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Background and Objectives: The physical mechanism of the generation of a steady wave flow at the photospheric level is studied, which ensures anomalous heating of the solar atmosphere at various stages of the solar activity cycle. Background and Objectives: We study the conditions of stability loss for slow modes of oscillation at various depths of the convective zone and the development of Parker’s instability, which leads to the ejection of magnetic fields into the atmosphere of the Sun. Materials and Methods: Based on the conservative difference scheme, an algorithm for calculating the dynamics of a thin magnetic tube when moving in the convective zone and the solar atmosphere is presented. The equilibrium conditions of the position of the magnetic tube at various depths of the convective zone are determined. The types of linear oscillations of the tube near the equilibrium position were determined: fast (Alfven) and slow (varicose) waves. Results: The physical mechanism for generating weak shock waves at the photospheric level by emerging magnetic fields at the nonlinear stage of development (saturation) of Parker’s instability is determined. Conclusion: The results allow further detailed analysis of wave flow generation in the lower layers of the Sun’s atmosphere at various stages of the cycle activity.

Background and Objectives: Processing and analysis of observational data on the study of physical processes occurring in the Sun's atmosphere at various stages of the activity cycle requires a systematic identification of stable components for all physical parameters related to the stationary solar atmosphere. The first attempts at numerical calculation of the structure of the stationary atmosphere gave a sharp discrepancy with direct measurements of the distribution of the physical parameters of the solar atmosphere in height. In model calculations, the temperature decreases monotonically from 5700 K at the photosphere level as the altitude increases, and the energy flow is formed due to the radiant and kinetic thermal conductivity. In the observational data from the photospheric level to heights of about 500 km the temperature decreases (in agreement with theoretical calculations), passes through the temperature minimum, but then begins to grow. At the altitude of 28 000 km, the temperature reaches 1.5·106 K, and remains stable at this level at altitudes of the order of several radii of the Sun. So there was a problem of "abnormal warming" of the solar atmosphere . In this work the phenomenon of anomalous heating of the solar atmosphere due to the dissipation of the energy of weak shock waves generated in the upper layers of the convective zone is studied. Materials and Methods: The distributions of plasma characteristics are calculated based on the empirical model of the solar atmosphere and the convective zone of the Sun. It is shown that in the convective zone and the chromosphere of the Sun the model of single-liquid gas dynamics is used to describe the movement of gas. A system of equations for single-liquid gas dynamics is used. The model problem takes into account the effect of thermal conductivity and viscosity, which plays an important role in the formation of the resulting distribution of thermodynamic parameters of the solar atmosphere. On the basis of completely conservative difference schemes of gravitational gas dynamics the method of establishing calculated the distribution of thermodynamic parameters in height within the solar chromosphere. Results: The method of determination was used to calculate the anomalous heating during the generation of acoustic waves from the photospheric level, as well as in the upper layers of the convective zone. These calculations implement a direct test of the Schwarzschild-Birman hypothesis in the original formulation about the mechanism of excitation of acoustic waves by stochastic pulsations of convective flows near the photospheric level. Due to the influence of dissipative processes (viscosity, radiant heat conduction) the calculated distributions weakly depend on the frequency and depth of wave flow generation in the upper layers of the solar convective zone. Conclusion: The calculation results are in satisfactory agreement with the observational data. Keywords: atmosphere of the Sun, abnormal heating, shock wave, initial and boundary conditions of the problem.

Introduction: Several classifications of psychodermatology disorders have been proposed, with most of them based on two to four main disorder category groups. However, there is, to date, no classification that has resulted from a consensus established by psychodermatology experts. The DSM‐5‐TR (Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.), Text Revision) and the ICD‐11 (International classification of diseases (11th revision)) also do not provide a systematized approach of psychodermatology disorders. Taking into consideration that classifications are a key pillar for a comprehensive approach to the pathologies of each branch of medicine, the proposal of a classification in psychodermatology appeared as a central need for the recognition of psychodermatological disorders, in an attempt to improve their recognition and, in that sense, to find a common language for the development of this subspecialty that crosses dermatology and psychiatry. Methods: Previously published classifications in psychodermatology were critically reviewed and discussed by expert opinion from an international multidisciplinary panel of 16 experts in psychodermatology and a new classification system is proposed, considering classical concepts in general dermatology and psychopathology. Results: Two main categories of disorders are presented (a main group related to primary mental health disorders and another main group related to primary skin disorders), which are subsequently subdivided into subgroups considering pathophysiological and phenomenological similarities, including key aspects of dermatological examination, namely the presence of visible skin lesions (primary and secondary skin lesions) and psychopathological correlates. Conclusion: This new classification aims to unify previous classifications, systematize the disorders that belong to psychodermatology and highlight their tenuous boundaries, to improve their management. It has been built and approved by the Psychodermatology Task Force of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (EADV), the European Society for Dermatology and Psychiatry (ESDaP) and the Association for Psychoneurocutaneous Medicine of North America (APMNA). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The aim of the study was to search rates of depression and mental health in university students, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and methods: This is an observational cross-sectional study. A protocol gathering sociodemographic variables as well as depression, anxiety and suicidality and conspiracism was assembled, and data were collected anonymously and online from April 2020 through March 2021. The sampl included 12,488 subjects from 11 countries, of whom 9,026 were females (72.2%; aged 21.11 ± 2.53), 3,329 males (26.65%; aged 21.61 ± 2.81) and 133 “nonbinary gender” (1.06%; aged 21.02 ± 2.98). The analysis included chi-square tests, correlation analysis, ANCOVA, multiple forward stepwise linear regression analysis and Relative Risk ratios. Results: Dysphoria was present in 15.66% and probable depression in 25.81% of the total study sample. More than half reported increase in anxiety and depression and 6.34% in suicidality, while lifestyle changes were significant. The model developed explained 18.4% of the development of depression. Believing in conspiracy theories manifested a complex eect. Close to 25% was believing that the vaccines include a chip and almost 40% suggested that facemask wearing could be a method of socio-political control. Conspiracism was related to current depression but not to history of mental disorders. Discussion: The current study reports that students are at high risk for depression during the COVID-19 pandemic and identified specific risk factors. It also suggested a role of believing in conspiracy theories. Further research is important, as it is targeted intervention in students’ groups that are vulnerable both concerning mental health and conspiracism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The language of a work of fiction is treated in the article as the embodiment of the author’s philosophical and psychological experience. The story under study sums up Tolstoy’s longstanding years of deliberation. The article discusses the main moral and ethical categories of being, multidimensional aspects of human psychology and their implementation mainly in the lexical design of the text. There is a connection between the story and other works of Tolstoy in terms of the unity of idiostyle and methods of working with language means that represent the moral search for personality. The features of the author’s semantic transformations of lexical meanings, their expansion and enrichment are revealed. The forms of connotative stratifications are studied (negative assessing, ironic rethinking, etc.). The reasons for the sustained popularity of this story among the readers of different generations are determined. The theoretical significance of the work is to deepen scientific knowledge about the lexical and stylistic innovations of L. N. Tolstoy’s creative method. The practical value lies in applying a comprehensive methodological approach to the study, including the study of the philological, psychological and philosophical aspects of the literary text.