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The asymmetric unit of the title salt, C7H8N3+·C7H5O6S−, comprises two 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-iminium cations and two 2-hydroxy-5-sulfobenzoate anions (Z′ = 2). In the crystal, the molecules interact through N—H...O, O—H...O hydrogen bonds and C—O...π contacts. The hydrogen-bonding interactions lead to the formation of layers parallel to (\overline{1}01). Hirshfeld surface analysis revealed that H...H contacts contribute to most of the crystal packing with 38.9%, followed by H...O contacts with 36.2%.

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, causing significant health challenges globally. Meanwhile, Indonesia ranks second worldwide in terms of TB prevalence, with East Java being among the most affected provinces. Surabaya, in particular, a major city reported approximately 4.628 cases in 2021, underscoring the urgent need to prevent transmission through behavior of patients. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze determinants of transmission behavior among TB patients in Surabaya, Indonesia. Methods: The methodology used in this study was a cross-sectional design and the participants were 144 TB patients at three community health centers in Surabaya, selected using simple random sampling. Variables including knowledge level, supportive behavior, and medication adherence were analyzed and data collection was carried out using a structured questionnaire. Additionally, data analysis was performed with statistical methods to determine the significance of variables. Results: The results showed that knowledge (P-value =

John Salmon,1 Daniel Bates,2 Neels Du Toit,2 Paul Verrills,2 James Yu,3 Murray G Taverner,4 Vahid Mohabbati,5 Matthew Green,6 Gary Heit7 ,† Robert Levy,8 Peter Staats,9 Shilpa Kottalgi,10 James Makous,11 Bruce Mitchell2 1Pain Management, Pain Care Perth, Perth Cottesloe, WA, Australia; 2Pain Management, Metro Pain Group, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; 3Pain Management, Sydney Spine and Pain, Sydney, NSW, Australia; 4Pain Management, Frankston Pain Management, Frankston, VIC, Australia; 5Pain Management, Sydney Pain Management Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia; 6Pain Management, Pain Medicine of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; 7Department of Neurosurgery, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue, Vietnam; 8Neurosurgery, Institute for Neuromodulation, Boca Raton, FL, USA; 9Premier Pain Centers, Shrewsbury, NJ, USA; 10Clinical Department, Nalu Medical, Inc, Carlsbad, CA, USA; 11Makous Research, LLC, Carlsbad, CA, USA†Gary Heit passed away in February 2023Correspondence: John Salmon, Pain Management, Pain Care Perth, 2/89 Forrest Street, Perth Cottesloe, WA, 6011, Australia, Tel +61 428 246 846, Fax +61 8 92845759, Email Salmon8@bigpond.comPurpose: Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is a highly effective treatment for chronic neuropathic pain. Despite recent advances in technology, treatment gaps remain. A small SCS system with a miniaturized implantable pulse generator (micro-IPG; < 1.5 cm3 in volume) and an externally worn power source may be preferred by patients who do not want a large, implanted battery. We report here the long-term outcomes from the first-in-human study evaluating the safety and performance of a new neurostimulation system.Patients and Methods: This was a prospective, multi-center, open-label, single-arm study to evaluate this SCS system, in the treatment of chronic, intractable leg and low-back pain. Consented subjects who passed screening continued on to the long-term phase of the study. One-year, patient-reported outcomes (PRO’s) such as pain (Numeric Rating Scale, NRS), functional disability, quality of life, and mood were captured.Results: Twenty-six (26) evaluable subjects with permanent implants were included in this analysis. The average leg pain NRS score decreased from 6.8 ± 1.2 at baseline to 1.1 ± 1.2 at the end of the study (p < 0.001), while the average low-back pain NRS score decreased from 6.8 ± 1.2 to 1.5 ± 1.2 (p < 0.001). The responder rate (proportion with ≥ 50% pain relief) was 91% in the leg(s) and 82% in the low back. There were significant improvements in functional disability (Oswestry Disability Index) and in mood (Beck Depression Inventory), demonstrating a 46% and 62% improvement, respectively (p < 0.001). Eleven-point Likert scales demonstrated the wearable to be very comfortable and very easy to use.Conclusion: There were considerable challenges conducting a clinical study during the COVID-19 pandemic, such as missed study programming visits. Nevertheless, subjects had significant PRO improvements through 1-year. The small size of the implanted device, along with a proprietary waveform, may allow for improved SCS outcomes and a drop in incidence of IPG-pocket pain.Plain Language Summary: Chronic neuropathic pain of the low back and legs is a common affliction. Unfortunately, many of these cases are medically intractable and require more invasive treatments. One such treatment is spinal cord stimulation, in which very small, cylindrical electrodes (leads) are percutaneously introduced into the epidural space where they deliver mild electrical pulses to the spinal cord thereby blocking the pain signals from reaching the brain. Among the shortcomings of this general approach is the bulkiness of the implanted battery and electronics that power the electrodes, which can be as large as 44 cm3 in volume. We report here the results of a study employing a very small spinal cord stimulator implant (< 1.5 cm3 in volume) that is externally powered by a wearable device. The results of this multi-center, prospective, open-label, single-arm study are reported here. Following 1 year of spinal cord stimulation therapy, the average pain reduction was 79% in the legs and 81% in the back, both of which were statistically significant at the p< 0.001 level. At the same study endpoint, patient-reported outcomes demonstrated significant improvements in functional disability (p < 0.001) and mood (p < 0.05). These outcomes are comparable to many of the other larger, fully implantable systems.Keywords: implantable pulse generator, IPG, battery free, neuropathic pain, pulsed stimulation pattern, micro-IPG, persistent spinal pain syndrome, failed back surgery syndrome, FBSS

Introduction: There is a growing interest in studying natural products for the identification of novel lead compounds for drug development for treating inflammatory diseases. Although some studies have focused anti-inflammatory activity of benzophenones and xanthones, exploring additional targets such as enzymes and cytokines, involved in their inflammatory response could provide more comprehensive understanding of the compounds’ anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, four xanthones ananixanthone (1), smeathxanthone A (2), smeathxanthone B (3), and 1,3,5,8-tetrahydroxy-2-(3-methybut-2-enyl)-4-(3,7-dimethyloct-2,6-dienyl) xanthone (4); and three benzophenones guttiferone O (5), guttiferone M (6), and aristophenone A (7) from Garcinia smeathmannii (Planch. & Triana) Oliv. were investigated for their effect on nitric oxide production, cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase inhibition, and Th1/Th2 cytokines production in activated RAW 264.7 macrophages.Methods: The Griess reagent method and the ferrous oxidation-xylenol orange assay were used to evaluate the inhibition of NO production and the 15-lipoxygenase activity respectively. Cyclooxygenase activity was assessed using the fluorometric COX activity assay kit and measurement of Th1/Th2 cytokines was performed using a flow cytometer.Results: All the tested compounds exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition of NO production with varying degrees of inhibitory effects on 15-LOX activity. Compound (6), displays the best inhibitory effect on COX-1/COX-2 activity. A general trend of the tested compounds on cytokines profiles revealed that compound (5) showed a pronounced enhancement of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10).Conclusion: This observation supports future exploration of ananixanthone (1), guttiferone O (5), and guttiferone (6) as potential candidates for the development of anti-inflammatory drugs.

Abstract Background Migrant populations in any country are a vulnerable group, and psycho-demographic research measuring life satisfaction has been used to assess migrants’ well-being in developed and developing countries. However, South Africa, with its high influx of migrant populations, has investigated these topical concerns from the perspective of xenophobia, with mixed findings. However, no, or very few studies have examined life satisfaction among migrants in South Africa. This study, therefore, extends previous literature by examining the determinants of life satisfaction among South Africa’s internal and international migrant populations. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study from the 2009 to 2021 Gauteng City-Region Observatory (GCRO) Quality of Life (QoL) surveys among migrant populations in two ways: a full sample and a gender-stratified sample. A sample of male and female migrants ranging from 15 to 49 years of age were recruited into this study. Cantril’s Self-Anchoring Ladder Life Satisfaction scale captured their life satisfaction alongside relevant social demographic factors. Descriptive statistics were applied for the data analysis of the demographic factors. Bivariate and multivariate logistics regression analyses were conducted to assess the associations and the predictive factors of life satisfaction among migrants, both internal and international. Results The key findings were the gender distribution of life satisfaction, showing that more international (male – 66.0% and female – 67.1%) migrants reported having a thriving life satisfaction than internal migrants (male – 61.7% and female – 61.5%). Findings from the Pearson correlation coefficient revealed a significant association between the individual, household, and community factors by migrant status (ρ

This study investigates the effect of iron-modified nano-TiO2, using the co-precipitation method with different concentrations of FeCl3 (0.1, 1, and 10%), to improve its photocatalytic properties for outdoor applications. To this end, modified and unmodified nano-TiO2 were characterized using different techniques. The optical properties were characterized by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) followed by band gap calculation. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to analyze the crystalline structure. Chemical and morphological characterization were carried out using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The photocatalytic activity was investigated by decolorizing Rhodamine B aqueous solutions under similar sunlight irradiation. The results indicate that the modification improved light absorption in the UV range for all iron concentrations; however, only the concentration of TiO2: FeCl3 (10%) shifted the absorption to the visible region. Also, including Fe3⁺ in TiO2 decreased the band gap energy from 3.14 to up to 2.80 eV. There were variations in crystallite size from 21.13 to up to 40.07 nm. The nano-TiO2 morphology analysis showed that it did not change after iron modification. EDS showed an FeCl3 peak only at higher concentrations (10%). In addition, the 0.1% Fe-modified TiO2 exhibited the highest activity in the photocatalytic process, with an efficiency of 95.23% after 3 h of irradiation.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the instrument and the norms for testing the physical ability of athletes aged 13-18 years. This type of research is descriptive research with survey techniques using the test method. The population in this study were Student Education and Training Center athletes in East Nusa Tenggara Province, totaling 69 athletes consisting of 41 boys and 28 girls. The sampling technique used in this study is nonprobability sampling of 69 athletes. The instruments used in this study were the 400 meter running test, sit and reach test, power hop test and multistage fitness test. The data obtained in this study were processed using t-test statistics with a significance level (α) = 5%. The results of research based on research and tests that have been carried out have a significant effect. Judging from the results of calculating the correlation coefficient of the influence and contribution of the old and new norms, namely: for male athletes, the value of R = correlation coefficient is equal to 0.720, while the magnitude of the contribution of the new norm to the old norm is shown by the R Square value of 0.518, which is 51.8%. Whereas for female athletes, the results obtained are R = correlation coefficient of 0.921, which means that the influence is large, while the contribution of the new norm to the old norm is shown by the R Square value of 0.849, which is 84.9%. So it can be concluded that there is an effectiveness of the instruments and norms for testing the physical ability of athletes aged 13-18 years in East Nusa Tenggara Province.

Meningioma is a type of tumor that commonly occurs in the central nervous system (CNS). Hyperostosis can occur in meningiomas. Hyperostosis is a condition in which the bone surrounding a meningioma thickens abnormally. Although hyperostosis is usually benign, leaving a small portion of bone that still has hyperostosis can increase the risk of recurrence. The case report was carried out by reviewing 3 medical records of meningioma sufferers with hyperostosis.

Este estudo objetivou realizar uma análise conceitual do princípio de Arquimedes nos livros de Ciências da Natureza aprovados pelo Programa Nacional do Livro e Material Didático (PNLD) 2021. A análise levou em consideração a gênese, a forma de obtenção, bem como as exceções que envolvem o módulo, a direção e o sentido da força de empuxo. Os resultados indicam que apenas um dos livros explica de maneira satisfatória a origem e a obtenção da força de empuxo; três apresentam o módulo do empuxo como consequência do enunciado do princípio de Arquimedes, e nenhum deles aborda os casos atípicos envolvendo a força de empuxo.

Mandiangin is one of the tropical rainforests in South Kalimantan, with highly diverse plants used for health and medicinal purposes. To date, scientific evidence on these plants' content and bioactivities remain lacking for further medical applications. In this perspective, this study aimed to determine the phytochemical contents of six selected plants, which include the Bilaran Kusan (Passiflora foetida), Sembilakan (Caesalpinia sp), Bamban Batu (Donax cenniformis), Kilayu (Aglaia sp), Ulur-Ulur (Tetrastigma sp), and Mali-Mali (Leea indica) from the Mandiangin rainforest, in addition to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Results revealed that the Leea indica extracts exhibited the highest flavonoid content (70.892 ± 0.34 mg/ml QE), while the highest tannin (2.101 ± 0.02 mg/ml GAE) and alkaloid contents (25.30 ± 0.71 %) were recorded for the Aglaia sp species. Meanwhile, Passiflora foetida showed the highest saponin content at (31.78 ± 2.97 %). Based on the study findings, the extracts of all six plants from the Mandiangin rainforest possessed medically valuable phytochemical constituents, as seen from their appreciable antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Of all these plants, P. foetida and L. indica demonstrated the highest antioxidant activity, whereas the highest anti-inflammatory activity was noted for the P. foetida, Aglaia- and Caesalpinia species.

To end the COVID-19 pandemics, the government attempted to accelerate the vaccination through various programs and collaboration. Unfortunately, the number is still relatively small compared to the number of populations in Indonesia. There are some reasons attributed to this challenge, one of them being the reluctance of citizens to accept the COVID-19 vaccine due to various factors. Knowing this factor to increase public compliance, the vaccination program can be speed-up. Unfortunately, traditionally acquiring the knowledge related to COVID-19 vaccine rejection can be challenging. One of the ways to capture the knowledge is by conducting a survey or interview related to COVID-19 vaccine acceptance. This method can be inefficient in terms of cost and resources. To address those problem, we propose a novel method for analyzing the topics related to the COVID-19 Indonesians’ opinions on Twitter by implementing topic modeling algorithm called Latent Dirichlet Allocation. We gathered more than 22000 tweets related to the COVID-19 vaccine. By applying the algorithm to the collected dataset, we can capture the what is general opinion and topic when people discuss about COVID-19 vaccine. The result was validated using the labeled dataset that have been gathered in the previous research. Once we have the important term, the strategy based on can be determined by the medical professional who are responsible to administer the COVID-19 vaccine.

Climate change effects on water quality are related directly and indirectly to the water cycle and human activities. We present examples of these effects using a retrospective analysis across European catchments according to three objectives: (i) identification of extreme or anomalous values in climatic and chemical variables at multiple time scales, (ii) assessment of variability in seasonal and inter-annual chemical cycles, and (iii) identification of a general water chemistry response to the North Atlantic Oscillation. From these examples, we highlight four challenges for research on the relationships between climate and water quality: (i) developing functional typologies of chemical elements, (ii) performing multi-temporal and multi-spatial analysis by aggregating data into water-cycle periods, (iii) decoupling effects of climate conditions and human activities by testing hypotheses using parsimonious models, and (iv) incorporating water quality and aquatic ecosystem health into integrated models. Water quality integrates current and past (legacy) conditions, flow pathways, and biogeochemical reactivity, which themselves depend on the climate. As our results highlight, water quantity and quality need to be studied together.

This study aims to evaluate the hepatoprotective, hypolipidemic and aortic morphometric effects of fish oil rich in omega-3 in hypercholesterolemic BALB/c mice. This is an experimental model that included 16 male BALB/c mice (Mus musculus) divided into three groups (G1 (standard commercial chow and 0.9% saline solution), G2 (hypercholesterolemic diet and 0.9% saline solution) and G3 (hypercholesterolemic diet and fish oil)) for 8 weeks. There was no significant difference in the treatment with omega-3-rich fish oil in the lipid profile (p > 0.05). In the histological analysis, group G2 detected the presence of hepatitis and liver tissue necrosis, but this was not observed in group G3. As for the morphometry in the light area of the vessel, the G1 group had a higher score (2.62 ± 0.36 mm2) when compared to G2 (2.10 ± 0.16 mm2) and G3 (2.26 ± 0.25 mm2) (p < 0.05). The vessel wall thickness did not differ between the groups (p > 0.05). It is concluded that supplementation with fish oil rich in omega-3 carried out in this study may have a protective effect on liver tissue, but it has not yet improved the lipid and morphometric profile. Despite this research being preliminary, it is a relevant study with future prospects for improving the doses of EPA and DHA in order to better elucidate the benefits of fish oil in models of dyslipidemia.

The goal is that students have motivation that is in line with the principles of learning motivation and can participate in every learning activity in theory and practice. The design used in the implementation of this research is Ex post facto. The method used is non-experimental quantitative. The instrument used in the form of a questionnaire aimed at collecting data on Abraham Maslow's motivation theory with the learning motivation of Physical Education Students consists of five aspects namely physiological needs, security needs, social needs, self-esteem needs, self-actualization needs which are independent variables or those that affect two aspects, namely learning activities in the classroom or the field and independent activities of students which are dependent or influenced variables. The sample in this study used simple random sampling. The research sample selected as many as 35 students of Semester II, IV and VI. The results of Abraham Maslow's theory of learning motivation with learning motivation of 35 Penjaskesrek students are in moderate qualifications with an average score of 162, in the interval (157 – 164), and the learning motivation of Penjaskesrek students lies in moderate qualifications with an average score. the average is 130, is in the interval (126 – 132). Thus, there is a significant influence between Abraham Maslow's theory of learning motivation and the learning motivation of Penjaskesrek FKIP students, Nusa Cendana University, Kupang in 2020. It appears that r count (0.609) is greater than r table (0.344), 0.609 > 0.344. The results showed that there was a positive and quite strong influence so that there was a relationship between Abraham Maslow's theory of learning motivation and the learning motivation of Penjaskesrek FKIP students, Nusa Cendana University, Kupang in 2022 of 0.609.

A quantum dipole interacting with an optical cavity is one of the key models in cavity quantum electrodynamics (cavity-QED). To treat this system theoretically, the typical approach is to truncate the dipole to two levels. However, it has been shown that in the ultrastrong-coupling regime, this truncation naively destroys gauge invariance. By truncating in a manner consistent with the gauge principle, we introduce master equations for open systems to compute gauge-invariant emission spectra, photon flux rates, and quantum correlation functions which show significant disagreement with previous results obtained using the standard quantum Rabi model. Explicit examples are shown using both the dipole gauge and the Coulomb gauge.