1. Twin electroweak bubble nucleation and gravitational wave under the $S_3$ symmetry of two-Higgs-doublet model
- Author
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Phong, Vo Quoc, Vinh, Nguyen Xuan, and Khiem, Phan Hong
- Subjects
High Energy Physics - Phenomenology - Abstract
Sphaleron electroweak phase transirion (EWPT) is calculated in two phase transition stages, thereby showing that the twin (or double) bubble nucleation structure of the phase transition and gravitational wave is in the investigation area of future detectors. The parameter $a$ or $\tan\beta$ is the ratio between two vacuum average values (VEV) although it does not affect the strengh of EWPT but affect the sphaleron energy. However, it only causes this energy to increase slightly. As $a$ increases, the maximum difference of sphaleron energy in one stage is about $6.15$ TeV. $a$ affects the expansion of bubbles during two phase transitions. The more $a$ increases, the more the expansion of two bubbles is at the same time. This ratio does not greatly affect the sphaleron energy but has a strong impact on gravitational waves. The larger the masses of the charged Higgs particles is, the greater the gravitational wave energy density ($\Omega h^2$) is. When the frequency is in the range $0-1.2$ mHz, $\Omega h^2$ will has a maximum value in the range $10^{-12}-10^{-11}$ for all values of $a$ so this can be detected in the future., Comment: 26 pages, 13 figures
- Published
- 2024