Search

BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and m-xylene,p-xylene, and o-xylene) are significant urban air pollutants. This study examines BTEX variability across 7 European countries using data from 22 monitoring sites in different urban settings (urban background, traffic, industry, and suburban background). Results indicate that the relative abundance of BTEX in urban areas follows the order toluene > benzene > m,p-xylene > o-xylene > ethylbenzene, with median mixing ratios of 266 ± 152, 163 ± 74, 129 ± 88, 53 ± 35, and 45 ± 27 ppt during the years 2017–2022, respectively. Seasonal trends show benzene had similar median concentrations across urban background, traffic, and industrial sites, indicating mixed sources. Toluene levels were highest in traffic and industrial areas, highlighting road traffic and industrial emissions. Ethylbenzene and xylenes showed equivalent levels in traffic and industrial areas but were lower in urban backgrounds. Peak BTEX levels occurred during morning and evening rush hours, linked to traffic, heating, and atmospheric stagnation. B/T ratios ranged from 0.29 ± 0.11 to 1.35 ± 0.95, and X/E ratios ranged from 1.75 ± 0.91 to 3.68 ± 0.30, indicating primary pollution from local traffic, followed by solvents, coatings, and biomass burning. Lifetime cancer risk from BTEX exposure was below the definite risk threshold (10−4) but above the permissible risk level (10−6), suggesting moderate risk from benzene and ethylbenzene, particularly in traffic and industrial areas. Additionally, the health index of BTEX at monitoring sites was generally lower than the threshold limit value, suggesting a low non-carcinogenic risk overall. This study offers essential insights into BTEX pollution in urban European environments.

Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), as a crucial component that impacts atmospheric chemistry and ecological interactions with various organisms, play a significant role in the atmosphere–ecosystem relationship. However, traditional field observation methods are challenging for accurately estimating BVOC emissions in forest ecosystems with high biodiversity, leading to significant uncertainty in quantifying these compounds. To address this issue, this research proposes a workflow utilizing drone-mounted lidar and photogrammetry technologies for identifying plant species to obtain accurate BVOC emission data. By applying this workflow to a typical subtropical forest plot, the following findings were made: the drone-mounted lidar and photogrammetry modules effectively segmented trees and acquired single wood structures and images of each tree. Image recognition technology enabled relatively accurate identification of tree species, with the highest-frequency family being Euphorbiaceae. The largest cumulative isoprene emissions in the study plot were from the Myrtaceae family, while those of monoterpenes were from the Rubiaceae family. To fully leverage the estimation results of BVOC emissions directly from individual tree levels, it may be necessary for communities to establish more comprehensive tree species emission databases and models.

Abstract Background Femoral neck system (FNS) is a new type of internal fixation system which has been widely used for treating femoral neck fractures (FNFs).Compared with other internal fixation methods, FNS is minimally invasive and stable, and often achieves satisfactory short-term efficacy.Early failure of FNS (EFFNS) is not uncommon, however, there are few literatures and reports on factors associated with EFFNS.This study aimed to survey the prevalence and risk factors of EFFNS. Methods We retrospectively analysed 62 patients with FNFs and underwent FNS fixation between 2019 and 2021. Demographic data, clinical characteristics, radiographic features and treatment process were described. Multifactor logistic regression analysis was used to analyse the different influencing factors. Results Out of the 62 FNFs patients, 10 patients (16.1%) developed EFFNS, including 6 cases of severe femoral neck shortening, 2 cases of screw-out, 1 case of avascular necrosis of the femoral head and 1 case of nonunion. In the failure group, all patients were younger than 65 years old, which was significantly higher than 59.6% in the healing group (P = 0.012). There were no significant differences in sex(P = 0.490), BMI (P = 0.709), injured side (P = 0.312), injury mechanism (P = 0.617), reduction method(P = 0.570),femoral neck-shaft angle(P = 0.545), Pauwels classification (P = 0.564) and Garden classification (P = 0.195). Moreover, we not found that Garden classification (P = 0.464) and age (P = 0.128) were statistically significant risk factors for EFFNS at multivariate analysis. Conclusion In this study, sex, BMI, injury side, injury mechanism, reduction method, Pauwels angle, femoral neck-shift angle, Pauwels classification and Garden classification were excluded as EFFNS risk factors. Moreover, our study demonstrated that age and Garden classification were not significant risk factors at multivariate analysis. Trial registration ChiCTR, ChiCTR2100051360. Registered on 21 September, 2021. https://www.chictr.org.cn/index.aspx .

Bioinks are formulations of biomaterials and living cells, sometimes with growth factors or other biomolecules, while extrusion bioprinting is an emerging technique to apply or deposit these bioinks or biomaterial solutions to create three-dimensional (3D) constructs with architectures and mechanical/biological properties that mimic those of native human tissue or organs. Printed constructs have found wide applications in tissue engineering for repairing or treating tissue/organ injuries, as well as in vitro tissue modelling for testing or validating newly developed therapeutics and vaccines prior to their use in humans. Successful printing of constructs and their subsequent applications rely on the properties of the formulated bioinks, including the rheological, mechanical, and biological properties, as well as the printing process. This article critically reviews the latest developments in bioinks and biomaterial solutions for extrusion bioprinting, focusing on bioink synthesis and characterization, as well as the influence of bioink properties on the printing process. Key issues and challenges are also discussed along with recommendations for future research.

In view of the problem that some multi-line light detection and ranging (LiDAR) scans a small field of view in the vertical direction, a framework that uses an integrated handheld hemispherical view LiDAR and inertial measurement unit (IMU) scanning system for simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) is proposed. For the structural characteristics of the hemispherical view LiDAR scan lines, a ground segmentation pre-processing module based on seed points is designed. The segmented ground points are downsampled to eliminate redundant vertical constraints. The IMU data and the pre-processed point cloud are performed state estimation via a tightly coupled iterative Extended Kalman Filter (iEKF) to obtain the real-time poses. The detected loop closures provide global constraints for the point cloud map. The factor graph is used to process the back-end optimization incrementally to eliminate the accumulation error of the system. Data from diverse scenes are collected via a prototype system. Both qualitative and quantitative experiments are performed to prove the accuracy and performance of the framework. Experiments show that our framework outperforms the state-of-the-art SLAM methods for the hemispherical view LiDAR-IMU integrated scanning system.

Today, natural disasters have a huge impact all over the world, while GNSS plays an important role in disaster relief and rescue. However, when the ground surface is severely damaged and covered, satellite positioning means are denied. In addition, disaster site conditions are often very complex and may require unmanned robots such as UAVs for pre-surveying. To address the raised problem, we reconstructed the 3D scene by laser SLAM; improved PRM path planning method for better computational efficiency while solving feasible path results; and realized UAV autonomous flight along the planned path in GNSS-denied environment. The experiments prove that the reconstructed scene map provides a feasible means for UAV autonomous navigation in GNSS-denied environment, and the proposed path planning method has a significant improvement in computational efficiency.

The risk of water erosion on the Tibetan Plateau (TP), a typical fragile ecological area, is increasing with climate change. A rainfall erosivity map is useful for understanding the spatiotemporal pattern of rainfall erosivity and identifying hot spots of soil erosion. This study generates an annual gridded rainfall erosivity dataset on a 0.25∘ grid for the TP in 1950–2020. The 1 min precipitation observations at 1787 weather stations for 7 years and 0.25∘ hourly European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis 5 (ERA5) precipitation data for 71 years are employed in this study. Our results indicate that the ERA5-based estimates have a marked tendency to underestimate annual rainfall erosivity when compared to the station-based estimates, because of the systematic biases of ERA5 precipitation data including the large underestimation of the maximum contiguous 30 min peak intensity and relatively slight overestimation of event erosive precipitation amounts. The multiplier factor map over the TP, which was generated by the inverse distance-weighted method based on the relative changes between the available station-based annual rainfall erosivity grid values and the corresponding ERA5-based values, was employed to correct the ERA5-based annual rainfall erosivity and then reconstruct the annual rainfall erosivity dataset. The multiyear average correction coefficient over the TP between the station-based annual rainfall erosivity values and the newly released data is 0.67. In addition, the probability density and various quantile values of the new data are generally consistent with the station-based values. The data offer a view of large-scale spatiotemporal variability in the rainfall erosivity and address the growing need for information to predict rainfall-induced hazards over the TP. The dataset is available from the National Tibetan Plateau/Third Pole Environment Data Center (https://doi.org/10.11888/Terre.tpdc.271833; Chen, 2021).

The scope of Platonism is extended by introducing the concept of a “Platonic computer” which is incorporated in metacomputics. The theoretical framework of metacomputics postulates that a Platonic computer exists in the realm of Forms and is made by, of, with, and from metaconsciousness. Metaconsciousness is defined as the “power to conceive, to perceive, and to be self-aware” and is the formless, contentless infinite potentiality. Metacomputics models how metaconsciousness generates the perceived actualities including abstract entities and physical and nonphysical realities. It is postulated that this is achieved via digital computation using the Platonic computer. The introduction of a Platonic computer into the realm of Forms thus bridges the “inverse explanatory gap” and therefore solves the “inverse hard problem of consciousness” in the philosophy of mind.

The upper boundary condition of a numerical model can significantly influence the model prediction results. This study used the Weather Research and Forecasting model to introduce the Rayleigh damping layer in the complex terrain of southern Gansu, China. Sensitivity tests are conducted for a strong precipitation process that occurred in 2016. Meanwhile, the effects of the upper gravity-wave damping layer and vertical velocity damping term of different schemes are explored. The results show that the upper gravity-wave damping layer can effectively reduce the error caused by false gravity waves in the complex terrain of southern Gansu Province. Moreover, the applicability of this model in the complex terrain of northwestern China is discussed. Overal, prediction of the precipitation area and intensity is improved. Specifically, the introduction of an implicit gravity-wave damping layer has a more significant damping effect on the upwardly propagating gravity-wave.

Soil thermophysical properties are the key factors affecting the internal heat balance of soil. In this paper, biochars (BC300, BC500 and BC700) were produced with wheat straw at the temperatures of 300, 500 and 700°, respectively. The effects of biochar amendment at the rates of 0%, 1%, 3%, and 5% on the thermophysical properties (thermal conductivity, heat capacity, and thermal diffusivity) of a loessial soil were investigated with and without water content respectively. Although the bulk density of soil significantly decreased with biochar amendment, due to enhancing soil porosity and organic matter content, the thermophysical properties of soil did not change largely with biochar amendment rate and pyrolysis temperature. Water content exhibited significant effects on the thermophysical properties of soils added with biochars, where the thermal conductivity and heat capacity of soil were linearly proportional to water content, the thermal diffusivity initially increased and then decreased with the increase of water content. In the meanwhile, there was no significant correlation between the biochar amendment rate or pyrolysis temperature and thermophysical properties. The results show that water content should be mainly concerned as a factor when the internal heat balance of loess soil is evaluated, even though the soil is amended with biochar.

Biochar amendments could enhance retention of nutrients such as ammonium (NH4+), nitrate (NO3-), and phosphate (PO43-) in soils. However, the situation for sulphate (SO42-), which is an indispensable nutrient element for crop growth, is unclear. In this paper, the effects of biochar derived from rape (Brassica campesstris L.) straw at 600°C on the sorption and leaching of SO42- in light sierozem (Calcids) was studied in columns, where biochar amendment rate, column soil height, solution pH value and initial sulphate concentration were selected as factors. It is shown that the transport of sulphate was a significant non-equilibrium process and the sorption and leaching curves (SLCs) of sulphate were asymmetrical. The breakthrough time would be increased by increasing biochar amendment and soil column height, and by decreasing solution pH value and initial sulphate concentration. The SLCs of bromide trace were fitted to determine dispersion coefficient (D) using equilibrium convection dispersion equation (CDEeq). The non-equilibrium (two-site) model (CDEnon-eq) with the results from CDEeq was used to simulate the transport processes of sulphate in the soil column, with good fitness, using software CXTFIT 2.1 fitting. The results could supply an implication for biochar application in loess areas.

Nutrient leaching in intensively managed oil palm plantations can diminish soil fertility and water quality. There is a need to reduce this environmental footprint without sacrificing yield. In a large-scale oil palm plantation in Acrisol soil, we quantified nutrient leaching using a full factorial experiment with two fertilization rates (260 kg N, 50 kg P, and 220 kg K ha−1 yr−1 as conventional practice and 136 kg N, 17 kg P, and 187 kg K ha−1 yr−1, equal to harvest export, as reduced management) and two weeding methods (conventional herbicide application and mechanical weeding as reduced management) replicated in four blocks. Over the course of 1 year, we collected monthly soil pore water at 1.5 m depth in three distinct management zones: palm circle, inter-row, and frond-stacked area. Nutrient leaching in the palm circle was low due to low solute concentrations and small drainage fluxes, probably resulting from large plant uptake. In contrast, nitrate and aluminum leaching losses were high in the inter-row due to the high concentrations and large drainage fluxes, possibly resulting from low plant uptake and low pH. In the frond-stacked area, base cation leaching was high, presumably from frond litter decomposition, but N leaching was low. Mechanical weeding reduced leaching losses of base cations compared to the conventional herbicide weeding probably because herbicides decreased ground vegetation and thus reduced soil nutrient retention. Reduced fertilization rates diminished the nitrate leaching losses. Leaching of total nitrogen in the mechanical weeding with reduced fertilization treatment (32±6 kg N ha−1 yr−1) was less than half of the conventional management (74±20 kg N ha−1 yr−1), whereas yields were not affected by these treatments. Our findings suggest that mechanical weeding and reduced fertilization should be included in the program by the Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture for precision farming (e.g., variable rates with plantation age), particularly for large-scale oil palm plantations. We further suggest including mechanical weeding and reduced fertilization in science-based policy recommendations, such as those endorsed by the Roundtable for Sustainable Palm Oil association.

With semiconductor technology gradually approaching its physical and thermal limits, recent supercomputers have adopted major architectural changes to continue increasing the performance through more power-efficient heterogeneous many-core systems. Examples include Sunway TaihuLight that has four management processing elements (MPEs) and 256 computing processing elements (CPEs) inside one processor and Summit that has two central processing units (CPUs) and six graphics processing units (GPUs) inside one node. Meanwhile, current high-resolution Earth system models that desperately require more computing power generally consist of millions of lines of legacy code developed for traditional homogeneous multicore processors and cannot automatically benefit from the advancement of supercomputer hardware. As a result, refactoring and optimizing the legacy models for new architectures become key challenges along the road of taking advantage of greener and faster supercomputers, providing better support for the global climate research community and contributing to the long-lasting societal task of addressing long-term climate change. This article reports the efforts of a large group in the International Laboratory for High-Resolution Earth System Prediction (iHESP) that was established by the cooperation of Qingdao Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (QNLM), Texas A&M University (TAMU), and the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), with the goal of enabling highly efficient simulations of the high-resolution (25 km atmosphere and 10 km ocean) Community Earth System Model (CESM-HR) on Sunway TaihuLight. The refactoring and optimizing efforts have improved the simulation speed of CESM-HR from 1 SYPD (simulation years per day) to 3.4 SYPD (with output disabled) and supported several hundred years of pre-industrial control simulations. With further strategies on deeper refactoring and optimizing for remaining computing hotspots, as well as redesigning architecture-oriented algorithms, we expect an equivalent or even better efficiency to be gained on the new platform than traditional homogeneous CPU platforms. The refactoring and optimizing processes detailed in this paper on the Sunway system should have implications for similar efforts on other heterogeneous many-core systems such as GPU-based high-performance computing (HPC) systems.

Stemflow is important for recharging root-zone soil moisture in arid regions. Previous studies have generally focused on stemflow volume, efficiency and influential factors but have failed to depict stemflow processes and quantify their relations with rainfall characteristics within events, particularly for xerophytic shrubs. Here, we measured the stemflow volume, intensity, funneling ratio and time lags to rain at two dominant shrub species (Caragana korshinskii and Salix psammophila) and rainfall characteristics during 54 events at the semiarid Liudaogou catchment of the Loess Plateau, China, during the 2014–2015 rainy seasons. The funneling ratio was calculated as the ratio between stemflow and rainfall intensities at the inter- and intra-event scales. Our results indicated that the stemflow of C. korshinskii and S. psammophila, on average, started at 66.2 and 54.8 min, maximized 109.4 and 120.5 min after rain began, and ended 20.0 and 13.5 min after rain ceased. The two shrubs had shorter stemflow duration (3.8 and 3.4 h) and significantly larger stemflow intensities (517.5 and 367.3 mm h−1) than those of rain (4.7 h and 4.5 mm h−1). As branch size increased, both species shared the decreasing funneling ratios (97.7–163.7 and 44.2–212.0) and stemflow intensities (333.8–716.2 and 197.2–738.7 mm h−1). Tested by the multiple correspondence analysis and stepwise regression, rainfall amount and duration controlled stemflow volume and duration, respectively, at the event scale by linear relations (p p C. korshinskii, whereas raindrop momentum had the greatest influence on stemflow process of S. psammophila. Therefore, rainfall characteristics had temporally dependent influences on corresponding stemflow variables, and the influence also depended on specific species.

Using the SG-III prototype laser at China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, we irradiated polystyrene (CH) samples with a thermal radiation drive, reaching conditions on the principal Hugoniot up to P ≈ 1 TPa (10 Mbar), and away from the Hugoniot up to P ≈ 300 GPa (3 Mbar). The response of each sample was measured with a velocity interferometry diagnostic to determine the material and shock velocity, and hence the conditions reached, and the reflectivity of the sample, from which changes in the conductivity can be inferred. By applying the self-impedance mismatch technique with the measured velocities, the pressure and density of thermodynamic points away from the principal Hugoniot were determined. Our results show an unexpectedly large reflectivity at the highest shock pressures, while the off-Hugoniot points agree with previous work suggesting that shock-compressed CH conductivity is primarily temperature-dependent.

The concept of Platonism is extended by introducing the new concept of a “Platonic computer” which is incorporated in metacomputics. The theoretical framework of metacomputics postulates that such a Platonic computer exists within the realm of ‘forms’ and is made by, of, with, and from metaconsciousness. Metaconsciousness is defined as the “power to conceive, to perceive, and to be self-aware” and is the formless, contentless infinite potentiality. The infinite potentiality of metaconsciousness is expressed as specific actualities via Platonic computation. This means that an abstract entity is the conscious state of being a specific actuality and is the processing output of the Platonic computer. As such, the physical computer made of silicon is but a shadow or poor imitation of the Platonic computer. Nevertheless, by programing the physical computer it is possible to simulate the generation of abstract entities as the processing output of the Platonic computer.

Allergen-specific immunotherapy is used to treat patients affected by acute immunoglobulin E (IgE) responses, but the function mechanism is unclear. Here the authors show that the administration of two cat allergen-specific IgGs reduces allergic responses in mouse models and helps ameliorate clinical symptoms in a phase 1b clinical trial.

Micro-dystrophins are highly promising candidates for treating Duchenne muscular dystrophy, a lethal muscle disease caused by dystrophin deficiency. Here, we report robust disease rescue in the severe DBA/2J-mdx model with a neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)-binding micro-dystrophin vector. 2 × 1013 vector genome particles/mouse of the vector were delivered intravenously to 10-week-old mice and were evaluated at 6 months of age. Saturated micro-dystrophin expression was detected in all skeletal muscles and the heart and restored the dystrophin-associated glycoprotein complex and nNOS. In skeletal muscle, therapy substantially reduced fibrosis and calcification and significantly attenuated inflammation. Centronucleation was significantly decreased in the tibialis anterior (TA) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles but not in the quadriceps. Muscle function was normalized in the TA and significantly improved in the EDL muscle. Heart histology and function were also evaluated. Consistent with the literature, DBA/2J-mdx mice showed myocardial calcification and fibrosis and cardiac hemodynamics was compromised. Surprisingly, similar myocardial pathology and hemodynamic defects were detected in control DBA/2J mice. As a result, interpretation of the cardiac data proved difficult due to the confounding phenotype in control DBA/2J mice. Our results support further development of this microgene vector for clinical translation. Further, DBA/2J-mdx mice are not good models for Duchenne cardiomyopathy.

Root rot caused by Fusarium solani, is one of the most severe diseases in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Grafting has been attempted as an effective means to control the disease, but little is known about the disease resistance mechanism in grafted pepper. Therefore, we investigated the changes of biomass, cell structure, and the secondary metabolism in roots of control (non-grafted pepper) and grafted peppers using cvs. Weishi and Buyeding as rootstocks and the cv. Xinfeng 2 as a scion. After a manual inoculation, less F. solani invaded grafted pepper roots and consequently less serious injury to the root cell ultra-structure compared with the control was found. The roots of grafted pepper infected with F. solani exhibited greater biomass production and root activity than the roots of infected controls. Grafting led to an increased content of salicylic acid, benzoic acid, vanillin, lignin, and polyamines, as well as activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase, polyphenoloxidase, and peroxidase. These results suggest that grafting improved the resistance of peppers to root rot.

This paper presents a historical analysis from socio-hydrological perspectives of the coupled human–groundwater system of the Cangzhou region in the North China Plain (NCP). The history of the pendulum swing for water allocation between the economic development and aquifer environmental health of the system is divided into five eras (i.e., natural, exploitation, degradation and restoration, drought-triggered deterioration, and returning to equilibrium). The system's evolution was interpreted using the Taiji–Tire model. Over-exploitation was considered as the main cause of aquifer depletion, and the groundwater utilization pattern was affected by the varying groundwater table. The aquifer depletion enhanced community sensitivity toward environmental issues, and upgraded the social productive force for restoration. The evolution of the system was substantially impacted by two droughts. The drought in 1965 induced the system from natural conditions to groundwater exploiting. The drought from 1997 to 2002 resulted in a surge in further groundwater abstraction and dramatic aquifer deterioration, and community sensitivity increased rapidly and induced the social productive force to a tipping point. From then on, the system returns to equilibrium through new policies and water-saving technologies. Along with the establishment of a strict water resource management strategy and the launch of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, further restoration of groundwater environment was implemented. However, a comprehensive and coordinated drought management plan should be devised to avoid irreversible change in the system.

The impact of topography on Earth systems variability is well recognised. As numerical simulations evolved to incorporate broader scales and finer processes, accurately assimilating or transforming the topography to produce more exact land–atmosphere–ocean interactions, has proven to be quite challenging. Numerical schemes of Earth systems often use empirical parameterisation at sub-grid scale with downscaling to express topographic endogenous processes, or rely on insecure point interpolation to induce topographic forcing, which creates bias and input uncertainties. Digital elevation model (DEM) generalisation provides more sophisticated systematic topographic transformation, but existing methods are often difficult to be incorporated because of unwarranted grid quality. Meanwhile, approaches over discrete sets often employ heuristic approximation, which are generally not best performed. Based on DEM generalisation, this article proposes a high-fidelity multiresolution DEM with guaranteed grid quality for Earth systems. The generalised DEM surface is initially approximated as a triangulated irregular network (TIN) via selected feature points and possible input features. The TIN surface is then optimised through an energy-minimised centroidal Voronoi tessellation (CVT). By devising a robust discrete curvature as density function and exact geometry clipping as energy reference, the developed curvature CVT (cCVT) converges, the generalised surface evolves to a further approximation to the original DEM surface, and the points with the dual triangles become spatially equalised with the curvature distribution, exhibiting a quasi-uniform high-quality and adaptive variable resolution. The cCVT model was then evaluated on real lidar-derived DEM datasets and compared to the classical heuristic model. The experimental results show that the cCVT multiresolution model outperforms classical heuristic DEM generalisations in terms of both surface approximation precision and surface morphology retention.

Alpha-lipoic acid (α-LA) is not only involved in energy metabolism, but is also a powerful antioxidant that can protect against hepatic oxidative stress induced by some drugs, toxins, or under various physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Here, we investigated the effect of α-LA against liver oxidative damage in broilers exposed to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Birds were randomly divided into four groups and assigned different diets: basal diet, 300 mg/kg α-LA supplementation in basal diet, diet containing 74 μg/kg AFB1, and 300 mg/kg α-LA supplementation in diet containing 74 μg/kg AFB1, for 3 weeks. The results revealed that the addition of 300 mg/kg α-LA protected against the liver function damage of broilers induced by chronic low dose of AFB1 as estimated by a significant (p

A triple-stimuli responsive polymer, poly(3-acrylamidophenylboronic acid)-b-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PAAPBA-b-PNIPAM), has been synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization. Temperature, pH, and fructose induced micellization and dissociation transition of block copolymer was investigated by a combination of static and dynamic laser light scattering. PAAPBA-b-PNIPAM copolymer self-assembles into micelles with PAAPBA block as core and PNIPAM as shell in lower pH aqueous solution at room temperature. Increasing the temperature causes the micelle to shrink due to the dehydration of PNIPAM segments at pH 6.2. After the elevation of solution pH from 6.2 to 10.0, the increase in the hydrophilicity of PAAPBA block leads to an expulsion of unimers from micelles. In addition, the fructose addition further enhances the dissociation of micelles. Our experiments demonstrate that the micelle to unimer transition process proceeds via the step-by-step sequential expulsion of individual chains.