Search

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: This study examined the physiological effects of 12 weeks of detraining and retraining in a highly trained master triathlete (age 53.8 years). Methods: Variables associated with swimming, cycling, and running performance, including V ˙ O2max, peak power output (PPO), gross cycling efficiency (CE), running maximal aerobic velocity (MAV), running economy (RE), muscle strength, and body composition were assessed before the last race of the season (baseline), after 12 weeks of detraining, and after 12 weeks of retraining. Results: Detraining resulted in a 9.1% and 10.9% decrease in relative V ˙ O2max for cycling and running, respectively. PPO and MAV declined by 12.7% and 8.6%, respectively. After detraining, CE decreased by 6.2%, and RE was 22% higher than the baseline. The maximal strength capacity of the knee extensor muscles decreased by an average of 8.2%. Body fat percentage increased from 10.5% to 13.8%, while lean mass decreased by 2.2 kg. After retraining, almost all variables returned to baseline or even slightly increased, except RE and lean mass, which did not return to baseline. Conclusion: After 12 weeks of detraining, a lifelong master triathlete can regain his cardiorespiratory fitness (i.e., V ˙ O2max) with 12 weeks of progressive and structured retraining, but his running economy and lean mass remain slightly depressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), as assessed by VO2peak, along with metabolic and cardiovascular health indices, represents the strongest predictors of survival. However, it remains unclear whether concurrent high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and resistance training (RT) can similarly enhance these health markers in patients with type-1 diabetes (T1D) or type-2 diabetes (T2D) compared to healthy individuals. Methods: Adults with uncomplicated T1D or T2D and healthy normoglycemic controls matched for sex and age (HC1 and HC2) performed 3 training sessions/week of concurrent HIIT and RT for 12 weeks. Pre- and post-intervention assessments included: lipids and glycemic profile, body composition (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry) and a cyclo-ergometric cardio-pulmonary exercise test. Results: Training improved VO2peak, the ventilatory threshold (VT1), maximal workload, ventilation and O2pulse, similarly in T1D in HC1 without changes in body composition or glycemic profile. In patients with T2D, training improved insulin sensitivity (HOMA-IR), lean mass, VE/VCO2 slope, VT1 and maximal O2pulse, workload and VO2peak with reduction in fat mass and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) (all, p < 0.05). However, improvements in VO2peak and O2pulse were lower than in healthy controls (respectively, T2D: +9%, HC2: +18% and T2D: +6%, HC2: +19%, p < 0.05). Conclusions: Both patients with T1D and T2D benefit from combined HIIT and RT by improving CRF with specific adaptations influenced by the presence and type of diabetes. While identical magnitude of achievements were observed in T1D and HC1, T2D patients exhibited lower VO2peak and maximal O2pulse improvements but associated with notable additional health benefits regarding insulin sensitivity, body composition, visceral adipose tissue and ventilatory efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to develop two regression equations to predict maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) using non-exercise data from a substantial cohort of healthy Iranian adult males. Additionally, this study sought to examine the predictive accuracy of these equations across four different levels of physical activity. Methods: A total of 126 participants (age: 34.9 ± 11.3 years, body mass index [BMI]: 24.9 ± 2.7 kg/m², and body fat percentage [BF%]: 18.3 ± 4.9) completed a maximal graded exercise test to measure VO2max, with a mean of 45.0 ± 3.4 ml.kg−1.min−1. Participants also provided information on age, current physical activity rating (PA-R), and either BMI or BF% to estimate VO2max using Jackson and colleagues' regression equations. The PA-R was assessed via a standardized questionnaire and categorized into four levels: sedentary, low, moderate, and high. Results: The key findings from this study indicate that both original models significantly underestimated actual VO2max in a large cohort of Iranian adults (both, p <.001 and mean differences exceeding 2.19 ml.kg−1.min−1). Nevertheless, these models provided accurate predictions for VO2max among individuals with moderate levels of physical activity (both, p >.08 and mean differences between 0.51 and 1.03 ml.kg−1.min−1). Furthermore, the models demonstrated moderate validity, as evidenced by an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.841 and a coefficient of variation averaging 10.9%, with a range from 8.5% to 13.6%. Conclusions: While Jackson's two non-exercise models showed limited accuracy in predicting VO2max among Iranian healthy male adults, they exhibited reasonable precision, particularly among moderately active men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: High-intensity functional interval training (HIFT) is predominantly composed of high exercise training intensities (HiT) and loads. Both have been linked to a higher risk of overtraining and injuries in inexperienced populations. A polarized training approach is characterized by high amounts of low-intensity training (LiT) and only approximately 5%–20% HiT. Compared to HIT-based training, this approach can result in temporary training load and intensity reductions without diminishing training gains. Thus, we aimed to examine the effects of traditional (TRAD) HIFT vs. polarized (POL) HIFT on relevant performance parameters. Methods: Thirty athletes (15 females, age: 26.6 ± 5.0 years, height: 1.76 ± 0.13 m, body mass: 79.6 ± 12.4 kg, prior experience: 2.3 ± 2.0 years, training volume: 6.1 ± 2.4 h/wk) were randomly assigned to 6 weeks of either POL (78% LiT, 22% threshold intensity training (ThT) to HiT) or TRAD (26% LiT, 74% ThT to HiT). HIFT performance testing focused on maximal strength (squat: SQ1RM, deadlift: DL1RM, overhead press: OHP1RM, high pull: HP1RM), endurance (peak oxygen uptake: V̇O2peak, lactate threshold: LT, peak power output (PPO), and benchmark HIFT workout (Jackie: 1000 m rowing, 50 thrusters, and 30 pull-ups for time). Results: POL (785 ± 71 au) completed significantly (p ≤ 0.001; SMD = 4.55) lower training load (eTRIMP) than TRAD (1,273 ± 126 au). rANCOVA revealed no statistical relevant group×time interaction effects (0.094 ≤ p ≤ 0.986; 0.00 ≤ ηp2 ≤ 0.09) for SQ1RM, DL1RM, OHP1RM, high pull, V̇O2peak, LT, PPO, and Jackie performance. Both groups revealed trivial to moderate but significant (rANCOVA time effects: p ≤ 0.02; 0.01 ≤ ηp2 ≤ 0.11; 0.00 ≤ SMD ≤ 0.65) performance gains regarding DL1RM, OHP1RM, HP1RM, and Jackie. Conclusion: Despite a notably lower total training load, conditioning gains were not affected by a polarized functional interval training regimen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-paced exercise protocols have gained attention for their potential to optimize performance and manage fatigue by allowing individuals to regulate their efforts based on perceived exertion. This pilot study aimed to investigate the neural and physiological responses during a self-paced V ˙ O2max (SPV) and incremental exercise tests (IET). Six trained male cyclists (mean age 39.2 ± 13.3 years; V ˙ O2max 54.3 ± 8.2 mL·kg−1·min−1) performed both tests while recording their brain activity using electroencephalography (EEG). The IET protocol involved increasing the power every 3 min relative to body weight, while the SPV allowed participants to self-regulate the intensity using ratings of perceived exertion (RPE). Gas exchange, EEG, heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), and power output were continuously monitored. Statistical analyses included a two-way repeated measures ANOVA and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests to assess differences in alpha and beta power spectral densities (PSDs) and the EEG/ V ˙ O2 ratio. Our results showed that during the SPV test, the beta PSD initially increased but stabilized at around 80% of the test duration, suggesting effective management of effort without further neural strain. In contrast, the IET showed a continuous increase in beta activity, indicating greater neural demand and potentially leading to an earlier onset of fatigue. Additionally, participants maintained similar cardiorespiratory parameters ( V ˙ O2, HR, SV, respiratory frequency, etc.) across both protocols, reinforcing the reliability of the RPE scale in guiding exercise intensity. These findings suggest that SPV better optimizes neural efficiency and delays fatigue compared to fixed protocols and that individuals can accurately control exercise intensity based on perceived exertion. Despite the small sample size, the results provide valuable insights into the potential benefits of self-paced exercise for improving adherence to exercise programs and optimizing performance across different populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Platelets are key mediators in cardiovascular disease (CVD). Low cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is a risk factor for CVD. The purpose of our study was to assess if CRF associates with platelet function. Methods: Platelet assays and cardiopulmonary exercise testing were conducted in the Framingham Heart Study (N = 3014). Linear mixed effects models estimated associations between CRF (assessed by peak oxygen uptake [V̇O2]) and multiple platelet reactivity assays. Models were adjusted for multiple medications, risk factors, relatedness, and prevalent CVD. Results: Nineteen associations passed the significance threshold in the fully adjusted models, all indicating higher CRF associated with decreased platelet reactivity. Significant traits spanned multiple platelet agonists. Strongest associations were observed in multiplate whole blood testing after TRAP-6 (e.g., velocity, beta = -0.563, 95% CI = -0.735 to -0.391, P = 1.38E-10), ADP (e.g., velocity, beta = -0.514, 95% CI = -0.681 to -0348, P = 1.41E-09), collagen (e.g., velocity, beta = -0.387, 95% CI = -0.549 to -0.224, P = 3.01E-06), ristocetin (e.g., AUC, beta = -0.365, 95% CI = -0.522 to -0.208, P = 5.17E-06) and arachidonic acid stimulation of platelets (e.g., velocity, beta = -0.298, 95% CI = -0.435 to -0.162, P = 3.39E-04), and light transmission aggregometry (LTA) after ristocetin stimulation (e.g., max aggregation, beta = -0.362, 95% CI = -0.540 to -0.184, P = 6.64E-05). One trait passed significance threshold in the aspirin subsample (LTA ristocetin primary slope, beta = -0.733, 95% CI = -1.134 to -0.333, P = 3.30E-04) and another in a model including von Willebrand Factor levels as a covariate (U46619, a thromboxane receptor mimetic, AUC in the Optimul assay, beta = -0.36, 95% CI = -0.551 to -0.168, P = 2.35E-04). No strong interactions were observed between the associations and sex, age, or body mass index in formal interaction analyses. Conclusions: Our findings build on past work that shows CRF to be associated with reduced CVD by suggesting decreased platelet reactivity may play a mechanistic role. We found significant associations with multiple platelet agonists, indicating higher CRF may globally inhibit platelets; however, given multiple strong associations after TRAP-6 and ADP stimulation, PAR-1 and purinergic signaling may be most heavily involved. This is notable because each of these receptor pathways are tied to anticoagulant (DOAC/thrombin inhibitors) and antiplatelet therapies (P2Y12/PAR1/PAR4 inhibitors) for CVD prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The value of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2MAX) is a key health indicator. Usually, VO2MAX is determined with cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), which is cumbersome and time-consuming, making it impractical in many testing scenarios. The aim of this study is to validate a novel seismocardiography sensor (Seismofit®, VentriJect DK, Hellerup, Denmark) for non-exercise estimation of VO2MAX. Methods: A cohort of 94 healthy subjects (52% females, 48.2 (8.7) years old) were included in this study. All subjects performed an ergometer CPET. Seismofit® measurements were obtained 10 and 5 min before CPET in resting condition and 5 min after exhaustion. Results: The CPET VO2MAX was 37.2 (8.6) mL/min/kg, which was not different from the two first Seismofit® estimates at 37.5 (8.1) mL/min/kg (p = 0.28) and 37.3 (7.8) mL/min/kg (p = 0.66). Post-exercise Seismofit® was 33.8 (7.1) mL/min/kg (p < 0.001). The correlation between the CPET and the Seismofit® was r = 0.834 and r = 0.832 for the two first estimates, and the mean average percentage error was 11.4% and 11.2%. Intraclass correlation coefficients between the first and second Seismofit® measurement was 0.993, indicating excellent test-retest reliability. Conclusion: The novel Seismofit® VO2MAX estimate correlates well with CPET VO2MAX, and the accuracy is acceptable for general health assessment. The repeatability of Seismofit® estimates obtained at rest was very high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Altitude training is a cornerstone for endurance athletes for improving blood variables and performance, with optimal effects observed at ∼2,300–2,500 meters above sea level (m.a.s.l.). However, elite cyclists face challenges such as limited access to such altitudes, inadequate training facilities, and high expenses. To address these issues, a novel method involving daily exposure to carbon monoxide (CO) has been proposed to amplify altitude training adaptations at suboptimal altitudes. Thirty-one male cyclists were assigned to three groups: Live-High Train-High with CO inhalation (LHTHCO), Live-High Train-High (LHTH), and Live-Low Train-Low (LLTL). The LHTHCO group underwent CO inhalation twice daily in the afternoon/evening to elevate carboxyhemoglobin concentration to ∼10%. Hematological variables, in vivo muscle oxidative capacity, and physiological indicators of cycling performance were assessed before and after a 3-week altitude training camp at 2,100 m.a.s.l. LHTHCO demonstrated a larger increase in hemoglobin mass (Hbmass) compared to both LHTH and LLTL. Although there were no statistical differences between LHTHCO and LHTH in submaximal and maximal performance measures, LHTHCO displayed greater improvements in 1-min maximal power output during incremental testing (Wmax), power output at lactate threshold, and maximal oxygen consumption (V̇ o 2max) compared to LLTL. LHTH demonstrated a larger improvement than LLTL in Wmax and V̇ o 2max, with no group differences in Hbmass or submaximal measures. Muscle oxidative capacity did not differ between groups. These findings suggest that combining moderate-altitude training with daily CO inhalation promotes hematological adaptations more effectively than moderate altitude alone and enhances cycling performance metrics in cyclists more than sea-level training. NEW & NOTEWORTHY: Three weeks of training at moderate altitude with exposure to low doses of CO can significantly enhance hematological adaptations in elite cyclists compared to moderate-altitude training alone. Cycling performance determinants improved more with CO inhalation at moderate altitude compared to sea-level training, whereas there were no differences in submaximal and maximal performance measures compared to moderate-altitude training alone. This study highlights the potential of CO supplementation as an effective adjunct to altitude training regimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max), an essential indicator of integrated function of the cardiovascular, respiratory, and muscular systems, is an excellent predictor of all-cause morbidity and mortality. Direct measurement is a sophisticated procedure which for some individuals is difficult to perform. The use of international formulae leads to overestimation or underestimation of values. Therefore, the present study aimed to generate a best-fit VO2max prediction formula for young Saudi females. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and two randomly selected young healthy Saudi females (19–25 years) with normal body mass index (18.5–24.99 kg m−2) and sedentary lifestyle underwent maximum cardiopulmonary exercise testing on cycle ergometer when using breath-by-breath analyzing system. Hemodynamic and ventilatory parameters were assessed before and during the maximum exercise. Significantly correlated exercise and nonexercise parameters enterd in multiple linear regression analysis to find the best-fit model, and used to generate a VO2max prediction formula. RESULTS: The mean measured VO2max was 1449.1 ± 233.92 ml min−1. The VO2max prediction formula was 1304.193 ± 17.902 × body weight + 43.857 × time until exhaustion − 6.83 × maximum heart rate. The mean calculated VO2max was 1449.14 ± 143.97 ml min−1. No statistically significant difference was observed between the measured and calculated VO2max. The Bland–Altman test for the limit of agreement was performed and showed good agreement between the two values with a minute proportional bias. The standard error of the estimate was 156.34, which is approximately 10.6% of the mean measured VO2max. Reliability analysis yielded a Cronbach's alpha of 0.709. CONCLUSION: This study presents a reliable and valid VO2max prediction formula for young Saudi females. This nationally generated formula is far more representative of the VO2max value than international formulae. We recommend the implementation of this formula and an investigation of its validity in other Saudi population groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem statement and purpose: Soccer, involves high-intensity bouts and unpredictable demands, requiring a thorough understanding of the sport's physical requirements for to optimize training strategies. Professional players cover substantial distances during matches, frequently shifting between different intensity levels. While most actions are of lower intensity, high-intensity efforts, such as sprints and rapid changes of direction, play a critical role in performance. Approach: Comprehensive evaluations, including the Countermovement Jump (CMJ) and Mognoni Test, are critical to capture physiological results and ensure high-level performance throughout the season. A cohort of 28 male professional soccer players from a Serie C team underwent assessments at three points during the season. Tests included anthropometric measurements, the Mognoni field test for aerobic capacity, CMJ for explosive strength, and a High Intensity Running Test (HIT). All tests were conducted under standardized conditions, and statistical analyses employed ANOVA or Krustal-Wallis tests. Results: Body fat percentage significantly decreased across evaluations, indicating a positive adaptation. Blood lactate concentrations in both Mognoni and HIT tests decreased, suggesting improved aerobic capacity and adaptation to high-intensity training. CMJ parameters remained stable, except for a decrease in CMJ normalized power. Individual variability in vertical jump performance emphasizes the need for continual neuromuscular stimulation. The results showed dynamic physiological adaptations during the soccer season. Conclusion: Our study suggests that optimizing body composition, monitoring training loads, and addressing individual responses are crucial for effective training. Coaches should prioritize monitoring power normalized per weight and blood lactate during the competitive season to tailor interventions for maximal efficiency in explosive movements and overall performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine the content validity of cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) for assessing peak oxygen uptake (VO 2peak) in neuromuscular diseases (NMD). Baseline assessment of a randomized controlled trial. Academic hospital. Eighty-six adults (age: 58.0±13.9 y) with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (n=35), postpolio syndrome (n=26), or other NMD (n=25). Not applicable. Workload, gas exchange variables, heart rate, and ratings of perceived exertion were measured during CPET on a cycle ergometer, supervised by an experienced trained assessor. Muscle strength of the knee extensors was assessed isometrically with a fixed dynamometer. Criteria for confirming maximal cardiorespiratory effort during CPET were established during 3 consensus meetings of an expert group. The percentage of participants meeting these criteria was assessed to quantify content validity. The following criteria were established for maximal cardiorespiratory effort: a plateau in oxygen uptake (VO 2plateau) as the primary criterion, or 2 of 3 secondary criteria: (1) peak respiratory exchange ratio (RER peak) ≥1.10 (2), peak heart rate ≥85% of predicted maximal heart rate; and (3) peak rating of perceived exertion (RPE peak) ≥17 on the 6-20 Borg scale. These criteria were attained by 71 participants (83%). VO 2plateau , RER peak ≥1.10, peak heart rate ≥85%, and RPE peak ≥17 were attained by 31%, 73%, 69%, and 72% of the participants, respectively. Peak workload, VO 2peak , and knee extension muscle strength were significantly higher, and body mass index was lower (all P <.05), in participants with maximal cardiorespiratory effort than other participants. Most people with NMD achieved maximal cardiorespiratory effort during CPET. This study provides high quality evidence of sufficient content validity of VO 2peak as a maximal aerobic capacity measure. Content validity may be lower in more severely affected people with lower physical fitness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Evidence regarding the performance-related effects of Actovegin is limited, despite legislated restrictions being in place for this supplement within sport settings. Objectives: Our study examined the effects of Actovegin on physiological responses and performance during maximal cardiopulmonary exercise in collegiate athletes. Methods: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled experimental design was adopted. Moderately trained collegiate athletes from various sports were randomly allocated to placebo (n = 8) or Actovegin (n = 8) groups. All athletes consumed three capsules across each day for seven days of loading. Athletes underwent two separate cardiopulmonary exercise tests one week apart. Separate 2 × 2 mixed ANOVAs and effect sizes ( η p 2 ) were used to assess for between- and within-group differences. Results: A significant time * group effect (p = 0.036, η p 2 = 0.278) was observed in systolic blood pressure. Significant main effects were only observed for time in several variables, with increases in peak oxygen uptake (VO2) (p < 0.001, η p 2 = 0.893), peak minute ventilation (p = 0.004, η p 2 = 0.456), ventilatory equivalents for carbon dioxide (p = 0.002, η p 2 = 0.517), oxygen pulse (p = 0.006, η p 2 = 0.434), VO2 at first ventilatory threshold (p = 0.002, η p 2 = 0.520), velocity at second ventilatory threshold (p < 0.001, η p 2 = 0.997), VO2 at second ventilatory threshold (p < 0.001, η p 2 = 0.628), and peak velocity (p = 0.010, η p 2 = 0.386), and a decrease in respiratory exchange ratio (p < 0.001, η p 2 = 0.695). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that although physiological and performance alterations were evident with Actovegin supplementation during cardiopulmonary exercise, no further benefits beyond those obtained with a placebo were attained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is characterized by central (cardiac) and peripheral vascular dysfunctions, significantly diminishing exercise capacity and quality of life. Although central cardiopulmonary abnormalities in SCD are known to reduce exercise capacity and quality of life; the impact of hemolysis and subsequent cell-free hemoglobin (Hb)-mediated peripheral vascular abnormalities on those outcomes are not fully understood. Despite the recognized benefits of exercise training for cardiovascular health and clinical management in chronic diseases like heart failure, there remains substantial debate on the advisability of regular physical activity for patients with SCD. This is primarily due to concerns that prolonged and/or high-intensity exercise might trigger metabolic shifts leading to vaso-occlusive crises. As a result, exercise recommendations for patients with SCD are often vague or nonexistent, reflecting a gap in knowledge about the mechanisms of exercise intolerance and the impact of exercise training on SCD-related health issues. This mini-review sheds light on recent developments in understanding how SCD affects exercise tolerance, with a special focus on the roles of hemolysis and the release of cell-free hemoglobin in altering cardiovascular and skeletal muscle function. Also highlighted here is the emerging research on the therapeutic effects and safety of exercise training in patients with SCD. In addition, the review identifies future research opportunities to fill existing gaps in our understanding of exercise (in)tolerance in SCD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The rise in cardiovascular diseases has necessitated implementing effective interventions to improve cardiorespiratory endurance. Objectives. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of interval training (IT), particulary high-intensity interval training (HIIT), in enhancing cardiorespiratory endurance across various demographics. IT, characterized by high-intensity exercise followed by recovery periods, has gained attention for its potential to improve key cardiovascular markers such as VO₂max and cardiovascular efficiency. Materials and methods. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using multiple databases, adhering to the PRISMA guidelines. From 893 initially screened articles, eight studies met the inclusion criteria. These studies examined the effects of IT, especially HIIT, on cardiorespiratory endurance across various population groups, including sedentary individuals, athletes, and older adults. Metrics such as VO₂max and cardiovascular efficiency were the primary outcomes measured. Results. The findings indicate that IT, especially HIIT, consistently improves VO₂max and overall cardiovascular fitness in diverse populations. HIIT has been observed to outperform moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) in generating faster cardiovascular adaptations. Despite its benefits, the high intensity of IT requires careful individualization to mitigate the risk of injury, particularly in populations with lower baseline fitness levels. Conclusions. This review concludes that IT is an effective and time-efficient method for improving cardiorespiratory endurance. It should be considered a viable option in both clinical and athletic populations. However, further research is recommended to investigate the long-term safety of HIIT in high-risk populations and to enhance adherence to these exercise protocols.

Liqiang Su,1,2 Shouzhi Wu,3 Jinmei Fu,4 Shunli Sun4 1Physical Education of College, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, People’s Republic of China; 2School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, People’s Republic of China; 3School of Public Foundation, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu City, Anhui Province, People’s Republic of China; 4Jiangxi Sports Science Medical Center, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Liqiang Su; Shouzhi Wu, Email s-2005100153@163.com; 383678907@qq.comPurpose: This study aims to explore the relationship between BMI and chronic inflammation and to investigate the interaction and mediation of physical activity (PA), cardiopulmonary function, and visfatin.Methods: A total of 119 participants were included in the study, 60 in the obesity group, 30 in the normal weight group, and 29 in the overweight group. PA, VO2max, visfatin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and four blood lipid indices (TC, TG, HDLC, LDLC) were analyzed. Regression analysis was used to understand the effect of BMI on chronic inflammation. Covariate analysis was conducted to screen effective covariates affecting BMI to predict chronic inflammation and test the interaction and intermediary role of effective covariates.Results: The increase in BMI could aggravate chronic inflammation. PA, VO2max, and visfatin had interactive effects on BMI affecting chronic inflammation, and visfatin played an intermediary role in BMI affecting chronic inflammation. The effect value of BMI on chronic inflammation in terms of low PA was 3.5 times higher than that of high PA, that of low VO2max was 2.8 times higher than that of high VO2max, and that of high visfatin was 3.65 times higher than that of low visfatin. Approximately 19.35% of the effect was mediated by visfatin.Conclusion: An increase in BMI can aggravate chronic inflammation. Increases in PA and VO2max can alleviate chronic inflammation, and visfatin plays a positive mediating role.Keywords: obesity, chronic inflammation, physical activity, VO2max, visfatin

BACKGROUND: Maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max), an essential indicator of integrated function of the cardiovascular, respiratory, and muscular systems, is an excellent predictor of all-cause morbidity and mortality. Direct measurement is a sophisticated procedure which for some individuals is difficult to perform. The use of international formulae leads to overestimation or underestimation of values. Therefore, the present study aimed to generate a best-fit VO2max prediction formula for young Saudi females. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and two randomly selected young healthy Saudi females (19–25 years) with normal body mass index (18.5–24.99 kg m−2) and sedentary lifestyle underwent maximum cardiopulmonary exercise testing on cycle ergometer when using breath-by-breath analyzing system. Hemodynamic and ventilatory parameters were assessed before and during the maximum exercise. Significantly correlated exercise and nonexercise parameters enterd in multiple linear regression analysis to find the best-fit model, and used to generate a VO2max prediction formula. RESULTS: The mean measured VO2max was 1449.1 ± 233.92 ml min−1. The VO2max prediction formula was 1304.193 ± 17.902 × body weight + 43.857 × time until exhaustion − 6.83 × maximum heart rate. The mean calculated VO2max was 1449.14 ± 143.97 ml min−1. No statistically significant difference was observed between the measured and calculated VO2max. The Bland–Altman test for the limit of agreement was performed and showed good agreement between the two values with a minute proportional bias. The standard error of the estimate was 156.34, which is approximately 10.6% of the mean measured VO2max. Reliability analysis yielded a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.709. CONCLUSION: This study presents a reliable and valid VO2max prediction formula for young Saudi females. This nationally generated formula is far more representative of the VO2max value than international formulae. We recommend the implementation of this formula and an investigation of its validity in other Saudi population groups.

Objective: This study aims to systematically assess physical exercise-related symptoms of post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC or long COVID) in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) survivors. Methods: Eight databases were systematically searched on March 03, 2024. Original studies that compared physical exercise-related parameters measured by exercise testing between COVID-19 survivors who recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection over 3 months and non-COVID-19 controls were included. A random-effects model was utilized to determine the mean differences (MDs) or standardized MDs in the meta-analysis. Results: A total of 40 studies with 6241 COVID-19 survivors were included. The 6-min walk test, maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), and anaerobic threshold were impaired in COVID-19 survivors 3 months post-infection compared with non-COVID-19 controls in exercise testing, while VO2 were comparable between the two groups at rest. In contrast, no differences were observed in SpO2, heart rate, blood pressure, fatigue, and dyspnea between COVID-19 survivors and non-COVID-19 controls in exercise testing. Conclusion: The findings suggest an underestimation of the manifestations of PASC. COVID-19 survivors also harbor physical exercise-related symptoms of PASC that can be determined by the exercise testing and are distinct from those observed at rest. Exercise testing should be included while evaluating the symptoms of PASC in COVID-19 survivors.

Purpose. Moderate-altitude training is widely accepted to enhance sports performance, particularly for endurance athletes, more than low-altitude training despite the lack of rigorous scientific studies at a project level in Ethiopia. This study aims to identify the effect of varied altitude training on physiological variables at varied altitudes in young project trainees in Ethiopia. Material and methods: A quasi-experimental, particularly counterbalanced study design was employed using 15 male endurance project trainees, 5 individuals from each training center whose ages ranged from 16 to 20 years. Pre and posttests on Vo2max, heart rate at rest, breath holding time, systolic blood pressure, and mean arterial pressure were made in early morning sessions in their training centers using standardized instruments from 6:00 -8:00 AM. Results: The moderate-altitude trainees had better mean scores in Vo2max, systolic blood pressure, and breath-holding capacity, but in resting heart rate and mean arterial pressure, the low-altitude trainees were better than the moderate-altitude trainees. However, all training centers showed an improvement in mean score difference, but the result indicates no significant difference (P>0.05) between the moderate and low-altitude project training trainees. Conclusion: The results show that training at various altitudes has distinct effects on endurance athletes' Vo2max, systolic blood pressure, breath-holding capacity, resting heart rate, and mean arterial pressure. This emphasizes how crucial it is to create customized training plans to maximize output and recuperation. These findings are significant for athletes and coaches who want to use altitude training techniques to improve endurance training results.

Introduction: Frailty often manifests as an increased vulnerability to adverse outcomes, and detecting frailty is useful for informed healthcare decisions. Veterans are at higher risk for developing frailty and at younger ages. The goal of this study was to investigate approaches in Veterans that can better inform the physiologic underpinnings of frailty, including maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), 6-min walk, muscle strength, and inflammatory biomarkers. Methods: Participants (N = 42) were recruited from the Buffalo VA Medical Center. Inclusion criteria: ages 60-85, male or female, any race, and not having significant comorbidities or cognitive impairment. Outcome measures included: the Fried frailty phenotype, the short physical performance battery (SPPB), quality of life (QOL) using the Q-LES-Q-SF, and the following physiologic assessments: VO2max assessment on an upright stationary bicycle, 6-min walk, and arm and leg strength. Additionally, inflammatory biomarkers (C-reactive protein, IL-6, IL-10, interferon-γ, and TNF-α) were measured using ELLA single and multiplex ELISA. Results: Participants: 70.3 ± 7.4 years of age: 34 males and 8 females, BMI = 30.7 ± 5.4 kg/m2, 26 white and 16 African American. A total of 18 (42.8%) were non-frail, 20 (47.6%) were pre-frail, and 4 (9.5%) were frail. VO2max negatively correlated with Fried frailty scores (r = -0.40, p = 0.03, N = 30), and positively correlated with SPPB scores (r = 0.50, p = 0.005), and QOL (r = 0.40, p = 0.03). The 6-min walk test also significantly correlated with VO2max (r = 0.57, p = 0.001, N = 42) and SPPB (r = 0.55, p = 0.0006), but did not quite reach a significant association with frailty (r = -0.28, p = 0.07). Arm strength negatively correlated with frailty (r = -0.47, p = 0.02, N = 26), but not other parameters. Inflammatory profiles did not differ between non-frail and pre-frail/frail participants. Conclusion: Objectively measured cardiorespiratory fitness was associated with important functional outcomes including physical performance, QOL, and frailty in this group of older Veterans. Furthermore, the 6-min walk test correlated with VO2max and SPPB, but more validation is necessary to confirm sensitivity for frailty. Arm strength may also be an important indicator of frailty, however the relationship to other indicators of physical performance is unclear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. Numerous studies suggest that specialized respiratory muscle training can enhance physical capacity, pulmonary function, and athletic performance, particularly in soccer players. Due to the significant influence of respiratory muscle performance on exercise capability and cardiopulmonary reaction to physical activity, systematic conditioning and assessment of respiratory muscle performance ought to be contemplated in athletes. Therefore, this research aimed to determine whether intermittent resistance training could improve the endurance capabilities of amateur soccer players involved in competitive recreational soccer. Methods.The study involved twenty (n = 20) senior soccer players (mean age 41.2 ± 3.1 years) participating in competitive amateur soccer. The participants were divided into two groups, each subjected to different levels of resistance during both training sessions and matches, while all participants possessed standard medical and fitness parameters. The soccer participants were divided into two categories (Control Group A and Experimental Group B with lower resistance levels), ensuring regular attendance at prescribed weekly training sessions and additional sessions over a six-month period. A standardized assessment motor test (Cooper test), and Spirometry were administered at baseline and after training. Results. The processed data enabled the determination of VO2max, considering the mixed energy expenditure characteristics of football. A significant portion of the team (65%) exhibited inadequate performance in terms of fatigue resistance, potentially linked to an incomplete 12-minute test. This underscores the necessity for enhancing endurance and stamina. Conclusions. The present investigation offers evidence that supports a positive correlation between physiological performance and the impact of resistance training in amateur senior soccer players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Adolescent health sometimes still receives less attention, even though this age group has a high level of vulnerability to various nutritional and health problems. This study aims to determine the health status of adolescent girls including hemoglobin status, hydration status, and cardiorespiratory endurance (VO2Max). Samples were taken using a total sampling technique with the criteria of not having a history of heart and lung disease, living in the girls' dormitory at Integrated Islamic High School Al-Fityan School Aceh in good health and being willing to be respondents, and 60 female students were obtained. Hemoglobin status was observed from the hemoglobin level in the blood sample, hydration status was defined based on the composition of body fluids as measured by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA), VO2Max value was calculated from pulse per minute in resting conditions. Data obtained from each variable was presented descriptively and tested for correlation using the Pearson 95% test. Based on the research results, in general, the majority of respondents can be concluded to have good nutritional status and cardiorespiratory endurance. However, 28.3% of respondents were still found with abnormal nutritional status, abnormal hemoglobin status of 28.3%, dehydration of 43.3% and 33.3% had low cardiorespiratory endurance. This research cannot prove the relationship between hemoglobin status and hydration status on cardiorespiratory endurance (p-value > 0.05). Periodic health status checks are required through the school health unit involving the Community Health Center or health workers to overcome existing problems in these four health status parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: Hearing impairment is not a barrier in the development of an athlete's physical fitness. Inclusion in sports participation and specific tools (i.e., communication aids) appear to be crucial factors in the performance enhancement of deaf and hard-of-hearing athletes. The aim of this systematic review was twofold: to identify the main trends and issues that are being addressed by researchers in the context of physical fitness and sports performance in deaf and hard-of-hearing (D/HH) athletes and to indicate the needs and future directions that should be implemented in the training process of athletes with hearing impairments. The methodology of this systematic review was planned according to PRISMA guidelines. A search of electronic databases (PubMed, EBSCO, Scopus) was conducted to identify all studies on physical fitness, sports performance and participation, and D/HH athletes from 2003 to 2024. In total, 87 full-text articles were assessed to determine eligibility, while 34 studies met the inclusion criteria and were subjected to detailed analysis and assessment of their methodological quality. The presented systematic review indicates evidence that D/HH athletes are characterized by a similar or higher level in selected motor abilities compared to hearing athletes. Moreover, it seems that hearing impairment is not a barrier in the development of an athlete's physical fitness, including aerobic capacity, muscular strength and power or speed of reaction. Furthermore, inclusion in sports participation and specific tools (i.e., communication aids) appear to be crucial factors for performance enhancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical fitness is a condition where the body can carry out activities without feeling tired. Physical fitness is needed by a person because it can be an influence on what he will do. Currently, the Jakarta Islamic Hospital Sukapura North Jakarta continues to experience an increase in both outpatient visits and the number of patients hospitalized. For this reason, it is necessary to measure physical fitness for employees so that it can be known what the physical fitness of employees is so that it can describe the strength of employees in working to serve patients both directly for health workers and indirectly for non-health workers. Based on that, the level of excellent physical fitness for employees is very necessary. This study aims to identify the level of physical fitness of employees, especially through the measurement of Body Mass Index (BMI) and VO2Max levels, and determine how large the proportion of employees who have abnormal physical fitness. This study uses non-experimental quantitative description research, researchers want to evaluate the level of physical fitness of employees of the Jakarta Islamic Hospital Sukapura without providing treatment. The results of this study are that as many as 22 employees or 57.92% of 52 employees have abnormal Body Mass Index (BMI) and as many as 34 people or 97.14% of 35 employees have VO2Max levels with a VO2Max range <35 which means categorized as VO2Max below average. Thus it is necessary to carry out an activity or coaching for employees of the Jakarta Islamic Hospital Sukapura so that they can achieve physical fitness according to standards and can improve their performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chest deformities in children with scoliosis may result in cardiopulmonary disorders, lowering cardiopulmonary capacity levels. However, results regarding the dependence of cardiopulmonary capacity on the severity level of scoliosis remain controversial. We aimed to use dynamic cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) to investigate exercise capacity in reference to spinal deformity in patients with mild or moderate idiopathic scoliosis by means of multivariate analyses. Methods: We included 92 children and adolescents aged 10–17 years with mild and moderate idiopathic scoliosis and 94 healthy peers. The study consisted of three parts: (1) medical record analyses; (2) anthropometric measurements; and (3) CPET. Results: Our results revealed that the mean VO2peak and VO2peak/kg values of the participants with scoliosis were 0.27 L/min and 0.37 mL/min/kg lower than their healthy peers, respectively, regardless of age and gender. Furthermore, the occurrence of scoliosis correlates with a mean decrease in minute ventilation volume by 10.10 L/min, tidal volume by 0.11 L, breathing frequency by 3.78 bpm, and breathing reserve by 14.34%, regardless of the age and gender of the participants. Children and adolescents with mild-to-moderate scoliosis during CPET exhibit a lower ventilation capacity and lower VO2 max than healthy adolescents matched in age but their cardiorespiratory fitness parameters do not depend on the Cobb angle value and the angle rotation of the primary spinal curvature. Conclusions: Physical therapy and activity should be recommended to prevent cardiorespiratory failure in later life in patients with scoliosis. This study may also provide CPET reference values for healthy children and adolescents with scoliosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The primary aims of this study were to examine the effects of 9 weeks of aerobic training, comprising three 30‐min sessions per week, on V̇O2max, inhibitory control, and plasma brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels among adolescents aged 16–19 years. Methods: One hundred twenty‐one untrained or recreationally active adolescents from a Danish high school were enrolled in the study, with 58 females (17.8 ± 0.8 years) and 27 males (18.0 ± 0.9 years) completing it. Participants were randomly divided into three groups performing aerobic training at either moderate‐intensity (MIT: 60%–70% heart rate reserve [HRR]) or high‐intensity (HIT: 80%–100% HRR) or a passive control group (CON) continuing their habitual lifestyle. Both the training groups exercised for 3×30 min per week for 9 weeks using a combination of cycling and running. Before and after the intervention period maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) and the primary outcomes (inhibitory control measured by a modified flanker task, and resting plasma levels of BDNF) were evaluated. Results: After the intervention period, the HIT group demonstrated a larger increase in V̇O2max compared to both the CON and MIT groups, while no significant effects were observed on inhibitory control or plasma BDNF levels in any training group. However, compared to the CON group, the HIT group exhibited a tendency for greater improvement in the flanker interference score (accuracy), attributable to enhanced accuracy on the incongruent stimuli from pre to post. Conclusion: Aerobic training in adolescents increased cardiorespiratory fitness in an intensity‐dependent manner, but no clear effects were observed on neither inhibitory control nor resting plasma BDNF levels. Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02075944. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review investigates the effect of two different concurrent training sequences on endurance performance. The sequences investigated are Endurance–Resistance (ER) and Resistance–Endurance (RE). A literature search is conducted of the SPORTDiscus and Medline databases. The included studies are randomized control trials, which compare the effect of ER and RE on at least one endurance performance variable. A PEDro scale is used to assess the methodological quality of the articles in this review. Of a total of 152 articles identified during the initial screening, 15 studies meet the inclusion criteria. These studies include 426 participants (298 males and 128 females), with 212 of the participants training with ER and 214 with RE. The results are presented as the percentage change of the mean from pre- to post-test. All the studies show an improvement in endurance from pre to post for both interventions, except for the RE group in one study. This review finds small and non-conclusive sequence effects between ER and RE, suggesting that the sequence of concurrent training is not of great importance in relation to endurance performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of early adult mortality, often originating in adolescence. Obesity a prevalent NCD, commonly develops during youth and can measured by body mass index (BMI). Objectives. This study was to describe the relationships between physical activity, as defined by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), BMI, and maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) in adult men who are overweight or obese. Materials and methods. This descriptive study utilized the IPAQ-SF, BMI, and VO2max data from 22 medical records of adult men who were overweight or obese, selected using a purposive sampling approach. Outcomes. Physical activity and BMI are negatively correlated, with a p-value of 0.000 and a Pearson correlation coefficient of -0.989. Statistical significance is indicated by the p-value of 0.000, and the Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.884 shows a strong positive association between VO2max and physical activity. BMI and VO2max are negatively correlated, with a p-value of 0.000 and a Pearson correlation coefficient of -0.896. Conclusion. The study indicates a relationship between physical activity and BMI, as well as between physical activity and VO2max. Additionally, there is a relationship between BMI and VO2max. Overall, physical activity, BMI, and VO2max are interrelated in overweight or obese adult men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection causes multi-organ damage, including in the respiratory and circulatory systems, the basic systems associated with aerobic capacity. Many researchers describe long-term persistent changes in many people who have had a viral infection. This study aimed to investigate the effects of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on the level of physical fitness in female students. Materials and methods: Women (n = 72; 21–23 years old) were divided into 3 groups of 24. The first group was studied in 2015, the second in 2018, and the third in 2022. In the third group, the subjects were infected with SARS-CoV-2. The maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) parameter was evaluated in the subjects. The Astrand test was used for the assessment. Results were statistically analyzed. Results: The differences between the mean VO2max were statistically significant (p ≤ 0.001). The mean VO2max from 2022 was significantly lower than in 2015 and 2018. Conclusions: Infection with SARS-CoV-2 can cause long-term impairment of physiological functions of the body, which may be associated with a decrease in aerobic capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A non‐exercise method equation using seismocardiography for estimating V̇O2peak (SCG V̇O2peak) has previously been validated in healthy subjects. However, the performance of the SCG V̇O2peak within a trained population is unknown, and the ability of the model to detect changes over time is not well elucidated. Forty‐seven sub‐elite football players were tested at the start of pre‐season (SPS) and 36 players completed a test after eight weeks at the end of the pre‐season (EPS). Testing included an SCG V̇O2peak estimation at rest and a graded cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) on a treadmill for determination of V̇O2peak. Agreement between SCG V̇O2peak and CPET V̇O2peak showed a large underestimation at SPS (bias ± 95% CI: −9.9 ± 1.8, 95% Limits of Agreement: 2.2 to −22.0 mL·min−1 kg−1). At EPS no interaction (p = 0.3590) but a main effect of time (p < 0.0001) and methods (p < 0.0001) was observed between SCG and CPET V̇O2peak. No correlation in V̇O2peak changes was observed between SCG and CPET (r = −20.0, p = 0.2484) but a fair agreement in classifying the correct directional change in V̇O2peak with the SCG method was found (Cohen's κ coefficient = 0.28 ± 0.25). Overall, the SCG V̇O2peak method lacks accuracy and despite being able to estimate group changes, it was incapable of detecting individual changes in V̇O2peak following a pre‐season period in sub‐elite football players. The SCG algorithm needs to be further adjusted and the accuracy and precision improved for the method to be applicable for use within a trained population. Highlights: This is the first time a non‐exercise method using seismocardiography for the estimation of V̇O2peak has been validated in sub‐elite football players.The seismocardiography V̇O2peak method lacks accuracy within a trained population as it underestimates V̇O2peak compared to the gold standard measurement in sub‐elite football players.The seismocardiography V̇O2peak method can estimate the group changes in V̇O2peak following the pre‐season training period in sub‐elite football players. However, it is incapable of detecting individual changes.Adjustment of the seismocardiography V̇O2peak algorithm is needed and the accuracy and precision improved for the method to be applicable for use within a trained population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this narrative review is to provide updated high-intensity interval training (HIIT) prescription considerations for endurance athletes and practitioners to maximise the aerobic stress for physiological adaptations. A brief review of the cycling and running-based HIIT literature published since 2006 was conducted, incorporating 23 manuscripts investigating the acute or adaptive physiological and performance responses for endurance-trained athletes. Endurance performance is determined by an athlete's maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max), onset of blood lactate accumulation, and economy of motion. Maximising the time that is spent at or above 90% VO2max (T@VO2max) during training is the most important consideration to improve aerobic fitness. Though endurance athletes are required to perform low-moderate intensity continuous training to support overall volume demands, HIIT provides superior T@VO2max and aerobic adaptations. The manipulation of HIIT structure including volume, work and rest interval intensity and duration can influence T@VO2max. The completion of 4-minute work intervals at 85-100% of the velocity or power that elicits VO2max (PVO2max) with a 2:1 work:rest ratio involving passive recovery or active recovery at <45% PVO2max appears to optimise T@VO2max. Longer intervals (2-5 minutes) during HIIT can further stress maximum cardiac output (the main physiological factor limiting VO2max) when compared to short intervals (≤ 45 seconds), thus, are preferred for endurance athletes to enhance aerobic fitness. Performing short or long-interval HIIT heightens perceptual stress, peripheral, and central fatigue. Therefore, practitioners are advised to carefully prescribe HIIT within a periodised plan to represent approximately 20% of total training volume or 2-3 weekly sessions to mitigate the risk of fatigue exacerbation and overtraining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study investigated the impact of four weeks of age-dependent detraining on army soldiers' cardiorespiratory fitness and maximal and explosive strength. Methods: Fourteen volunteer tactical athletes participated, divided into two age groups (20 to 29 and 30 to 40 years). Before and after the detraining period, we assessed their anthropometric measurements (weight, height, body mass index, fat mass, and fat-free mass), cardiorespiratory fitness (maximal oxygen uptake [VO2max] and ventilatory thresholds [VT1 and VT2]), and kinematic properties during a single-leg counter-moving jump (CMJ) test for both the dominant and non-dominant legs. Two-way ANOVA followed by the Holm–Sidak post hoc test was used. Results: The anthropometric and cardiovascular variables did not show significant differences between the groups. However, both groups exhibited a significantly reduced maximum time and speed at the VO2max. Furthermore, the flight time and maximum height during the CMJ significantly decreased in the non-dominant leg for both age groups. Notably, the dominant leg's concentric impulse (CI) significantly reduced during the CMJ, but this effect was observed only in the 30–40 age group. There were significant differences between the two age groups. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that four weeks of detraining negatively impacts aerobic fitness and muscular strength, independently of age. However, the dominant leg may be more susceptible to detraining effects in army soldiers aged 30–40. Furthermore, as a perspective, our results strongly suggest that a detraining period could affect successful missions (aerobic performance deterioration), as well as promote a muscle imbalance between the legs, which could encourage muscle injuries and endanger combat missions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) is highly prevalent in athletes. The objective of this study was to assess the therapeutic efficacy of daily tangeretin combined with whey protein supplementation over a period of 4 weeks in professional athletes with EIB.Methods Using a placebo-controlled, double-blind, paired, randomized trial design, a cohort of 30 professional athletes with EIB, consisting of 14 females and 16 males, was divided into two groups: the tangeretin combined with whey protein intervention group (TIG), and the placebo control group (PCG). Both the TIG and PCG underwent exercise challenge tests (ECT) and VO2max tests before (ECT1, V1) and after (ECT2, V2) the intervention. Blood (eosinophils, neutrophils, and basophils) and serum (interleukin-5, IL-5; interleukin-8, IL-8; Clara cell secretory protein-16, CC16; immunoglobulin E, IgE) levels were measured early in the morning of ECT1 and ECT2, respectively. Lung function was assessed immediately before and post-ECT immediately.Results Tangeretin combined with whey protein use for 4 weeks attenuated the decrease in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) post trials (∆FEV1(ECT1-ECT2): mean (SD) TIG −7.51(6.9)% vs. PCG −2.33(11.49)%, p = 0.013). Tangeretin also substantially attenuated IL-5 concentration (∆IL-5(T1-T5): Tangeretin −19.4% vs Placebo + 8.37%, p = 0.022); IL-8 concentration (∆IL-8(T1-T5): Tangeretin −17.28% vs Placebo + 6.1%, p = 0.012); CC16 concentration (∆CC16(T1-T5): Tangeretin −11.77% vs Placebo + 24.19%); and IgE concentration in the serum (∆IgE(T1-T5): Tangeretin −24.1% vs Placebo −3.9%), and significantly decreased neutrophil count (∆N(T1-T5): Tangeretin −11.34% vs Placebo + 0.3%) and eosinophil count in blood (∆N(T1-T5): Tangeretin −38.5% vs Placebo + 4.35%). Compared with V1, VO2max (p = 0.042) and TLim (p = 0.05) of V2 were significantly increased in the TIG, and there was no significant change in the PCG. Meanwhile, six athletes in the TIG and 0 athletes in the PCG became EIB-negative at ECT2; the overall negative conversion rate of EIB was 40.00% in TCG. Additionally, the number of cough symptoms decreased from 9 to 3 and dyspnea from 4 to 2 in the TIG.Conclusion After high-intensity exercise, athletes with EIB achieved significant improvements in lung function and blood inflammatory factors by combining tangeretin and whey protein supplementation. EIB athletes also showed longer exercise endurance and VO2max at 4 weeks after TI. In addition, some patient symptoms disappeared after combination supplementation. The effect of this treatment on professional athletes with EIB was beneficial.

PurposeThis study examined the physiological effects of 12 weeks of detraining and retraining in a highly trained master triathlete (age 53.8 years).MethodsVariables associated with swimming, cycling, and running performance, including V˙O2max, peak power output (PPO), gross cycling efficiency (CE), running maximal aerobic velocity (MAV), running economy (RE), muscle strength, and body composition were assessed before the last race of the season (baseline), after 12 weeks of detraining, and after 12 weeks of retraining.ResultsDetraining resulted in a 9.1% and 10.9% decrease in relative V˙O2max for cycling and running, respectively. PPO and MAV declined by 12.7% and 8.6%, respectively. After detraining, CE decreased by 6.2%, and RE was 22% higher than the baseline. The maximal strength capacity of the knee extensor muscles decreased by an average of 8.2%. Body fat percentage increased from 10.5% to 13.8%, while lean mass decreased by 2.2 kg. After retraining, almost all variables returned to baseline or even slightly increased, except RE and lean mass, which did not return to baseline.ConclusionAfter 12 weeks of detraining, a lifelong master triathlete can regain his cardiorespiratory fitness (i.e., V˙O2max) with 12 weeks of progressive and structured retraining, but his running economy and lean mass remain slightly depressed.

PurposeHigh-intensity functional interval training (HIFT) is predominantly composed of high exercise training intensities (HiT) and loads. Both have been linked to a higher risk of overtraining and injuries in inexperienced populations. A polarized training approach is characterized by high amounts of low-intensity training (LiT) and only approximately 5%–20% HiT. Compared to HIT-based training, this approach can result in temporary training load and intensity reductions without diminishing training gains. Thus, we aimed to examine the effects of traditional (TRAD) HIFT vs. polarized (POL) HIFT on relevant performance parameters.MethodsThirty athletes (15 females, age: 26.6 ± 5.0 years, height: 1.76 ± 0.13 m, body mass: 79.6 ± 12.4 kg, prior experience: 2.3 ± 2.0 years, training volume: 6.1 ± 2.4 h/wk) were randomly assigned to 6 weeks of either POL (78% LiT, 22% threshold intensity training (ThT) to HiT) or TRAD (26% LiT, 74% ThT to HiT). HIFT performance testing focused on maximal strength (squat: SQ1RM, deadlift: DL1RM, overhead press: OHP1RM, high pull: HP1RM), endurance (peak oxygen uptake: V̇O2peak, lactate threshold: LT, peak power output (PPO), and benchmark HIFT workout (Jackie: 1000 m rowing, 50 thrusters, and 30 pull-ups for time).ResultsPOL (785 ± 71 au) completed significantly (p ≤ 0.001; SMD = 4.55) lower training load (eTRIMP) than TRAD (1,273 ± 126 au). rANCOVA revealed no statistical relevant group×time interaction effects (0.094 ≤ p ≤ 0.986; 0.00 ≤ ηp2 ≤ 0.09) for SQ1RM, DL1RM, OHP1RM, high pull, V̇O2peak, LT, PPO, and Jackie performance. Both groups revealed trivial to moderate but significant (rANCOVA time effects: p ≤ 0.02; 0.01 ≤ ηp2 ≤ 0.11; 0.00 ≤ SMD ≤ 0.65) performance gains regarding DL1RM, OHP1RM, HP1RM, and Jackie.ConclusionDespite a notably lower total training load, conditioning gains were not affected by a polarized functional interval training regimen.

Physical effort lasting more than 30 minutes, classified as prolonged, depends on the body's endurance, training level, and metabolic and neuromuscular factors. A key indicator of aerobic capacity is maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), which measures the maximum amount of oxygen the body can take in and utilize during exercise. VO2max is influenced by factors such as minute ventilation, cardiac output, cardiorespiratory coordination, and the muscles' ability to oxidize energy substrates. Endurance improves through an increase in the number of mitochondria and enzyme activity in muscles, enhancing the efficiency of energy transformation processes. A high VO2max is a marker of significant aerobic capacity and training level, but working at maximal oxygen uptake can only be sustained for 5-8 minutes. In longer efforts, it is necessary to reduce intensity below the lactate threshold, which better reflects the endurance of marathon runners. Endurance training leads to muscle adaptations, increasing mitochondrial numbers, energy reserves, and the efficiency of oxidative processes. Health training is a long-term process aimed at improving and maintaining health through moderate-intensity physical activity. Its goal is to prevent and support the treatment of lifestyle diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, obesity, or osteoporosis. Regular physical activity supports the immune system, improves mental well-being, reduces stress, and increases the body's endurance. Training should be tailored to individual capabilities, and its intensity must be monitored, particularly in individuals with cardiovascular diseases. Consistency, warming up before exercise, and stretching after training are important.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 8 weeks of short and long rest running-based high-intensity training (HIIT) on body composition, isokinetic strength, and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Nineteen physically active men were recruited to voluntarily participate in the study. The participants were grouped using the closed-envelope randomized method as HIIT with a short rest (HIITS, n = 9; age: 19.60 ± 1.34 years) and HIIT with a long rest (HIITL, n = 10; age: 19.77 ± 0.97). Pre and post the 8-week running-based HIIT program, body mass index and body fat % were measured and all subjects performed isokinetic strength tests to determine their hamstring (H)/quadriceps (Q) peak torque ratio and the peak power and peak work for their H and Q muscles. The participants also underwent a graded exercise test to determine their VO2max. Statistical analysis performed with One-Way Variance Analysis and Bonferroni correction post hoc tests. As a result of the study, there were no significant differences between the pre- and post-training isokinetic strength parameters for the H and Q of HIITL and HIITS at velocities of 60 and 240°s−1. The VO2max did not change for HIITS training but the VO2max increased (p < 0.05) for HIITL training. In conclusion, that HIITL and HIITS programs for 8 weeks did not change the relative and absolute strength, force production and the VO2max, but the VO2max increased (p < 0.05) for HIITL training.