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Summary: Background: Coeliac disease is one of the most prevalent immune‐mediated gastrointestinal disorders in children. Aim: To review the incidence and prevalence of paediatric coeliac disease, and their trends, regionally across Europe, overall and according to age at diagnosis. Methods: Systematic review and meta‐analysis from January 1, 1950 to December 31, 2019, based on PubMed, CINAHL and the Cochrane Library, searches of grey literature and websites and hand searching of reference lists. A total of 127 eligible studies were included. Results: The prevalence of previously undiagnosed coeliac disease from screening surveys (histology based) ranged from 0.10% to 3.03% (median = 0.70%), with a significantly increasing annual trend (P = 0.029). Prevalence since 2000 was significantly higher in northern Europe (1.60%) than in eastern (0.98%), southern (0.69%) and western (0.60%) Europe. Large increases in the incidence of diagnosed coeliac disease across Europe have reached 50 per 100 000 person‐years in Scandinavia, Finland and Spain. The median age at diagnosis increased from 1.9 years before 1990 to 7.6 since 2000. Larger increases in incidence were found in older age groups than in infants and ages <5 years. Conclusions: Paediatric coeliac disease incidence and prevalence have risen across Europe and appear highest in Scandinavia, Finland and Spain. The most recent evidence shows large increases in incidence in most regions, but stabilisation in some (notably Sweden and Finland). Sharp increases in the age at diagnosis may reflect increases in milder and asymptomatic cases diagnosed since reliable serology testing became widely used, through endomysial antibodies after 1990 and tissue transglutaminase antibodies around 2000. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: Accumulating evidence shows that patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) have globally reduced brain mass, including lower cortical volume and thickness, which largely normalizes following weight restoration. The underlying mechanisms for these processes are unknown, and how age and severity of emaciation are associated with brain morphology in AN is poorly understood. We investigated associations of age, body mass index (BMI) and biochemical parameters with brain morphology among patients in treatment. METHOD: We included 85 patients (94% female) aged 12–48 (mean = 23) years with quality controlled magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data. T1‐weighted MRI images, clinical characteristics and biochemical parameters were retrospectively collected from hospital records. Brain morphology was measured using FreeSurfer, and associations investigated using regression models and correlations. RESULTS: Controlling for BMI, age showed significant associations with brain morphology generally concordant with typical brain developmental patterns. Controlling for age, BMI showed significant positive associations with cortical volume and thickness. There were no significant interaction effects between age and BMI. None of the biochemical parameters correlated significantly with brain morphology. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest the presence of typical neurodevelopmental patterns in AN. Importantly, we showed that severity of emaciation is related to brain morphology reductions, underscoring the importance of weight restoration. Highlights: Age showed significant associations with brain morphology generally concordant with known typical brain developmental patternsBody mass index showed significant positive associations with cortical volume and thicknessThere were no significant interaction effects between age and body mass index on brain morphology, and none of the biochemical parameters correlated significantly with brain morphology [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]