}

Key to Primula sect. Auganthus (adapted from Hu & Kelso 1996): 1. Leaves pinnately lobed to midvein................................................................................................................................... P. filchnerae 1. Leaves pinnately or palmately lobed, lobes not reaching midvein 2. Old leaves falling off, petiole purplish................................................................................................................................ P. sinensis 2. Old leaves remaining, petiole green 3. Leaf blade base cuneate............................................................................................................................................. P. xingshanensis 3. Leaf blade base cordate to sub-truncate............................................................................................................................. P. rupestris, Published as part of Wang, Shi-Qin, Yan, Hai-Fei, Cheng, Zhi-Jie & Wang, Yu-Bing, 2023, Primula xingshanensis (Primulaceae), a new species from Hubei, China, pp. 158-162 in Phytotaxa 594 (2) on page 161, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.594.2.8, http://zenodo.org/record/7900653, {"references":["Hu, C. M. & Kelso, S. (1996) Primulaceae. In: Wu, Z. Y. & Raven, P. H. (Eds.) Flora of China. Vol. 15. Science Press, Beijing & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, pp. 39 - 185."]}

Additional file 12: Fig. S12. Pie charts of the ratio of gene support, conflict, and non-informatic gene loci on each node of an ASTRAL maximum quartet support species tree (MQSST). The blue sector of the pie chart indicates the gene support for the shown topology. The green sector of the pie chart indicates the most common conflicting topologies. The red sector of the pie chart indicates all other supported conflicting topologies. The gray sector has no support for two conflict testing topologies. The number in parentheses represents the most common conflict (green) rather than all other gene tree conflicts (red).

Additional file 6: Fig. S6. Comparisons of dN, dS, and dN/dS of the protein-coding genes in three main subg. Lysimachia clades. (a) The 53 protein-coding genes in subg. Palladia. (b) The 49 protein-coding genes in subg. Idiophyton. (c) The 51 protein-coding genes in subg. Lysimachia (Christinae clade).

Additional file 5: Fig. S5. Comparison of nucleotide diversity (Pi) values in plastomes of four main Lysimachia clades. (a) The subg. Palladia (clade III). (b) The subg. Idiophyton (clade VI). (c) The subg. Lysimachia (clade I). (d) The subg. Lysimachia (clade IV).

Dataset for "Flora diversity survey and plants DNA barcode database establishment in Lomas ecosystem, Peru"

Additional file 7: Fig. S7. The maximum likelihood tree (T2) of Lysimachia reconstructed based on PCGs. The bootstrap support values are indicated along the branches.

Additional file 8: Fig. S8. The maximum likelihood tree (T3) of Lysimachia reconstructed based on IGS. The bootstrap support values are indicated along the branches.

Additional file 4: Fig. S4. Sequence identity plots of plastomes of Lysimachia by mVISTA using Lysimachia fortunei as the reference. The top line shows the orientation of genes. A cutoff of 70% identity was used for the plots, and the Y-scale represents the percentage identity ranging from 50 to 100%.

Additional file 9: Fig. S9. The maximum likelihood tree (T4) of Lysimachia reconstructed based on introns. The bootstrap support values are indicated along the branches.

Additional file 8: Figure S8. Correlation of NUMT length and Ericales mitogenome size.

Additional file 3: FigureS3. The inferred secondary structure of the ccmFc gene among the Ericales mitogenomes. Primula contains three Primula mitogenomes; Actinidia contains two kiwifruit mitogenomes.

Additional file 12: Table S12. Variability of 23 regions in Musaceae.

Additional file 8: Fig. S8. ML tree inferred from IQ-TREE based on unpartitioned CP-slope. CP-slope refers to CP after excluding saturated loci based on slopes of the linear regression. The support values of SH-aLRT (on the left) and UFBS (on the right) are shown on the branches, respectively.

Additional file 11: Fig. S11. Divergence times inferred from BEAST2. The red pentagrams refer to the fossil and secondary calibration points. The white numbers in black circles correspond to those in Fig. 2 and mentioned in the main text. The numbers and blue bars at nodes are divergence times before present and corresponding time intervals in the 95% highest posterior density (HPD).

Additional file 6: FigureS6. Gene clusters of each Ericales mitogenome. The red cell indicates the existence of one specific gene cluster.

Additional file 5: Figure S5. The three longest LCBs and their distribution in Primula taxa.