Search

Background: To achieve a successful result, the orthodontist must use a systematic approach to plan the orthodontic treatment. Defining the correct position of the upper and lower incisors and evaluating their relationship with intermaxillary discrepancy and facial divergence have been recognized as the starting point for the diagnostic decision regarding extractions and anchorage requirements. The aim of our study was to analyze the relationship between intermaxillary discrepancy (ANPg^), mandibular inclination (SN^GoGn), lip incompetence, and the positioning of the upper and lower incisors (UIPs and LIPs) in a group of orthodontic patients. This retrospective study included 290 lateral cephalograms in 122 males (42.1%) and 168 females (57.9%) aged 8 to 53 years (median 14; interquartile range IQR 12–17). Data were analyzed by means of one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and linear regression analysis. Results: This study showed a statistically significant increase in LIP values in patients with lip incompetence (p < 0.001). Moreover, the distribution of LIPs in groups with various SN^GoGn and ANPg^ angles was significantly different (p < 0.001). The regression analysis also showed a positive association between the LIP and SN^GoGn and between the LIP and ANPg^. Conclusion: The LIP presented a statistically significant difference in patients with and without lip incompetence, which varied significantly in subjects with different sagittal malocclusions and vertical face patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To retrospectively evaluate the effects of single mandibular advancement (MA) and two-jaw surgery (2J-S) on the pharyngeal airway space (PAS) and hyoid position for the correction of skeletal Class II malocclusion. Methods: Eleven adult patients who underwent only MA surgery and twelve adult patients who underwent Le Fort I maxillary impaction-MA surgery (2-JS) were included in the retrospective study. A total of 46 cephalometric recordings obtained before (T1) and after treatment (T2) were examined. Craniofacial changes, area, and linear measurements of the pharyngeal airway and hyoid bone position were obtained in both groups. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to evaluate time-dependent changes within groups. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare differences between groups. Results: Hyoid-Vert values increased significantly in both groups (MA, p<0.01; 2J-S, p<0.05); however, Hyoid-Hor values decreased significantly only in the 2J-S group (p<0.01). The anteroposterior dimensions of the airway increased in both groups, except for the PNS-P and PPS groups (p<0.01). Although a significant increase was observed in the nasopharyngeal area (A1) in the MA group (p<0.05), the decrease was found to be statistically significant in 2JG (p<0.01). Significant increases were found in the oropharyngeal (A2) and hypopharyngeal areas (A3) in both groups (p<0.01, p<0.05). Conclusion: Both surgical procedures for the correction of Class II malocclusion resulted in increased hypopharyngeal, oropharyngeal, and total airway measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To retrospectively evaluate the effects of single mandibular advancement (MA) and two-jaw surgery (2J-S) on the pharyngeal airway space (PAS) and hyoid position for the correction of skeletal Class II malocclusion. Methods: Eleven adult patients who underwent only MA surgery and twelve adult patients who underwent Le Fort I maxillary impaction-MA surgery (2-JS) were included in the retrospective study. A total of 46 cephalometric recordings obtained before (T1) and after treatment (T2) were examined. Craniofacial changes, area, and linear measurements of the pharyngeal airway and hyoid bone position were obtained in both groups. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to evaluate time-dependent changes within groups. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare differences between groups. Results: Hyoid-Vert values increased significantly in both groups (MA, p

Abstract Background The aim of the study was to assess the thickness of the soft tissue facial profile (STFP) in relation to the skeletal malocclusion, age and gender. Methods All patients, aged 7–35 years, who were seeking orthodontic treatment at the Department of Orthodontics, Medical University of Warsaw between 2019 and 22 were included in the study. All patients had lateral head radiographs taken before the treatment. The cephalometric analysis was performed including the STFP analysis. The patients were allocated to one of six groups based on age and skeletal relations (ANB angle). The minimum number of patients in each group was 60 with equal gender distribution. The STFP analysis included ten linear measurements. Results A total of 300 patients were included in the study and allocated to five groups. Group 6 (growing patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion) was not included in the study as it failed to achieve the assumed group size. There were significant differences in the thickness of the STFP in relation to the skeletal malocclusions. Adults with skeletal Class III malocclusion had significantly thicker subnasal soft tissues compared to patients with skeletal Class I and Class II malocclusions. The thickness of the lower lip in patients with Class II skeletal malocclusion was significantly bigger compared to the other groups. Children and adolescents with Class II malocclusions had thicker lower lip in comparison to the group with Class I malocclusion. The majority of the STFP measurements were significantly smaller in children and adolescents compared to adults. The thickness of the STFP in males was significantly bigger in all age groups compared to females. Conclusions The thickness of facial soft tissues depends on the patient’s age and gender. The degree of compensation of the skeletal malocclusion in the STFP may be a decisive factor during orthodontic treatment planning regarding a surgical approach or a camouflage treatment of skeletal defects.

Objectives Growing children with jaw discrepancies, particularly in the anterior region, may require orthodontic management to improve aesthetics, oral health, and dental function. Growing children with skeletal malocclusions self-perception of his or her current oral health status and its impact on his or her quality of life are of prime importance that is often neglected. Hence, this study aims to compare emotional and social wellness in children with skeletal malocclusion before and after myofunctional therapy through a prevalidated child perception questionnaire (CPQ). Materials and Methods Fifty young growing patients with skeletal or dental malocclusion between the age group of 8 and 13 years were included in this study. A preoperative close-ended CPQ 8 to 10 and CPQ 11 to 14 questionnaires were given to the selected children to assess their social and emotional status due to malocclusion. A postoperative close-ended CPQ 8 to 10 and CPQ 11 to 14 questionnaire were given to assess any psychosocial improvement in children after myofunctional therapy. Results An overall improvement was shown in social and emotional well-being of the children using the CPQ, which clearly indicates that growing children with skeletal malocclusion needs to get themselves corrected at the earliest so that their quality of life improves and they become more confident in the society. Conclusion Myofunctional therapy has a positive impact in quality of life of children with skeletal malocclusion by enhancing their social and emotional wellness [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of the study was to assess the thickness of the soft tissue facial profile (STFP) in relation to the skeletal malocclusion, age and gender. Methods: All patients, aged 7–35 years, who were seeking orthodontic treatment at the Department of Orthodontics, Medical University of Warsaw between 2019 and 22 were included in the study. All patients had lateral head radiographs taken before the treatment. The cephalometric analysis was performed including the STFP analysis. The patients were allocated to one of six groups based on age and skeletal relations (ANB angle). The minimum number of patients in each group was 60 with equal gender distribution. The STFP analysis included ten linear measurements. Results: A total of 300 patients were included in the study and allocated to five groups. Group 6 (growing patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion) was not included in the study as it failed to achieve the assumed group size. There were significant differences in the thickness of the STFP in relation to the skeletal malocclusions. Adults with skeletal Class III malocclusion had significantly thicker subnasal soft tissues compared to patients with skeletal Class I and Class II malocclusions. The thickness of the lower lip in patients with Class II skeletal malocclusion was significantly bigger compared to the other groups. Children and adolescents with Class II malocclusions had thicker lower lip in comparison to the group with Class I malocclusion. The majority of the STFP measurements were significantly smaller in children and adolescents compared to adults. The thickness of the STFP in males was significantly bigger in all age groups compared to females. Conclusions: The thickness of facial soft tissues depends on the patient's age and gender. The degree of compensation of the skeletal malocclusion in the STFP may be a decisive factor during orthodontic treatment planning regarding a surgical approach or a camouflage treatment of skeletal defects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Over the years, various researchers have attempted to compare digital cephalometry with the conventional manual approach. There is a need to comprehensively analyze the findings from the earlier studies and determine the potential advantages and limitations of each method. The present systematic review aimed to compare the accuracy of digital and manual tracing in cephalometric analysis for the identification of skeletal and dental landmarks. Methods: A systematic search was performed using the keywords "Digital" AND "Manual" AND "Cephalometry" to identify relevant studies published in the English language in the past decade. The electronic data resources consulted for the elaborate search included the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Scopus, ERIC, and ScienceDirect with controlled vocabulary and free text terms. Results: A total of n = 20 studies were identified that fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria within the timeframe of 2013 to 2023. The data extracted from the included articles and corresponding meta-analyses are presented in the text. Conclusions: The findings of the present systematic review and meta-analysis revealed trends suggesting that digital tracing may offer reliable measurements for specific cephalometric parameters efficiently and accurately. Orthodontists must consider the potential benefits of digital cephalometry, including time-saving and user-friendliness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives The soft palate has morphological variations in lateral cephalometric images. Several studies are available on the analysis of the dimensions of the soft palate, but few have investigated the morphology of the soft palate. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between morphological variations of the soft palate and types of malocclusion in Ahvaz, southwest of Iran. Subjects and Methods In this descriptive-analytical study, the lateral cephalometric images of 162 patients with abnormal skeletal pattern available in the archive of the Radiology Department of Jundishapur School of Dentistry in Ahvaz were used. The radiographs were divided into 6 groups (leaf shape, rat tail shape, butt like, straight line, distorted soft palate, and crook shape) under the supervision of a radiologist. The data were analyzed to determine the relationship between soft palate morphology and skeletal pattern. Results The results showed that 51.2% of the patients’ skeletal pattern were class two, 37% were class one, and 11.8% were class three. The most prevalent soft palate morphology observed in this study was the "rat tail" shape, accounting for 61.7% of all participants. This morphology was consistently the most common across all investigated skeletal classifications. The "leaf" shape followed in prevalence, representing 18.5% of the sample. The least frequent morphology, identified in only 2.5% of participants, was the "S-shaped" type. This pattern of prevalence held true within each individual skeletal pattern as well. Conclusion Rat tail shape of soft palate was by far the most common morphology while distorted soft palate or S-shaped soft palate was the rarest form of soft palate in patients. There is no relationship between the skeletal pattern of the jaw and the morphology of the soft palate in the studied population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mersin University School of Medicine Lokman Hekim Journal of History of Medicine & Folk Medicine is the property of Mersin University School of Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective To study the buccolingual inclination of posterior premolars and molars and the curve of Wilson in patients with different sagittal skeletal patterns, to explore the compensation mechanism of horizontal inclination of posterior teeth in patients with different sagittal skeletal patterns and to provide a reference for the control of posterior tooth inclination in the treatment of bone malocclusion. Methods This study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee, and informed consent was obtained from the patients. Ninety CBCT scans of adults and ninety scans of adolescents before orthodontic treatment were evaluated in this cross-sectional study. There were 30 skeletal Class I, Class Ⅱ, and Class Ⅲ patients in the adult group and adolescent group. The inclination angles of posterior teeth and the curve of Wilson of first and second molars were measured, and data were analyzed between adolescents and adults with different sagittal skeletal patterns. Results Compared with skeletal Class Ⅰ adult patients, the upper posterior molar inclination of skeletal Class Ⅱ patients was significantly lower, and the lower posterior molar inclination was significantly higher. Compared with skeletal ClassⅠ adult patients, the upper posterior molar inclination of skeletal Class Ⅲ adult patients was higher, and the lower posterior molar inclination was significantly lower. The Wilson curve of the second molar in skeletal Class Ⅱ adult patients was significantly higher than that in the other groups. Compared with skeletal ClassⅠ adolescent patients, skeletal Class Ⅲ adolescent patients had a significantly higher upper posterior molar inclination; however, no difference was found between the inclination of the posterior teeth between skeletal Class Ⅰ, Class Ⅱ and Class Ⅲ adolescent patients. Comparing adolescent and adult samples, in skeletal Class Ⅱ patients, adults showed more lingual inclination than adolescents in the upper posterior teeth and less lingual inclination in the lower posterior teeth except for the mandibular first molar. Comparing adolescent and adult samples, in skeletal Class Ⅲ patients, adults showed more lingual inclination than adolescents in the lower posterior teeth except for the mandibular second molars and showed no difference in the upper posterior teeth. Conclusions The inclination of the posterior teeth and the curve of Wilson show significant differences between the three sagittal skeletal patterns. Compared with those of skeletal Class Ⅰ patients, the posterior teeth of skeletal Class Ⅱ patients show more lingual inclination in the upper arch and less lingual inclination in the lower arch. Meanwhile, posterior teeth of skeletal Class Ⅲ patients show more lingual inclination in the lower arch and maintain the inclination in the upper arch.

Dental anomalies are common disorders in clinical practice. Their frequency prevents the normal positioning of other teeth within the arch resulting in occlusal changes and facial growth. Early diagnosis and intervention reduce complications. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of dental anomalies according to frequency, distribution and gender status. As a secondary outcome, the study examined the correlation between dental anomalies and skeletal malocclusions in the sagittal direction. Material and method: the study includes 100 patients of both sexes. Through intraoral clinical examination, orthopantomography analysis and study models, dental abnormalities were evaluated according to groups (number, size, shape, position and structure of teeth); gender and affected teeth in the maxilla and mandible. In lateral cephalometric, the skeletal ratio was analyzed in the posterior-anterior direction where the ANB angle was determined as class I malocclusion (from 2º to 4º), class II malocclusion (> 4º) and class III malocclusion (< 2º). Conclusion: rotation and inclination were the most frequent 50 (50.0%) and the rarest were 5 (5.0%) concrescence and dens invaginatus 5 (5.0%). Of the patients, 51 (51.0%) had two dental anomalies, 24 (24.0%) had three dental anomalies, 14 (14.0%) had one dental anomaly. Hypodontia 5 (62.5%) and microdontia 4 (50.0%) were associated with skeletal class III, a statistically significant association was observed for p< 0.05. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Prevention & Treatment For Stomatological Diseases is the property of Journal of Prevention & Treatment For Stomatological Diseases Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics/Fortschritte der Kieferorthopadie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: This study is a pioneer systematic review and meta-analysis aimed at comparing the influence of Class II and Class III skeletal malocclusions on pharyngeal airway dimensions. It stands as the inaugural comprehensive assessment to collate and analyze the disparate findings from previously published articles on this topic. The objective of this study was to identify published articles that compare the effects of class II and class III skeletal malocclusion on the pharyngeal airway dimensions. Methods: An all-inclusive search for existing published studies was done to identify peer-reviewed scholarly articles that compared the influence of class II and class III skeletal malocclusion on pharyngeal airway dimensions. The search was done via five electronic databases: Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed. Screening of the articles was done and the eligible studies were critically assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Checklist. Results: The initial search yielded 476 potential articles of which, nine were finally included in this study for a total of 866 patients. Three studies were of cross-sectional design and six were of retrospective study design. Following a critical analysis and review of the studies, class III skeletal malocclusion had significantly larger volume and area measurements compared to class II skeletal malocclusion. Conclusion: Research in the field of literature has established that variations in skeletal classifications have a discernible effect on the size of the pharyngeal airways. With the advancement of skeletal malocclusions to a class III, there is an observed increase in both the volume and cross-sectional area of the airways.

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is the most important oral-maxillo-facial joint. Its morphological structure and physiological function are of great significance on long-term stability of treatment results for orthodontics, prosthodontics, occlusal reconstruction, and orthognathic patients. The morphological characteristics of TMJ are affected by many factors, including the cranio-maxillo-facial anatomy, sagittal and vertical skeletal patterns, occlusion of dentition, and function of masticatory muscle. In recent years, due to the improvement of prosthodontic and orthodontic treatment concepts and imaging technology, studies on the distinction of TMJ morphology among different sagittal skeletal patterns have increased. However, there are some differences in the results, and there is a lack of review and summary, leading to no definite conclusions at present. This article aims to summarize the relationship between TMJ morphology and sagittal skeletal patterns from the view of position and morphology of the glenoid fossa and condyle, and analyze the differences among various studies, hoping to further clarify the relationship between different sagittal skeletal patterns and the TMJ morphological characteristics.

Abstract Background Skeletal malocclusion patients have facial malformations and occlusal dysfunctions that require orthodontic-orthognathic joint treatment, while the combination treatment takes time and requires close communication between surgeons and orthodontists. Thus, improving the efficiency and effectiveness of the combination treatment is necessary, and it is still a challenge. Now, digital technology provides us with an excellent alternative. Despite the widespread use of digital technology in orthognathic surgery simulation and clear aligner orthodontic therapy, it has not been fully integrated into the combined orthognathic and orthodontic treatment process, and the components remain independent. Methods A fully digital approach to seamlessly integrating various parts of the combined treatment through digital technology was investigated in this study in order to achieve an efficient transition. Five patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion were enrolled, and all made fully digital treatment plans at the beginning of actual implementation, which included the design of pre-surgical orthodontic, orthognathic surgery, and post-surgical orthodontic. Then, every aspect of the clinical operation was carried out in accordance with the fully digital routine. After the entire treatment process was completed, the skeleton and dentition discrepancy between virtual planning and the actual result was evaluated. Results All participants completed the fully digital treatment process, and no complication was observed. The linear deviation of the skeletal anatomy was less than 1 mm, and the angular deviation was less than 1 degree. Except in one case in the lower dentition, the deviation of the virtual dental design from the real alignment was less than 2 mm. Furthermore, with one exception of maxillary anterior-posterior dimension, the linear deviations of the skeleton were not statistically significant. Therefore, the simulation accuracy of the fully digital approach was clinically acceptable. Conclusions The digital treatment approach is clinically feasible and has achieved satisfactory results. The discrepancy between virtual design of the entire digital process and actual post-treatment situation was acceptable in clinic. A fully digital approach was proved effective in the treatment of skeletal Class III malocclusion, with which the efficient transition of treatment procedures was realized.

Abstract Background No studies have focused on cortical anchorage resistance in cuspids, this study aimed to characterize the cortical anchorage according to sagittal skeletal classes using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Methods CBCT images of 104 men and 104 women were divided into skeletal class I, II, and III malocclusion groups. Skeletal and dental evaluations were performed on the sagittal and axial cross-sections. One-way analysis of variance followed by least significant difference post-hoc tests was used for group differences. Multiple linear regression was performed to evaluate the relationship between influential factors and cuspid cortical anchorage. Results All cuspids were close to the labial bone cortex in different sagittal skeletal patterns and had different inclinations. There was a significant difference in the apical root position of cuspids in the alveolar bone; however, no significant difference in the middle or cervical portions of the root was found between different sagittal facial patterns. The middle of the cuspid root was embedded to the greatest extent in the labial bone cortex, with no significant difference between the sagittal patterns. For all sagittal patterns, 6.03 ± 4.41° (men) and 6.08 ± 4.45° (women) may be appropriate root control angles to keep maxillary cuspids’ roots detached from the labial bone cortex. Conclusions Comparison of skeletal class I, II, and III malocclusion patients showed that dental compensation alleviated sagittal skeletal discrepancies in the cuspid positions of all patients, regardless of the malocclusion class. Detailed treatment procedures and clear treatment boundaries of cuspids with different skeletal patterns can improve the treatment time, periodontal bone remodeling, and post-treatment long-term stability. Future studies on cuspids with different dentofacial patterns and considering cuspid morphology and periodontal condition may provide more evidence for clinical treatment.

Background and Objectives: A probable association between dermatoglyphics and malocclusions related to skeletal discrepancy may exist as dermal ridges, and craniofacial structures develop from the same embryonic tissues during the same embryonic period. The study aims to assess and correlate the pattern of fingerprints, lip prints, and palatal rugae in individuals with malocclusions related to skeletal discrepancy. Materials and Methods: The 180 samples collected in the study were divided into 3 groups based on cephalometric analysis into class I, II, and III malocclusion. The fingerprints, lip prints, and palatal rugae patterns were obtained for each participant and pattern analysis was done. Results: Class I malocclusion with no skeletal discrepancy showed a statistically significant difference in the loop fingerprint patterns on all fingers except the first finger on the right and left hand, branched lip pattern, and straight palatal rugae pattern in primary rugae 1 and 4. Class II malocclusion related to skeletal discrepancy showed a statistically significant difference in the loop pattern on all fingers except in the fourth finger of the right hand which showed a whorl pattern, branched lip pattern, and straight palatal rugae pattern in primary rugae 1, 4, and 5. Class III malocclusion related to skeletal discrepancy showed a statistically significant difference in the loop pattern on all fingers except in the fourth finger of the right hand which showed an absence of arch pattern, vertical lip print pattern, and straight palatal rugae pattern in primary rugae 1. Conclusion: Dermatoglyphics analysis can be used to indicate developing malocclusions related to skeletal discrepancies. at an early age, thereby aiding the development of treatment aiming to establish favorable occlusion. Prospective and various ethnic and racial-based studies would be valuable for the establishment of dermatoglyphic markers of malocclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is the most important oral-maxillo-facial joint. Its morphological structure and physiological function are of great significance on long-term stability of treatment results for orthodontics, prosthodontics, occlusal reconstruction, and orthognathic patients. The morphological characteristics of TMJ are affected by many factors, including the cranio-maxillo-facial anatomy, sagittal and vertical skeletal patterns, occlusion of dentition, and function of masticatory muscle. In recent years, due to the improvement of prosthodontic and orthodontic treatment concepts and imaging technology, studies on the distinction of TMJ morphology among different sagittal skeletal patterns have increased. However, there are some differences in the results, and there is a lack of review and summary, leading to no definite conclusions at present. This article aims to summarize the relationship between TMJ morphology and sagittal skeletal patterns from the view of position and morphology of the glenoid fossa and condyle, and analyze the differences among various studies, hoping to further clarify the relationship between different sagittal skeletal patterns and the TMJ morphological characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Van Health Sciences Journal / Van Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Van Yuzuncu Yil University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To investigate the pharyngeal airway volume in different anteroposterior skeletal malocclusions. This study was prepared according to the Cochrane criteria for creating a systematic review and meta-analysis and confirms the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement. This search was conducted to answer the patient/population, intervention, comparison and outcomes (PICO) question: To evaluate (outcome) and compare (comparison) whether there is a difference in airway volume in patients (participants) with different skeletal malocclusions diagnosed using 3D data (intervention).The first two authors extracted the data from the included studies and assessed the risk of bias in the individual studies using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Meta-analysis was done using STATA version 16, which compared various three-dimensional pharyngeal airway parameters in skeletal Class II and skeletal Class III malocclusions with that of skeletal class I malocclusion. Out of 370 articles from the initial search, 17 articles were included in the systematic review. Out of 17 studies, 12 eligible studies were included in the quantitative synthesis. The nasopharynx, oropharynx, hypopharynx, and total airway volume were increased in skeletal Class I malocclusion compared to that of skeletal Class II malocclusion and decreased in comparison to skeletal Class III malocclusion. The moderate quality of evidence indicates the total airway volume, oropharynx, and hypopharynx are largest in skeletal Class III compared to Class I and Class II skeletal malocclusion.

Abstract Background This study aimed to compare the maxillary sinus dimensions and surface area in accordance with skeletal malocclusion, gender and ethnicity factors in a sample of Chinese and Yemeni patients. Methods This cross-sectional study analysed 180 maxillary sinuses using 180 lateral cephalometric radiographs. The patients were subdivided into two ethnic groups: Chinese and Yemeni. Each ethnic group comprised 90 patients, and men and women were divided equally. Each ethnic group was classified into three skeletal classes using ANB and Wits appraisal (skeletal Classes I, II and III). Pearson’s correlation coefficient was also used to assess the relationship between maxillary sinus dimensions and cephalometric parameters. Results Men had larger maxillary sinuses than women; skeletal Class II had a higher length and surface area increase than other skeletal classes, although skeletal Classes I and II were almost equal in height. Except for the maxillary sinus length, none of these findings were statistically significant. The maxillary sinuses in Chinese are larger than those in Yemenis (P = 0.000). These variables were positively correlated with SNA, SNB and Co–A. The maxillary sinus length and Co–Gn were positively correlated. The NA–APO and NA–FH angles were also correlated with the maxillary sinus surface area. However, the gonial and GoGn–Sn angles negatively affected the maxillary sinus dimension and surface area. Conclusions Men had larger maxillary sinuses than women in both ethnic groups, and Chinese individuals had larger maxillary sinuses than Yemenis. Skeletal Class II malocclusion of both ethnicities had larger maxillary sinus dimensions. Furthermore, the maxillary sinus dimensions correlated with cephalometric parameters.

Objective To compare the hyoid bone position among patients with different sagittal skeletal malocclusions to provide a reference for clinicians to formulate treatment plans. Methods Lateral cephalograms of 284 orthodontic patients were selected. According to ANB angles, the types of skeletal malocclusion of patients were determined as follows: Class Ⅰ (1° ≤ ANB ≤ 5°), Class Ⅱ (ANB>5°) and Class Ⅲ (ANB0.05). The angle between the Gonion-hyoid point line and the hyoid point-Menton line (Go-Hy-Me) of Class Ⅱ patients was significantly smaller than that of Class Ⅰ patients, and the angle between the most anterior and inferior point of the third cervical vertebra-hyoid point line and the hyoid point-Sella line (C3-Hy-S) of Class Ⅲ patients was smaller than that of Class I patients (P0.05). Conclusions Compared with Class Ⅰ patients, the hyoid bone of Class Ⅱ patients in adult females was farther away from the mandible and that of Class Ⅲ patients in juveniles was farther away from the cervical vertebra and posterior cranial base.

Background: Skeletal malocclusion patients have facial malformations and occlusal dysfunctions that require orthodontic-orthognathic joint treatment, while the combination treatment takes time and requires close communication between surgeons and orthodontists. Thus, improving the efficiency and effectiveness of the combination treatment is necessary, and it is still a challenge. Now, digital technology provides us with an excellent alternative. Despite the widespread use of digital technology in orthognathic surgery simulation and clear aligner orthodontic therapy, it has not been fully integrated into the combined orthognathic and orthodontic treatment process, and the components remain independent. Methods: A fully digital approach to seamlessly integrating various parts of the combined treatment through digital technology was investigated in this study in order to achieve an efficient transition. Five patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion were enrolled, and all made fully digital treatment plans at the beginning of actual implementation, which included the design of pre-surgical orthodontic, orthognathic surgery, and post-surgical orthodontic. Then, every aspect of the clinical operation was carried out in accordance with the fully digital routine. After the entire treatment process was completed, the skeleton and dentition discrepancy between virtual planning and the actual result was evaluated. Results: All participants completed the fully digital treatment process, and no complication was observed. The linear deviation of the skeletal anatomy was less than 1 mm, and the angular deviation was less than 1 degree. Except in one case in the lower dentition, the deviation of the virtual dental design from the real alignment was less than 2 mm. Furthermore, with one exception of maxillary anterior-posterior dimension, the linear deviations of the skeleton were not statistically significant. Therefore, the simulation accuracy of the fully digital approach was clinically acceptable. Conclusions: The digital treatment approach is clinically feasible and has achieved satisfactory results. The discrepancy between virtual design of the entire digital process and actual post-treatment situation was acceptable in clinic. A fully digital approach was proved effective in the treatment of skeletal Class III malocclusion, with which the efficient transition of treatment procedures was realized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: No studies have focused on cortical anchorage resistance in cuspids, this study aimed to characterize the cortical anchorage according to sagittal skeletal classes using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Methods: CBCT images of 104 men and 104 women were divided into skeletal class I, II, and III malocclusion groups. Skeletal and dental evaluations were performed on the sagittal and axial cross-sections. One-way analysis of variance followed by least significant difference post-hoc tests was used for group differences. Multiple linear regression was performed to evaluate the relationship between influential factors and cuspid cortical anchorage. Results: All cuspids were close to the labial bone cortex in different sagittal skeletal patterns and had different inclinations. There was a significant difference in the apical root position of cuspids in the alveolar bone; however, no significant difference in the middle or cervical portions of the root was found between different sagittal facial patterns. The middle of the cuspid root was embedded to the greatest extent in the labial bone cortex, with no significant difference between the sagittal patterns. For all sagittal patterns, 6.03 ± 4.41° (men) and 6.08 ± 4.45° (women) may be appropriate root control angles to keep maxillary cuspids' roots detached from the labial bone cortex. Conclusions: Comparison of skeletal class I, II, and III malocclusion patients showed that dental compensation alleviated sagittal skeletal discrepancies in the cuspid positions of all patients, regardless of the malocclusion class. Detailed treatment procedures and clear treatment boundaries of cuspids with different skeletal patterns can improve the treatment time, periodontal bone remodeling, and post-treatment long-term stability. Future studies on cuspids with different dentofacial patterns and considering cuspid morphology and periodontal condition may provide more evidence for clinical treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the pharyngeal airway volume in different anteroposterior skeletal malocclusions. This study was prepared according to the Cochrane criteria for creating a systematic review and meta-analysis and confirms the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement. This search was conducted to answer the patient/population, intervention, comparison and outcomes (PICO) question: To evaluate (outcome) and compare (comparison) whether there is a difference in airway volume in patients (participants) with different skeletal malocclusions diagnosed using 3D data (intervention).The first two authors extracted the data from the included studies and assessed the risk of bias in the individual studies using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Meta-analysis was done using STATA version 16, which compared various three-dimensional pharyngeal airway parameters in skeletal Class II and skeletal Class III malocclusions with that of skeletal class I malocclusion. Out of 370 articles from the initial search, 17 articles were included in the systematic review. Out of 17 studies, 12 eligible studies were included in the quantitative synthesis. The nasopharynx, oropharynx, hypopharynx, and total airway volume were increased in skeletal Class I malocclusion compared to that of skeletal Class II malocclusion and decreased in comparison to skeletal Class III malocclusion. The moderate quality of evidence indicates the total airway volume, oropharynx, and hypopharynx are largest in skeletal Class III compared to Class I and Class II skeletal malocclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dermatoglyphics is the study of various dermal configurations on the fingers, palms, and soles. These appear during the 12th week of intrauterine life and develop completely by the 24th week. It is said that they remain constant thereafter. The aim of the present study was to compare and assess the association of dermatoglyphic patterns between skeletal class I and skeletal class III malocclusion. Methods: Finger and palm prints were collected using the ink and roller method from 604 subjects who were divided into skeletal class I, class III with maxillary retrognathism and class III with mandibular prognathism based on lateral cephalogram assessment. Results: Loop pattern was more predominant in skeletal class I malocclusion subjects and whorl pattern was more frequent in the other two groups. Total finger ridge count and atd angle also showed significant difference between the study groups. Conclusions: The present study attempted in assessing the association between dermatoglyphic patterns and skeletal malocclusion. Analysing dermal configurations may aid in indicating the type of developing malocclusion and thus help in interceptive and preventive orthodontics.

Background: Dermatoglyphics is the study of various dermal configurations on the fingers, palms, and soles. These appear during the 12th week of intrauterine life and develop completely by the 24th week. It is said that they remain constant thereafter. The aim of the present study was to compare and assess the association of dermatoglyphic patterns between skeletal class I and skeletal class III malocclusion. Methods: Finger and palm prints were collected using the ink and roller method from 604 subjects who were divided into skeletal class I, class III with maxillary retrognathism and class III with mandibular prognathism based on lateral cephalogram assessment. Results: Loop pattern was more predominant in skeletal class I malocclusion subjects (72.1%) and whorl pattern was more frequent in the other two groups (group II=70.1% and group III=69.3%). Total finger ridge count (TFRC) and atd (digital triradius ‘a’- axial triradius ‘t’- digital triradius ‘d’) angle also showed significant difference between the study groups. Conclusions: The present study attempted in assessing the association between dermatoglyphic patterns and skeletal malocclusion. Analysing dermal configurations may aid in indicating the type of developing malocclusion and thus help in interceptive and preventive orthodontics.

Objective: To assess the position and inclination of upper and lower incisors and bases in different groups of skeletal malocclusions. Materials and Methods: 45 pretreatment lateral cephalometric radiographs were included. They were divided into his three groups of skeletal class I, class II, and class III. A variety of linear and angular measurements were used to assess both the position and inclination of the maxillary and mandibular bases, incisors, and the relationship between the incisors. Results: There was a significantly stronger correlation between anterior-posterior skeletal mismatch and maxillary alveolar bone compensation in skeletal classes I, II, and III. Except for maxillary vertical skeletal discrepancy (MP-SN) and alveolar compensation, there was a weak correlation between maxillary and mandibular vertical skeletal discrepancy and alveolar compensation. The anterior-posterior position of the skeletal jaw had a greater effect on alveolar bone changes than the vertical inclination of the skeletal jaw in the Grad variant. Conclusions: There may be a relationship between alveolar bone changes and skeletal anteroposterior and vertical position, inclination and intermaxillary relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Literature reveals the association between the morphology of cervical vertebrae and craniofacial skeleton. The present study investigated the correlation between the morphology of C3 and C4 vertebrae with the maxillomandibular length among adult patients with different sagittal skeletal malocclusions. Materials and Methods: Lateral cephalograms of 76 subjects aged >17 years were segregated into different sagittal skeletal classes based on maxillomandibular differential (MMD), i.e., 30 Class I (MMD 25–30 mm), 30 Class II (MMD <25 mm), and 16 Class III (MMD >30 mm), respectively. Cervical vertebrae C3 and C4 were evaluated for morphology and vertebral index was assessed. The data were subjected to appropriate statistical analysis to evaluate any association between cervical vertebral morphology and maxillomandibular length among subjects in different sagittal skeletal relations. Results: Nonstatistically significant differences were obtained in the morphology of C3 and C4 vertebrae among different skeletal sagittal malocclusions along with no gender differences for the same in each skeletal relation. Conclusion: No significant correlation exists between C3 and C4 vertebral morphology and maxillomandibular length among adult subjects as well as male and female subjects with different sagittal skeletal malocclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to compare the maxillary sinus dimensions and surface area in accordance with skeletal malocclusion, gender and ethnicity factors in a sample of Chinese and Yemeni patients. Methods: This cross-sectional study analysed 180 maxillary sinuses using 180 lateral cephalometric radiographs. The patients were subdivided into two ethnic groups: Chinese and Yemeni. Each ethnic group comprised 90 patients, and men and women were divided equally. Each ethnic group was classified into three skeletal classes using ANB and Wits appraisal (skeletal Classes I, II and III). Pearson's correlation coefficient was also used to assess the relationship between maxillary sinus dimensions and cephalometric parameters. Results: Men had larger maxillary sinuses than women; skeletal Class II had a higher length and surface area increase than other skeletal classes, although skeletal Classes I and II were almost equal in height. Except for the maxillary sinus length, none of these findings were statistically significant. The maxillary sinuses in Chinese are larger than those in Yemenis (P = 0.000). These variables were positively correlated with SNA, SNB and Co–A. The maxillary sinus length and Co–Gn were positively correlated. The NA–APO and NA–FH angles were also correlated with the maxillary sinus surface area. However, the gonial and GoGn–Sn angles negatively affected the maxillary sinus dimension and surface area. Conclusions: Men had larger maxillary sinuses than women in both ethnic groups, and Chinese individuals had larger maxillary sinuses than Yemenis. Skeletal Class II malocclusion of both ethnicities had larger maxillary sinus dimensions. Furthermore, the maxillary sinus dimensions correlated with cephalometric parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dermatoglyphics is the study of various dermal configurations on the fingers, palms, and soles. These appear during the 12th week of intrauterine life and develop completely by the 24th week. It is said that they remain constant thereafter. The aim of the present study was to compare and assess the association of dermatoglyphic patterns between skeletal class I and skeletal class III malocclusion. Methods: Finger and palm prints were collected using the ink and roller method from 604 subjects who were divided into skeletal class I, class III with maxillary retrognathism and class III with mandibular prognathism based on lateral cephalogram assessment. Results: Loop pattern was more predominant in skeletal class I malocclusion subjects and whorl pattern was more frequent in the other two groups. Total finger ridge count and atd angle also showed significant difference between the study groups. Conclusions: The present study attempted in assessing the association between dermatoglyphic patterns and skeletal malocclusion. Analysing dermal configurations may aid in indicating the type of developing malocclusion and thus help in interceptive and preventive orthodontics.

Background and Aim: Among the agenesis of permanent teeth the most affected tooth is the third molar Mandibular third molar is an unusual tooth characterized by considerable variability in formation, timing, variation in crown and root morphology and not infrequently, by agenesis. Our aim of this study is to find the frequency of third molar agenesis as well as correlation of skeletal malocclusion and third molar agenesis. Material and Methods: A total of 594 patients (242 males, 352 females) aged between 11 and 25 years were reviewed retrospectively. A tooth was considered developmentally missing when there was no evidence of surgical tooth extraction, when there was no any sign of tooth crown mineralization or crypt development with radiolucency on panoramic radiographs. Patients were divided into five groups according to agenesis of third molars: Patient's skeletal malocclusion was determined by SNA, SNB and ANB angles as well as Wit's appraisal and divided into class I, II, III malocclusion. Results: Third Molar Agenesis was more common in maxilla than in mandible. Third Molar Agenesis was more common in females than males. Significant association was observed between Molar tooth agenesis and Gender. Highest number was observed in females at only 1 third molar was missing followed by 2 third molar missing. Prevalence of third-molar agenesis was more in skeletal class III malocclusion followed by class II and I and it was significant statistically.(p=0.05). Conclusion: Third molar agenesis was most commonly observed in maxillary arch than in mandibular arch and more common in skeletal Class III followed by Class I and Class II. It was also observed that Third Molar Agenesis was more common in females than males. Significant association was observed between Molar tooth agenesis and Gender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the morphological and dimensional variations of the frontal air sinuses in a group of adolescent Caucasians and Chinese with different skeletal malocclusions in both genders. Materials and methods: This retrospective study included 290 adolescent Caucasians and Chinese patients with 145 each. Each sample included 90 females and 55 males and was categorized based on ANB angle in reference to each population norms into 65 skeletal class I, 50 skeletal class II, and 30 skeletal class III malocclusions. All linear, angular, and surface area measurements of the frontal air sinuses were evaluated using lateral cephalometric radiographs and calculated using Winceph version 8 software. The frontal air sinus parameters were compared between genders and the two ethnic groups using an independent sample t-test. ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc tests were used to compare the frontal air sinus parameters between the three skeletal malocclusions. Result: The frontal air sinus width and surface area were found to be significantly greater in Caucasians when compared with Chinese patients. According to gender, the frontal air sinus length, width, and surface area, as well as the glabella convexity, were greater in males than females, while the frontal air sinus index (length/width) was significantly greater in females than males in both ethnic groups. In both ethnic groups, the frontal air sinus surface area was significantly greater in skeletal class III malocclusion when compared to skeletal class I and class II malocclusions in Caucasians (P = 0.0022) and Chinese (P = 0.0097). There was a weak-to-moderate correlation between the frontal air sinus parameters and the nasio, sella, and glabella positions (R = −0.56 to 0.62). Conclusion: The frontal air sinus dimensions and surface area varied greatly in between ethnic groups, genders, and malocclusion types. The frontal air sinus parameters were correlated with nasion, sella, and glabella positions. Clinical relevance: These findings could assist orthodontists, ENT specialist, and forensic medical investigators to focus on the size of frontal sinus during treatment planning, the relationship between the size of frontal air sinus and malocclusions, and age determination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of European Oral Research is the property of Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the measurements performed with digital manual (DM) cephalometric analysis and automatic cephalometric analysis obtained from an online artificial intelligence (AI) platform, according to different sagittal skeletal malocclusions. Methods: Cephalometric radiographs of 105 randomly selected individuals (mean age: 17.25 ± 1.87 years) were included in this study. Dolphin Imaging software was used for DM cephalometric analysis, and the WebCeph platform was used for AI-based cephalometric analysis. In total, 10 linear and 12 angular measurements were evaluated. The paired t-test, one-way ANOVA test, and intraclass correlation coefficient tests were used to evaluate the differences between the two methods. The level of statistical significance was set at p< 0.05. Results: Except for SNB, NPog, U1.SN, U1.NA, L1-APog, I/I, and LLE parameters, all other parameters presented significant differences between the two methods (p< 0.05). While there was no difference (p> 0.05) in both SNA and SNB measurements between the two methods in the Class I malocclusion group, there was a difference between both methods in the Class II malocclusion group. Meanwhile, only the SNA in the Class III malocclusion group was different (p< 0.05). The ANB angle differed significantly in all three malocclusion groups. For both methods, all parameters except CoA and CoGn were found to have good correlation. Conclusion: Although significant differences were detected in some measurements between the two cephalometric analysis methods, not all differences were clinically significant. The AI-based cephalometric analysis method needs to be developed for more specific malocclusions.

Introduction: For the study's purposes, the researchers are looking to examine if there is a correlation between the skeletal base connection and lip and dermal prints, as well as whether there is a significant variation between genders. Materials and Procedures: Participants in the study numbered 120: Based on Reidel's Malocclusion categorization, There were 40 each of Class I, Class II, and Class III samples. The cellophane technique was used to obtain lip, finger, and palm prints from each of the 120 participants, and the data was analysed using SPSS 22.0. Intergroup comparisons were made using the Chi square test. Atd angle and a-b ridge count were both shown to be statistically significant via the use of an ANOVA test. Class III skeletal malocclusion individuals have a vertical lip pattern, as opposed to the branching lip pattern seen in Class I and II. All three research populations, including the South Indian population, have a right loop pattern. Class I individuals exhibited a greater number of a-b ridges and a greater atd angle. The majority of males and females had branching lip patterns. Conclusion: Dermatoglyphics and cheiloscopy can be used to investigate the genetic correlations of malocclusion and to prevent malocclusion at an early stage. They are simple, affordable, and noninvasive. However, they are not totally dependable because to other ethnic and environmental factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ponticlus Posticus (PP) is a rare anomaly of the first cervical vertebra easily identifiable in lateral cephalometric radiograph and typically required for orthodontic diagnosis. The aim of this study is to evaluate the PP prevalence in lateral Cephalograms in a cohort of orthodontic patients treated at the Dental School of the University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Italy, and to find possible connection between PP and other dental anomalies, as well as the patient's cephalometric characteristics. Methods: A total of 150 panoramic radiographs and 150 lateral Cephalograms, obtained for orthodontic use only, were evaluated. No patients were referred to for congenital syndromes or disease, or a history of previously occurred maxillofacial trauma. A detailed cephalometric study was performed for each patient, and the whole cohort was divided according to the common three dental malocclusion classes. The values obtained were analyzed using the Chi-Square Test. Results: PP prevalence was 8% (12 of 150 cases), where the complete and partial forms observed 4.7% and 3.3%, respectively. Although females were more affected (9.6%), no statistically significant sex-related difference was found. Furthermore, no statistically significant relationship regarding age or dental anomalies (dental agenesis/palatal impacted canines) among the groups was observed either. Cephalometric analyses revealed that half of the subjects with PP were sagittal skeletal class I and had vertical hyper-divergence. Conclusions: PP is a frequent anatomical variation of the cervical vertebra, apparently unrelated to the skeletal malocclusion type or dental anomalies. The current study needs to further confirm the congenital hypothesis of PP's origin already reported in literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To identify the best-suited cephalometric parameter for assessing the sagittal skeletal discrepancy in the Indian population. An in vitro, observational, single-blinded, retrospective study. Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics. A total of 94 lateral cephalograms were used in this study. The study involved one key person and two examiners. The key person collected the radiographs, coded, analysed and classified them into three groups (skeletal classes I, II and III). Subsequently, the coded radiographs were independently analysed by the two examiners. They classified the cases by matching a minimum of 6 out of 11 parameters. On completion of diagnosis by the examiners, the samples were decoded and matched with the original diagnosis given by the key person. The samples in which identification of a particular cephalometric parameter matched the original evaluation as given by the key person was regarded as correctly diagnosed. The number of correctly assessed cases was used to judge the diagnostic performance of all the parameters in all the cases. Cross-validation of the method was performed, and a diagnostic algorithm was developed for diagnosis. β angle and Pi angle showed a positive predictive value of 1 in both skeletal class I and II cases. ANB angle, W angle and HBN angle showed a positive predictive value of 1 in skeletal class III cases. No single cephalometric parameter can independently be used to diagnose sagittal skeletal discrepancy in all cases. However, a conclusive diagnosis on the type of sagittal skeletal malocclusion can be made by using a simple and easy to use diagnostic algorithmic process having a combination of cephalometric parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim is to assess the current evidence-based knowledge about treatment decisions for skeletal malocclusion in adult borderline patients. Methods: A literature search was conducted through three databases. Inclusion criteria were restricted to systematic reviews, prospective, retrospective, and control studies. Only articles comparing orthodontic camouflage and orthognathic surgical treatment for Class II and Class III malocclusions in adult patients were selected to be reviewed. Results: Seven articles concerning Class II and nine concerning Class III met the inclusion criteria. Scientific evidence was poor due to low methodological quality. Conclusions: Surgical treatment was found to better improve skeletal and soft-tissue cephalometric values, whereas camouflage treatment mainly involved dentoalveolar movements. Aesthetic changes, as perceived by the patient, were not significantly different in the two groups. Recently improved surgical techniques, differing from those described in the analyzed articles, may provide similar or more stable outcomes compared with orthodontic-only treatment. Although some cephalometric variables can be helpful, the most important parameters for treatment selection are the patient's presenting complaint and their self-image perception. Further studies with larger sample sizes and similar pretreatment conditions, and considering patient self-evaluation of esthetics and function, should be undertaken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Impacted teeth fail to erupt fully into the oral cavity within the expected time due to interferences with the jaw bone, adjacent tooth, or even the gingivae. The third molar impaction frequency is related to space deficiency in dental arches. This study investigated different patterns of third molar impaction in various skeletal malocclusions in anteroposterior and vertical dimensions. Materials and Methods: In this study, 362 panoramic and lateral cephalograms of the patients with orthodontic treatment indications were verified and investigated. The malocclusion type was determined and diagnosed using lateral cephalogram tracing. Results: 39.2% of the patients were male, and 60.8% were female. The mean age of all the patients was 19.2 years; 35.6% of patients exhibited deep bite, and 32% had class II malocclusion. 44.5% of patients had two impacted third molars, and 23.5%, 20.7%, and 11.3% had four, one, and three impacted third molars, respectively. The frequencies of the mesio-angular pattern were 80.8% and 83.5% in the left and right quadrants of the mandible, respectively. The disto-angular pattern frequencies in the left and right quadrants of the maxilla were 91.1% and 93.3%, respectively. Conclusion: The current study revealed that the highest incidence of third molar impaction was in the deep bite and class II malocclusions. The most common pattern of impaction was mesio- angular and disto-angular in the mandible and maxilla, respectively. Statistical analysis showed no significant relationship between the numbers and patterns of third molar impaction and skeletal malocclusion types. Keywords: Third molar impaction; Skeletal malocclusion; Hypodontia.

Pendahuluan: Ukuran sinus maksilaris dapat dipengaruhi maloklusi skeletal, oleh karena itu pengetahuan dalam perkembangan dan ukuran sinus maksilaris penting dalam diagnosa dan menentukan rencana perawatan kasus maloklusi. Tujuan penelitian untuk menganalisis perbedaan rerata ukuran sinus maksilaris pada maloklusi kelas I, II, dan III skeletal pada laki-laki dan perempuan. Metode: Jenis penelitian Penelitian deskriptif analitik dilakukan pada 96 pasien RSGM USU usia 18-35 tahun dengan Teknik purposive sampling, terdiri dari 27 relasi rahang Kelas I, 31 Kelas II dan 22 Kelas III. Subjek diperoleh melalui pengukuran metode Steiner. Hasil tracing dipindahkan melalui scanner dan pengukuran luas Sinus Maksilaris dengan program AutoCAD. Hasil: Rerata sinus maksilaris Kelas I skeletal adalah 1492,18268,44 mm2 untuk laki-laki dan 1614,80259,13 mm2 untuk perempuan p=0,275, maka tidak ada perbedaan signifikan antara rerata sinus maksilaris Kelas I skeletal pada laki-laki dan perempuan, Kelas II skeletal adalah 1879,75 mm2 untuk laki-laki dan 1544,41239,47 mm2 untuk perempuan diperoleh p=0,016, maka terdapat perbedaan signifikan antara rerata sinus maksilaris Kelas II skeletal pada laki-laki dan perempuan, dan Kelas III skeletal adalah 1619,36 mm2 untuk laki-laki dan 1489,92 mm2 untuk perempuan diperoleh p=0,239, maka tidak ada perbedaan signifikan antara rerata sinus maksilaris Kelas III skeletal pada laki-laki dan perempuan. Rerata ukuran antar kelompok didapatkan 1572,93 263,72 mm2 untuk Kelas I skeletal, 1609,32 mm2 untuk Kelas II skeletal, dan 1531,11 mm2 untuk Kelas III skeletal dengan p=0,600, Hasil ini menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan rerata sinus maksilaris pada maloklusi Kelas I, Kelas II dan Kelas III skeletal. Simpulan: Tidak ada perbedaan pada rerata ukuran sinus maksilaris pada maloklusi Kelas I, Kelas II dan Kelas III skeletal. Kata kunci: Ukuran sinus maksilaris, maloklusi skeletal, analisa Steiner, radiogram sefalometri. ABSTRACT Introduction: Maxillary sinus size can be affected by skeletal malocclusion. Therefore knowledge of maxillary sinus development and size is essential in diagnosing and determining the treatment plan for malocclusion cases. This study was aimed to analyse the mean difference in maxillary sinus size in skeletal class I, II, and III malocclusions in males and females. Methods: This type of study was a descriptive-analytic study conducted on 96 patients at Universitas Sumatera Utara Dental Hospital aged 18-35 years with a purposive sampling technique, consisting of 27 Class I, 31 Class II and 22 Class III jaw relations. Subjects were obtained by measuring the Steiner method. The tracing results were transferred through a scanner and measuring the maxillary sinus area using the AutoCAD program. Results: The mean skeletal Class I maxillary sinus was 1492.18268.44 mm2 for men and 1614,80259.13 mm2 for women p = 0.275, so there was no significant difference between the mean skeletal Class I maxillary sinus in males and females. Class II skeletal is 1879.75 mm2 for men and 1544.41239.47 mm2 for women obtained p = 0.016. Hence, there is a significant difference between the mean skeletal Class II maxillary sinus in males and females, and skeletal Class III is 1619.36 mm2 for men and 1489.92 mm2 for women obtained p = 0.239, so there was no significant difference between the mean skeletal Class III maxillary sinus in males and females. The mean size between groups was 1572.93 263.72 mm2 for skeletal Class I, 1609.32 mm2 for skeletal Class II, and 1531.11 mm2 for skeletal Class III with p = 0.600. skeletal Class I, Class II and Class III malocclusions. Conclusion: There was no difference in mean maxillary sinus size in skeletal Class I, Class II and Class III malocclusions. Keywords: Maxillary sinus size, skeletal malocclusion, Steiner analysis, cephalometric radiograph.

Introduction: Individual diversity is the cornerstone of human biology, so is the crown and root morphology of teeth. The maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth can be differentiated on the basis of their crown root morphology, by measuring collum angle, labial surface angle and torque angle. Aim: To evaluate and correlate the collum angle, labial surface angle and torque angle in maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth in different skeletal patterns in Bengali population. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 90 CBCT scans of young adult patients aged 18-24 years. They were divided into 3 groups based on ANB angle as skeletal Class I (2o < ANB < 4), Class II (4o < ANB) and Class III (2o > ANB) with 30 subjects in each group. All the CBCT scans were selected from the pool of patients reported to the department. Results: Positive correlation was found between collum angle and labial surface angle in all types of malocclusions. Smallest collum angle is found in lower left central incisor. Maxillary lateral incisor has larger crown root angulation than central incisor. Maxillary canine and mandibular central incisor has smallest of all collum angle in maxillary arch and mandibular arch respectively. On moving from 3.5 mm to 5 mm in calculation of labial surface angle, difference of 3.9o is seen for maxillary incisors and 3.5o for mandibular incisor. Conclusion: Statistically significant difference has been seen among maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth crown root morphology. By knowing the variations and correlations among collum angle, torque angle and labial surface angle in different sagittal skeletal malocclusions the clinicians can enhance orthodontic treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The skeletal and soft tissue analysis of the face in total is a very important parameter of diagnosis. Readily available and non expensive imaging software are available which can be used for cephalometric analysis for hard and soft tissues of the face to make an appropriate treatment plan. Aims: The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy of linear and angular measurements between the digital software IMAGE J, ICY and manual tracing. Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare angular and linear measurements obtained through manual and digital cephalometric tracings using IMAGE J and ICY software with lateral cephalometric radiographs. Material and Methods: The sample consisted of 50 lateral cephalometric radiographs. One properly trained and calibrated examiner performed the 50 manual tracing and then the same radiograph was traced digitally on a digital software. Five angular measurements SNA (Sella, nasion, A point), SNB Sella, nasion, B point), ANB (A point, nasion, B point), W angle, ULA (Upper lip angle) and three linear measurements ULT (upper lip thickness), projection of upper lip to TVL (true vertical line) & WITS appraisal were traced the conventional lateral cephalogram of 50 participants were obtained. Manual tracing was done and hard tissue landmark including the above mentioned angular and linear variables were marked. In a similar way a soft copy of the above 50 radiograph was obtained and uploaded in the digital imaging software IMAGE J and ICY. Results: SNA, SNB, ANB, W angle, WITS appraisal, upper lip thickness (ULT) upper lip angle, (ULA), projection of labrale superioris to TVL showed statistically significant values when measured manually and by digital software methods. Values measured by software methods had less errors. Conclusion: The results show statistically significant values between manual and digital tracing. The actual variation lies in identification of landmarks and their measurements. landmarks are identified better in software methods than manual methods and also there was a difference in measurements of angular and linear values of soft and hard tissue landmarks.

Objective: The objective of this study is quantitative assessment of nasalance for skeletal Class I (normative values), Class II, and III malocclusion in the English language for the North Indian population and to compare the normative values with the nasalance scores obtained from individuals with skeletal Class II and III malocclusion and to evaluate the normative values as a function of gender. Material and Methods: The study was conducted on a total sample of 200 patients with 100, 50, and 50 in group 1 (control group, Skeletal Class I), group 2 (Skeletal Class II), and group 3 (Skeletal Class III), respectively. ANB angle (anteroposterior angle formed by point A, nasion, and point B) measured on lateral cephalogram was used to categorize the patients into 3 groups. The normative nasalance scores were compared for males and females in the control group. The nasalance scores of skeletal Class II and III subjects were compared to the combined normative scores of the control group. The NasalView was used for the objective assessment of nasalance. Oral syllables (/pa/and/pi/), nasal syllables (/ma/and/mi/), and 3 passages (Zoo passage, Rainbow passage, and Nasal sentences) were used to determine the nasalance scores. Results: The intragroup comparison of nasalance scores in group 1 showed statistically significant differences for different stimuli. The gender-related comparison showed no statistically significant differences in nasalance scores. The intergroup comparison of nasalance scores for skeletal malocclusion showed no statistically significant differences for different stimuli except statistically significant lower nasalance values for nasal sentences in group 3 compared to the control group. Conclusion: The study concluded that the nasalance scores for nasal sentences in skeletal Class III malocclusion were significantly lower than in the control group and were not statistically significant between the 3 groups for all other stimuli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The normative functioning of the stomatognathic system and masticatory apparatus requires specific coordination between several structures such as teeth with good occlusion, tongue without ankyloglossia or thrusting, and well-balanced facial muscles. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of non-normative primary functions such as breathing, swallowing, biting and chewing on the consonant pronunciation outcome in adults affected with facial skeletal deformities. Moreover, the authors would like to promote a new kind of speech therapy-orthognathic speech therapy. A total of 181 adults affected by skeletal class II and III malocclusion were included, along with the relationship between the malocclusion, speech deficiency (20 phonemes tested) and primary function disorders, in the subjects before and after surgical correction. The impact of surgery on pronunciation and primary function improvement and types of Polish phonemes most often misarticulated by Polish adults were also examined. Patients underwent combined treatment and received a full speech pathology examination. The treatment improved speech (p < 0.05), and primary functions (p < 0.05). Palatal, alveolar (p < 0.05), fricatives (p < 0.05), and labiodental consonant pronunciation (p < 0.05) improved. The surgical correction of malocclusion leads to better oral motor control and articulation of Polish consonants in adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the prevalence and distribution of skeletal malocclusion and axial inclination of the maxillary central incisors in short root anomaly (SRA) patients in Kunming city, to provide some reference and guidance for SRA patients′ clinical diagnosis and treatment and prevention in SRA patients. Methods A total of 1 000 cases were randomly selected from the CBCT database of patients admitted to the author′s hospital from January 2011 to July 2019, and a retrospective analysis was performed. A total of 27 patients with SRA were diagnosed (SRA group).The control group, consisted of 100 randomly selected patients from non-SRA patients. According to the clinical data and cephalometric data, skeletal malocclusion was divided into three subgroups: Class I skeletal malocclusion, Class II skeletal malocclusion and Class Ⅲ skeletal malocclusion. Additionally, the axial inclination of the central incisors was divided into three subgroups: the lingual inclination group, labial inclination group and normal inclination group. The two groups each according to sex, skeletal malocclusion and types of axial inclination of the maxillary central incisors were discussed. Results The prevalence rate of SRA in the selected population was 2.7%, and the prevalence of SRA in females was 3.67% (21/572) , which was higher than that in males by 1.4% (6/428), and was significantly different between sexes (χ2=4.562, P=0.033). There was a significant difference between SRA patients and control group in terms of skeletal malocclusion (χ2=8.710, P=0.013). Class Ⅲ skeletal malocclusion was the main type of skeletal malocclusion in SRA. There was a significant difference between SRA patients and control group in terms of the axial inclination of the maxillary central incisors (χ2=16.75,P

Background: Cheiloscopic analysis has been shown to have close association with skeletal malocclusion. Hence, aim of the present study was to explore any association between lip prints patterns and skeletal class I and II malocclusions. Materials and Methods: A study sample of 90 subjects aged between 18 and 25 years was selected from individuals opting for orthodontic therapy. Skeletal malocclusion using ANB angle was assessed using lateral cephalograms while lip print patterns were analyzed using the cellophane-adhesive method. Statistical analysis: Mean ± SD was analyzed and significance was assessed using ANOVA. Results: Skeletal class I group showed more branched pattern (29%). Other patterns in decreasing order were intersected (25%), reticular (24%), and vertical lip patterns (22%), while the skeletal class II group showed branched pattern as most common (32%), followed in decreasing order by reticular (29%), intersected (25%), and vertical lip patterns (14%). No statistical significance was derived between lip pattern type and skeletal malocclusion. Conclusion: Lip print patterns are important indicators of malocclusion and can help in predicting the same at an earlier stage.

Extractions are commonly used to alleviate moderate to severe crowding, retract protrusive incisors, or correct anteroposterior inconsistencies in the maxillomandibular area. The choice of which teeth to be extracted requires a thorough assessment of the dentition of the patient, taking into account treatment objectives, dental and periodontal properties as well as ease of mechanics with minimum iatrogenic effects. This case report discusses the successful treatment with myofunctional appliance of a growing patient with skeletal Class II malocclusion followed by fixed mechanotherapy involving atypical teeth extraction.