Descriptor: "Riodinidae" - Searchworks@Jio Institute Digital Library Search Results

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405 results on '"Riodinidae"'

1. Influence of Host Plants and Tending Ants on the Cuticular Hydrocarbon Profile of a Generalist Myrmecophilous Caterpillar.

Author: Ceballos-González, Amalia Victoria, da Silva, Rafael Carvalho, Lima, Luan Dias, Kaminski, Lucas Augusto, Turatti, Izabel Cristina Casanova, Lopes, Norberto Peporine, and do Nascimento, Fábio Santos
Subjects: *CATERPILLARS, *HOST plants, *ANTS, *LEPIDOPTERA, *GAS analysis, *PLANT species, *GAS chromatography, *CHEMICAL plants
Abstract: In myrmecophilous organisms, which live in symbiosis with ants, cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) play a pivotal role in interspecific communication and defense against chemical-oriented predators. Although these interactions form complex information webs, little is known about the influence of biotic environmental factors on the CHC profiles of myrmecophiles. Here, we analyzed the effect of different host plants and tending ants on the larval CHC profile of Synargis calyce (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae), a polyphagous species with facultative myrmecophily. Groups of caterpillars were fed individually with three host plant species (without tending ants), and with two tending ant species. Through gas chromatography analysis, we compared the cuticular profiles of treatments and found a high similarity between plants and caterpillars (65–82%), but a low similarity between caterpillars and their tending ants (30 − 25%). Cluster analysis showed that caterpillars, ants, and plants form distinct groups, indicating that S. calyce caterpillars have their own chemical profile. These results are similar to those observed for Lycaenidae caterpillars indicating that there is functional convergence in the chemical strategies used by myrmecophilous caterpillar species with similar ecology. Also, the results suggest that the cuticular compounds of S. calyce are primarily influenced by their host plants rather than their tending ants. Thus, we propose that these caterpillars present a trade-off between camouflage and directly informing their presence to ants, maintaining their unique chemical profile, though slightly affected by biotic environmental factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2024
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2. Diversity of butterfly–ant symbioses in the neotropical genus Ectatomma (Formicidae: Ectatomminae)

Author: Lachaud, J.-P., Kaminski, L. A., and Pérez-Lachaud, G.
Published: 2024
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3. Real Power Loss Reduction by Chaotic Based Riodinidae Optimization Algorithm

Author: Kanagasabai, Lenin, Angrisani, Leopoldo, Series Editor, Arteaga, Marco, Series Editor, Panigrahi, Bijaya Ketan, Series Editor, Chakraborty, Samarjit, Series Editor, Chen, Jiming, Series Editor, Chen, Shanben, Series Editor, Chen, Tan Kay, Series Editor, Dillmann, Rüdiger, Series Editor, Duan, Haibin, Series Editor, Ferrari, Gianluigi, Series Editor, Ferre, Manuel, Series Editor, Hirche, Sandra, Series Editor, Jabbari, Faryar, Series Editor, Jia, Limin, Series Editor, Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series Editor, Khamis, Alaa, Series Editor, Kroeger, Torsten, Series Editor, Li, Yong, Series Editor, Liang, Qilian, Series Editor, Martín, Ferran, Series Editor, Ming, Tan Cher, Series Editor, Minker, Wolfgang, Series Editor, Misra, Pradeep, Series Editor, Möller, Sebastian, Series Editor, Mukhopadhyay, Subhas, Series Editor, Ning, Cun-Zheng, Series Editor, Nishida, Toyoaki, Series Editor, Oneto, Luca, Series Editor, Pascucci, Federica, Series Editor, Qin, Yong, Series Editor, Seng, Gan Woon, Series Editor, Speidel, Joachim, Series Editor, Veiga, Germano, Series Editor, Wu, Haitao, Series Editor, Zamboni, Walter, Series Editor, Zhang, Junjie James, Series Editor, Muthusamy, Hariharan, editor, Botzheim, János, editor, and Nayak, Richi, editor
Published: 2023
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4. The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Dodona eugenes (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae).

Author: Wei, Zhong-Xue, Sun, Gang, Shiu, Jer-Yuan, Fang, Yan, and Shi, Qing-Hui
Subjects: Dodona eugenes, Mitochondrial genome, Riodinidae, phylogenetic analysis
Abstract: The complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) sequence of Dodona eugenes (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae) was determined and analyzed. The mitogenome is 15,680 bp in length with consisting of 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, two ribosomal RNA genes (rrnL and rrnS), and one AT-rich region. The gene content, orientation, and order are identical to that of the majority of other lepidopteran insects. The D. eugenes mitogenome includes a cox1 gene with an atypical CGA(R) start codon and three genes (cox1, nad5, and nad4) exhibiting incomplete stop codons. All tRNAs have a typical secondary cloverleaf structure, except for trnS1 which lacks the dihydrouridine (DHU) arm. The 825-bp long AT-rich region is the longest among sequenced riodinids, which range from 349 to 423 bp. The conclusion of phylogenetic analysis highly supported the monophyly of Riodinidae, which is standing as the sister of the family Lycaenidae.
Published: 2021

5. The Natural History of Caterpillar-Ant Associations

Author: Pierce, Naomi E., Dankowicz, Even, Marquis, Robert J., editor, and Koptur, Suzanne, editor
Published: 2022
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6. Impacts of Plant Defenses on Host Choice by Lepidoptera in Neotropical Rainforests

Author: Endara, María-José, Forrister, Dale, Nicholls, James, Stone, Graham N., Kursar, Thomas, Coley, Phyllis, Marquis, Robert J., editor, and Koptur, Suzanne, editor
Published: 2022
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7. An updated list of butterfly (Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera) fauna of Tadoba National Park, Chandrapur, Maharashtra, Central India.

Author: Tiple, Ashish D. and Bhagwat, Shatanik S.
Subjects: *BUTTERFLIES, *LEPIDOPTERA, *NATIONAL parks & reserves, *ENDANGERED species, *RIODINIDAE
Abstract: The present study was carried out to reveal the checklist of butterfly species in the Tadoba National Park, Chandrapur area of 623 sq. km. Study was carried out from 2011 to 2021. A total of 134 species were recorded, with an addition of 27 new records for Tadoba National Park. Of the total, 60 species were very common, 34 species were common, 9 were frequent common, 19 were rare, and 12 were very rare. Most of the butterflies recorded belong to the Nymphalidae (43 species) with 4 new records. Of Lycaenidae, 41 species with 12 new records. In Pieridae 19 species with 3 new records were recorded. A total of 20 Hesperiidae species with 6 new records and 10 species were recorded from the Papilionidae with 2 new records and one species recorded from the family Riodinidae. About 12 species of the recorded ones come under the protection category of the Indian Wild Life protection Act 1972. The study provided an updated list of butterflies of Tadoba National Park. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2023
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8. Oh, the places you will grow: Intraspecific latitudinal clines in butterfly size suggest a phylogenetic signal.

Author: Merwin, Andrew C., Hilliard, Justin, Larsen, Ashley, Lasken, Andrew G., and Johnson, Icesstrená
Subjects: *LYCAENIDAE, *ANIMAL species, *BODY size, *BODY temperature, *NYMPHALIDAE, *BUTTERFLIES, *LATITUDE
Abstract: Within an animal species, the body sizes of individuals at higher latitudes are often different from individuals at lower latitudes. For homeothermic species that maintain a relatively constant body temperature, such as mammals and birds, individuals at higher latitudes tend to be larger. For ectothermic species, such as insects, that do not retain their own body heat and which often do not maintain a relatively constant body temperature, patterns of body size with latitude are highly variable. This has led some authors to contend that patterns in even closely related species cannot be expected to be similar. Indeed, to our knowledge, no studies of invertebrates have found that more closely related species have more similar relationships between body size and latitude. Further, no studies have investigated the potential influence of diet quality on interspecific differences in these clines. We measured wing lengths of specimens (N = 1753) in eight lycaenid butterfly species and one species of the sister family, Riodinidae to determine if more closely related species have similar latitudinal trends. We also estimated the mean nitrogen content of caterpillars' hosts to investigate whether this often‐limiting nutrient influences the strength and direction of latitudinal clines in body size. We found that four species are significantly smaller at higher latitudes, an additional species is marginally smaller at higher latitudes (p <.06), and four species had no significant relationship with latitude. We also found a strong phylogenetic signal for latitudinal clines in body size among our species, which indicates that some closely related species may have similar clines. However, the strength and direction of these clines did not depend on the estimated nitrogen content of caterpillars' hosts. Our results indicate that mean nitrogen content of hosts may not be an important driver in latitudinal clines but that phylogenetic relationships among species should be accounted for when exploring other potential drivers of body‐size clines in invertebrate species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2022
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9. Oh, the places you will grow: Intraspecific latitudinal clines in butterfly size suggest a phylogenetic signal

Author: Andrew C. Merwin, Justin Hilliard, Ashley Larsen, Andrew G. Lasken, and Icesstrená Johnson
Subjects: Bergmann's Rule, latitudinal clines, Lycaenidae, Riodinidae, host plant nitrogen, Ecology, QH540-549.5
Abstract: Abstract Within an animal species, the body sizes of individuals at higher latitudes are often different from individuals at lower latitudes. For homeothermic species that maintain a relatively constant body temperature, such as mammals and birds, individuals at higher latitudes tend to be larger. For ectothermic species, such as insects, that do not retain their own body heat and which often do not maintain a relatively constant body temperature, patterns of body size with latitude are highly variable. This has led some authors to contend that patterns in even closely related species cannot be expected to be similar. Indeed, to our knowledge, no studies of invertebrates have found that more closely related species have more similar relationships between body size and latitude. Further, no studies have investigated the potential influence of diet quality on interspecific differences in these clines. We measured wing lengths of specimens (N = 1753) in eight lycaenid butterfly species and one species of the sister family, Riodinidae to determine if more closely related species have similar latitudinal trends. We also estimated the mean nitrogen content of caterpillars’ hosts to investigate whether this often‐limiting nutrient influences the strength and direction of latitudinal clines in body size. We found that four species are significantly smaller at higher latitudes, an additional species is marginally smaller at higher latitudes (p
Published: 2022
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10. Genetic evaluation of the evolutionary distinctness of a federally endangered butterfly, Lange’s Metalmark

Author: Proshek, Benjamin, Dupuis, Julian R, Engberg, Anna, Davenport, Ken, Opler, Paul A, Powell, Jerry A, and Sperling, Felix AH
Subjects: Biological Sciences, Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, Genetics, Life on Land, Animals, Biological Evolution, Butterflies, Conservation of Natural Resources, DNA, Mitochondrial, Endangered Species, Genetic Variation, Genetics, Population, Microsatellite Repeats, Phylogeny, United States, Conservation, Mitochondrial DNA, Population genetics, Evolutionarily significant unit, ESU, Apodemia mormo langei, Riodinidae, Endangered species act, Conservation prioritization, Evolutionary biology
Abstract: BackgroundThe Mormon Metalmark (Apodemia mormo) species complex occurs as isolated and phenotypically variable colonies in dryland areas across western North America. Lange's Metalmark, A. m. langei, one of the 17 subspecies taxonomically recognized in the complex, is federally listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act of 1973. Metalmark taxa have traditionally been described based on phenotypic and ecological characteristics, and it is unknown how well this nomenclature reflects their genetic and evolutionary distinctiveness. Genetic variation in six microsatellite loci and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I sequence was used to assess the population structure of the A. mormo species complex across 69 localities, and to evaluate A. m. langei's qualifications as an Evolutionarily Significant Unit.ResultsWe discovered substantial genetic divergence within the species complex, especially across the Continental Divide, with population genetic structure corresponding more closely with geographic proximity and local isolation than with taxonomic divisions originally based on wing color and pattern characters. Lange's Metalmark was as genetically divergent as several other locally isolated populations in California, and even the unique phenotype that warranted subspecific and conservation status is reminiscent of the morphological variation found in some other populations.ConclusionsThis study is the first genetic treatment of the A. mormo complex across western North America and potentially provides a foundation for reassessing the taxonomy of the group. Furthermore, these results illustrate the utility of molecular markers to aid in demarcation of biological units below the species level. From a conservation point of view, Apodemia mormo langei's diagnostic taxonomic characteristics may, by themselves, not support its evolutionary significance, which has implications for its formal listing as an Endangered Species.
Published: 2015

11. The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Dodona eugenes (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae)

Author: Zhong-Xue Wei, Gang Sun, Jer-Yuan Shiu, Yan Fang, and Qing-Hui Shi
Subjects: mitochondrial genome, riodinidae, dodona eugenes, phylogenetic analysis, Genetics, QH426-470
Abstract: The complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) sequence of Dodona eugenes (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae) was determined and analyzed. The mitogenome is 15,680 bp in length with consisting of 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, two ribosomal RNA genes (rrnL and rrnS), and one AT-rich region. The gene content, orientation, and order are identical to that of the majority of other lepidopteran insects. The D. eugenes mitogenome includes a cox1 gene with an atypical CGA(R) start codon and three genes (cox1, nad5, and nad4) exhibiting incomplete stop codons. All tRNAs have a typical secondary cloverleaf structure, except for trnS1 which lacks the dihydrouridine (DHU) arm. The 825-bp long AT-rich region is the longest among sequenced riodinids, which range from 349 to 423 bp. The conclusion of phylogenetic analysis highly supported the monophyly of Riodinidae, which is standing as the sister of the family Lycaenidae.
Published: 2021
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12. Hidden in the wing dots: Disentangling mimetic sister species of butterflies (Riodinidae: Stalachtis) with an integrative approach.

Author: Magaldi, Luiza Moraes, Kaminski, Lucas Augusto, Seraphim, Noemy, Azeredo-Espin, Ana Maria, Silva-Brandão, Karina Lucas, and Freitas, André Victor Lucci
Subjects: BUTTERFLIES, PHENOTYPIC plasticity, SPECIES, DEFORESTATION, TAXONOMISTS, SAVANNAS, SUBSPECIES
Abstract: The high resemblance between closely related mimetic species poses a challenge to taxonomists who describe and define these species. An emblematic example is found within Stalachtis Hübner, 1818 (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae), a small Neotropical genus of brightly colored butterflies engaged in mimicry rings. Its systematic position within Riodinidae is difficult to define based on morphology alone, and while its taxonomy is inflated due to intraspecific color polymorphisms, phenotypic variation might be concealing cryptic species. Thus, we examined the subspecific diversity within S. phlegia (Cramer, 1779) through an integrative approach based on both molecular and morphological data, aiming to investigate taxon limits. Both morphology and molecular data support the status of S. phlegia and Stalachtis susanna stat. rev. as distinct species. S. susanna stat. rev. is a medium sized butterfly with an orange-black wing color pattern with a few white dots. Furthermore, S. susanna stat. rev. has no subspecies, and is endemic to the Atlantic Forest, while the four subspecies within S. phlegia are widely distributed throughout the Amazon, the Cerrado savanna and in parts of the Atlantic Forest. We consider S. phlegia a promising model for studies of the effect of deforestation on mimetic color patterns in the Amazon–Cerrado transition. - Several sources of morphological and molecular evidence indicate that Stalachtis phlegia and Stalachtis susanna stat. rev. are distinct species. - S. susanna stat. rev. differs markedly from all subspecies of S. phlegia in both dorsal and ventral hindwing and forewing patterns. - S. susanna stat. rev. is essentially restricted to the Atlantic Forest, while S. phlegia is widespread through the Cerrado savannas, lowland Amazon and in part of the Atlantic Forest in Brazil. - S. susanna stat. rev. and S. phlegia form two well supported clades and species delimitation analyses point to a pattern of two isolated lineages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2021
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13. Observations on the behavior and diet of the Harlequin Taxila haquinus haquinus Fabricius 1793 (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae) in Singapore.

Author: Eunice Kong, Max Khoo, Wong Jun Wei, Sherilyn Wong, and Low Bing Wen
Subjects: *LEPIDOPTERA, *ENDANGERED species, *PLANT species, *PLANT surfaces, *OVIPARITY, *ANIMAL nutrition, *BODY temperature regulation, *FEMALES
Abstract: Taxila haquinus haquinus (the Harlequin) is a moderately rare species in the butterfly family Riodinidae which occurs in Singapore. There is a general lack of information on the autecology of Riodinidae globally, including this species. A series of observations and experiments was therefore conducted to investigate the behavior and diet of larvae and adults of the Harlequin in its natural habitat and in captivity, to provide insights into its autecology and to aid in the design of recovery programmes targeted at this species. We found that resting was the main activity performed by adults of both sexes, with this behavior perhaps partly functioning in thermoregulation. Males spent a larger proportion of their time feeding and in flight, while females 'hopped' more than males, in which the butterfly performed a quick, short flight with a maximum duration of 3 seconds, and then alighted on the surface of a plant. Behavioral differences observed between sexes may reflect the priorities for males to search for mates and females to search for suitable oviposition sites. This study is the first to document a female Harlequin ovipositing on a non-host plant species and an interaction between a male and a female in their natural habitat, possibly an aspect of courtship behavior. Adult Harlequin were not recorded feeding on flowers but they were observed extending their proboscis to touch the leaf surface of multiple plant species, although it is not clear whether this behavior represents feeding. Caterpillars, regardless of their instars and the age of the leaf, appeared to be less receptive to feeding on non-host plant species belonging to the same plant family as the known host plant. During a leaf diet test, many individuals died between one and seven days following a switch to non-host plant species. Caterpillars that fed and pupated on non-host plant species also failed to eclose successfully as adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2021
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14. The complete mitochondrial genome of Punchinello butterfly, Zemeros flegyas (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae) and its phylogenetic implications

Author: Qing-hui Shi, Gang Sun, Yan Fang, Li-hua Zhang, and Jun-cheng Zhang
Subjects: mitochondrial genome, riodinidae, zemeros flegyas, phylogenetic analysis, Genetics, QH426-470
Abstract: The complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Zemeros flegyas (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae) is 15,219 bp in length, harboring typical 37 mitochondrial genes (13 PCGs, 22 tRNAs, and 2 rRNAs) and an AT-rich region. The Z. flegyas mitogenome includes a cox1 gene with an atypical CGA(R) start codon and three genes (cox1, nad5, nad4) exhibiting incomplete stop codons. The putative AT-rich region is 385 bp long with several structures characteristic of lepidopteran. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Z. flegyas is closely related to other riodinids. The complete mitogenome data provided here would be useful for further understanding the higher systematics of Riodinidae.
Published: 2020
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15. A review of the South American metalmark genus Alesa Doubleday, 1847 (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae: Eurybiini) with the description of two new species

Author: Santos, Wildio Ikaro Da Graça, Dolibaina, Diego Rodrigo, Dias, Fernando Maia Silva, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik, and Casagrande, Mirna Martins
Subjects: Lepidoptera, Insecta, Arthropoda, Animalia, Riodinidae, Papilionidae, Animal Science and Zoology, Biodiversity, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Taxonomy
Abstract: The taxonomy of the South American metalmark butterflies of the genus Alesa Doubleday, 1847 is reviewed. A new taxonomic arrangement for Alesa is supported after the analysis of about 600 specimens, including the recognition of two new species, described herein, A. juliae sp. nov. and A. mariae sp. nov.. Alesa negra Röber, 1931, so far recognized as a junior subjective synonym of A. telephae (Boisduval, 1836), is here recognized as a valid species (stat. rev.) and A. amethystina Gallard & Fernandez, 2015 as a junior subjective synonym (syn. nov.) of A. negra, and A. fournierae Lathy, 1958 is recognized as a junior subjective synonym (syn. nov.) of A. amesis (Cramer, 1777). Neotypes are designated for Papilio amesis Cramer, 1777, Erycina prema Godart, [1824] and Mimocastinia egeria Biedermann, 1936. Lectotypes are designated for Erycina priolas Godart, [1824], Eurybia telephae Boisduval, 1836, A. smaragdifera Westwood, 1851, A. lipara Bates, 1868, A. hemiurga Bates, 1868, A. thelydrias Bates, 1868, and Mimocastnia rothschildi Seitz, 1913. Three previously established species groups are here supported by morphological characters including the following species, “prema group”: A. prema, A. esmeralda Salazar & Constantino, 2007, A. beneluzi Gallard & Fernandez, 2015, A. rothschildi and A. juliae sp. nov.; “telephae group”: A. telephae, A. humilis Brévignon, 2015, A. negra stat. rev. and A. suzana Ahrenholz & Hall, 2010; and “amesis group”: A. amesis, A. mariae sp. nov., A. lipara Bates, 1867, A. hemiurga Bates, 1867 and A. thelydrias Bates, 1867. Adults and their genitalia are illustrated for all species available to examination. The main diagnostic characters used to distinguish the species belonging to the “amesis group” are illustrated, and pictures of adults images in situ and distribution maps are provided. Additionally, all species are diagnosed and discussed based on their morphology.
Published: 2023

16. An insight into the butterfly (Lepidoptera) diversity of an urban landscape: Guwahati, Assam, India.

Author: Bohra, Sanath Chandra and Purkayastha, Jayaditya
Subjects: BUTTERFLIES, WILDLIFE conservation, NYMPHALIDAE, LEPIDOPTERA, ENDANGERED species, HESPERIIDAE, PAPILIONIDAE
Abstract: The paper deals with the butterfly diversity of Guwahati, Assam, India which was the result of a survey conducted from April 2016 to July 2020. During the study period we recorded 249 species of butterflies belonging to six families namely Papilionidae (24 species), Pieridae (23 species), Lycaenidae (57 species), Riodinidae (two species), Nymphalidae (97 species), and Hesperiidae (46 species). Twenty-eight species were recorded from commercial areas, 74 species from residential areas, and 248 species from forested areas. Nineteen species were found to be very common, 39 species common, 50 species fairly common, 53 species uncommon, 57 species rare, and 31 species very rare. Twenty-four species and nine subspecies including Discophora sondiaca, Athyma selenophora, and Athyma kanwa phorkys are legally protected under different schedules as per the Indian Wildlife Protection Act (1972). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2021
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17. Description of the females of two species of the genus Lasaia (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae) and new records for Mexico

Author: ARTURO ARELLANO-COVARRUBIAS, ARMANDO LUIS-MARTÍNEZ, and JORGE LLORENTE-BOUSQUETS
Subjects: Lepidoptera, Insecta, Arthropoda, Animalia, Riodinidae, Animal Science and Zoology, Biodiversity, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Taxonomy
Abstract: Females of two species of the genus Lasaia Bates, 1868, L. arsis Staudinger, [1887] and L. pseudomeris Clench, 1972 are described from specimens deposited in entomological collections. The identity of these species had been uncertain due to scarcity of data, causing misidentifications and confusion in pairing males and females of the same species. Distribution maps for both species, as well as new records of L. arsis for Mexico are provided.
Published: 2023

18. Preliminary assessment of the tribe Lemoniini (Lepidoptera, Riodinidae) based on adult morphology

Author: Penz, Carla Maria, 1961, DeVries, Philip J., 1952, American Museum of Natural History Library, Penz, Carla Maria, 1961, and DeVries, Philip J., 1952
Subjects: Classification, Generative organs, Lemoniini, Nymphidiini, Riodinidae
Published: 1999

19. Catalogue of the family-group, genus-group and species-group names of the Riodinidae & Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera) of the world / Charles A. Bridges.

Author: Bridges, Charles A., University Library, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, and Bridges, Charles A.
Subjects: Classification, Lycaenidae, Nomenclature, Riodinidae
Published: 1994

20. Call production by myrmecophilous riodinid and lycaenid butterfly caterpillars (Lepidoptera) : morphological, acoustical, functional, and evolutionary patterns

Author: DeVries, Philip J., 1952, American Museum of Natural History Library, and DeVries, Philip J., 1952
Subjects: Ants, Behavior, Caterpillars, Insects, Lycaenidae, Riodinidae, Sound production by insects
Published: 1991

21. Alesa humilis Brevignon 2015

Author: Santos, Wildio Ikaro Da Graça, Dolibaina, Diego Rodrigo, Dias, Fernando Maia Silva, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik, and Casagrande, Mirna Martins
Subjects: Lepidoptera, Insecta, Arthropoda, Animalia, Riodinidae, Biodiversity, Alesa, Alesa humilis, Taxonomy
Abstract: Alesa humilis Brévignon, 2015 Figs 20–21, 94 Alesa humilis Brévignon, 2015. Bull. Soc. ent. France 120 (4): 453, figs 1, 2 (male d, v), 5–8 (male gen.); holotype male, French Guyana, Roura, RN 2, PK 35, 14-X-1989, collection L. & C. Brévignon.— Gallard, 2017. Riodinidae Guyane, p. 56. Diagnosis. Male of A. humilis is distinguished from A. suzana by the reddish spots on the wings upper side. Alesa humilis is distinguished from A. telephae and A. negra by their smaller red spots and absence of intervenal iridescent rays on the wings upper side. Wings underside with reduced dark brown. Female unknown. Type material. Alesa humilis Brévignon, 2015 was described based on a male holotype deposited at the LCB, with the following labels: / HOLOTYPE ♁ / Guiana Francesa, Roura, RN 2, PK 35, 14-X-1989, coleção L. & C. Brévignon. /. Distribution. Alesa humilis is only known from its type locality in French Guiana (Fig. 94). Comments. The atypical phenotype of this species was interpreted as an individual variation or an aberration of A. telephae for a long time (Brévignon 2015, Gallard 2017). The wing pattern of A. humilis is quite similar A. telephae and A. negra, except by the smaller red spots on the wings upper side, and the absence of the iridescent rays in the spaces between cells. Nevertheless, the male genitalia of A. telephae is quite distinct, with a long inner distal process of the valva, longer than the central projection of transtilla distally. In A. negra and A. humilis the process of valva is shorter, although longer than the central projection of transtilla in A. negra, and shorter than the central projection of transtilla in A. humilis. Brévignon (2015) considered the longer tegumen and uncus, and the smaller anterior projection of saccus of A. humilis when compared with A. telephae as additional characters supporting the specific status of A. humilis. It is not possible to fully evaluate the specific status of A. humilis based on the limited information available; nevertheless, A. humilis is here recognized as a valid species until more material is available. The holotype male Alesa humilis was captured at 13:30h., flying close to the ground and perching on the underside of a leaf (Brévignon 2015). Examined material. FRENCH GUIANA — Cayenne: Roura (RN 2, PK 35), 14.X.1989, holotype male, L. Brévignon leg. (LCB) (examined from images)., Published as part of Santos, Wildio Ikaro Da Graça, Dolibaina, Diego Rodrigo, Dias, Fernando Maia Silva, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik & Casagrande, Mirna Martins, 2023, A review of the South American metalmark genus Alesa Doubleday, 1847 (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae: Eurybiini) with the description of two new species, pp. 77-120 in Zootaxa 5284 (1) on page 95, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5284.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7919001, {"references":["Brevignon, C. (2015) Un nouvel Eurybiini du genre Alesa de Guyane francaise (Lepidoptera, Riodinidae). Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de France, 120 (4), 453 - 456. https: // doi. org / 10.3406 / bsef. 2015.2285","Gallard, J. - Y. (2017) Les RIODINIDAE de Guyane. Tezida Impr. Tezida, Bulgaria, 191 pp."]}
Published: 2023
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22. Alesa thelydrias Bates 1867

Author: Santos, Wildio Ikaro Da Graça, Dolibaina, Diego Rodrigo, Dias, Fernando Maia Silva, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik, and Casagrande, Mirna Martins
Subjects: Lepidoptera, Insecta, Arthropoda, Animalia, Riodinidae, Biodiversity, Alesa, Taxonomy, Alesa thelydrias
Abstract: Alesa thelydrias Bates, 1867 Figs 38–39, 52, 60, 96 Alesa thelydrias Bates, 1868. Jour. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., 9: 371, 415; Rio Cupari, Tapajos, Amazons, [Pará, Brazil].— Herrich-Schäffer, 1868 Corr. Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 22: 121.—Kirby, 1871. Syn. Cat. diurn. Lep., p. 287.— Mengel, 1905. Cat. Erycinidae, p. 55.— Stichel, 1910, in Wytsman. Gen. Ins. 112A, p. 81.— Seitz, 1916. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 727, 1137; syn: helydrias [sic].— Stichel, 1930. Lep. Cat. 40, p. 295.—Brown, 1993. Occas. Paper IUCN Sp. Surv. Comm. 8: 151.— d’Abrera, 1994. Butt. Neotrop. Region 6, Riodinidae, p. 933, fig. (male d).— Callaghan & Lamas, 2004, Riodinidae, p. 148, in Lamas (ed.). Checklist: Part 4A. Hesperioidea—Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.) Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera 5A.— Hall & Ahrenholz, 2010. Trop. Lep. Res. 20 (1): 21. Alesa helydrias [sic], Seitz, 1916. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 652. Diagnosis. Males of A. thelydrias are most similar to A. mariae sp. nov. and A. hemiurga, and it can be distinguished from A. amesis and A. mariae sp. nov. by the absence of iridescence on the wings upper side, lighter ground color of the wings underside, and by the irregular discal band on the hindwing underside; it can be distinguished from males of A. lipara and A. hemiurga by the absence of purplish sheen on the wings upper side, reddish spots on the wings upper side well marked, and by the discal band, closer to the postdiscal band on the hindwing underside. Female unknown. Type material. Alesa thelydrias was described from an unstated number of male specimens from Rio Cupari, Tapajós, Pará, Brazil. To avoid future uncertainty, a male syntype in NMHUK with the following labels is here designated lectotype of Alesa thelydrias Bates, 1867: / Type H. T. / Tapajos, Amazons. H. W. Bates. / Type A. thelydrias [verso of the same label:] Tapajos / ♁ / 301 / Alesa thelydrias, Bates. Godman-Salvin Coll. 1913.-2. / BMNH (E) 1717341 /; the following labels will be added to the specimen: / LECTOTYPUS / Lectotype Alesa thelydrias Bates, 1868 W. Santos, Dolibaina, Dias, O. Mielke & Casagrande des. 2021 /. Distribution. This species is only known from its type locality, in the region of the municipalities of Aveiro and Rurópolis, near Itaituba, Pará, Brazil (Fig. 96). Comments. Alesa thelydrias is one of the three species of Alesa known only from a single male specimen. This species is distinctive in the “ amesis group” due to the spots and bands well marked on both wings upper side, which resembles a typical female of this species group. As already mentioned, characters of the wing pattern support A. thelydrias as being closely related to A. lipara and A. hemiurga, although the purplish sheen is absent in A. thelydrias but present in A. lipara and A. hemiurga. Alesa thelydrias is more similar and potentially can be misidentified with A. mariae sp. nov., as both species have reddish spots on the wings upper side. However, they can easily be distinguished by the irregular discal band on the hindwing underside in A. thelydrias, which is straight in A. mariae sp. nov.. This band is straight in all males of A. amesis and A. mariae sp. nov. available for examination, while it is irregular in A. thelydrias, A. lipara and A. hemiurga. Nothing is known about the behavior or habitat of A. thelydrias. Considering that males of other species of Alesa perform hilltopping behavior, sampling in low elevation summits in eastern Amazon, mainly in the region of Itaituba, Pará, Brazil, would be advisable to find A. thelydrias. Examined material. BRAZIL — Pará: (Rio Cupari), Bates leg., 1 male (NHMUK) (examined from images)., Published as part of Santos, Wildio Ikaro Da Graça, Dolibaina, Diego Rodrigo, Dias, Fernando Maia Silva, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik & Casagrande, Mirna Martins, 2023, A review of the South American metalmark genus Alesa Doubleday, 1847 (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae: Eurybiini) with the description of two new species, pp. 77-120 in Zootaxa 5284 (1) on pages 117-119, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5284.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7919001, {"references":["Stichel, H. F. E. J. (1910, 1911) Fam. Riodinidae. Subfamily Riodininae. Genera Insectorum, 112, pp. 1 - 452.","Seitz, A. (1916) Familie Erycinidae. In: Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde. Vol. 5. Alfred Kernen, Stuttgart, pp. 617 - 656.","Stichel, H. F. E. J. (1930) Riodinidae. In: Strand, E. (Ed.), Lepidopterorum Catalogus. Vols. 38 - 41. W. Junk, Berlin, pp. 1 - 795.","D'Abrera, B. L. (1994) Butterflies of the Neotropical Region. Part VI. Riodinidae, 879 - 1096. Hill House, Victoria, 215 pp.","Callaghan, C. J. & Lamas, G. (2004) Riodinidae. In: Lamas, G. (Ed.), Checklist: Part 4 A. Hesperioidea - Papilionoidea. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed.), Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Vol. 5 A. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera, Scientific Publishers, Gainesville, Florida, pp. 141 - 170.","Hall, J. P. W. & Ahrenholz, D. H. (2010) A new species of Alesa (Riodinidae: Eurybiini) from eastern Ecuador. Tropical Lepidoptera Research, 20 (1), 19 - 22."]}
Published: 2023
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23. Alesa Doubleday 1847

Author: Santos, Wildio Ikaro Da Graça, Dolibaina, Diego Rodrigo, Dias, Fernando Maia Silva, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik, and Casagrande, Mirna Martins
Subjects: Lepidoptera, Insecta, Arthropoda, Animalia, Riodinidae, Biodiversity, Alesa, Taxonomy
Abstract: Alesa Doubleday, 1847 Alesa Doubleday, 1847. List. Lep. Brit. Mus. 2, p. 1; included species: Alesa prema, Alesa smaragdifera, Alesa priolas — Westwood, 1851, in Doubleday. Gen. diurn. Lep. 2, p. 417.—Herrich-Schäffer, 1853. Samml. bek. aussereurop. Schmett., p. 55.—Ménétriés, 1855. Enum. Corp. Anim. Mus. Petrop., Lep. 1, p. 50.—Weidemeyer, 1864. Proc. ent. Soc. Philad. 2: 30.—Bates, 1868. Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool. 9 (39): 5.—Herrich-Schäffer, 1868. Corr.-Blatt zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 22: 121.—Kirby, 1871. Syn. Cat. diurn. Lep., p. 286.— Scudder, 1875. Proc. Amer. Ac. Sc. 10: 107; type species: [Erycina] prema.—M̂schler, 1876. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 26: 303.—Wallace, 1876. Geogr. Verbreit Thiere 2, p. 518.—Kirby, 1879. Cat. Coll. diurn. Lep. Hewsiton, p. 274.—Glaser, 1887. Cat. etymol. Coleopt. Lepid., p. 274.—Staudinger & Schatz, 1888, in Staudinger & Schatz. Exot. Schmett. 1, p. 242.—R̂ber, 1892, in Staudinger & Schatz. Exot. Schmett. 2, p. 238.—Mengel, 1905. Cat. Erycinidae, p. 40, 54.— Stichel, 1910, in Wytsman (ed.). Gen. Ins. 112A, p. 79.— Seitz, 1916. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 651.—Dalla Torre, 1927. Ent. Nachr.-Bl., Troppau, 1: 3.— Stichel, 1930. Lep. Cat. 40, p. 292.—Hemming, 1967. Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Ent., Suppl. 9: 36.—Brown, 1993. Occas. Paper IUCN Sp. Surv. Comm. 8: 59.— d’Abrera, 1994. Butt. Neotrop. Region 6, Riodinidae, p. 933.— Hall, 2003. Syst. Ent. 28: 23; [indirectely synonymized Mimocastnia].— Callaghan & Lamas, 2004, Riodinidae, p. 148, in Lamas (ed.). Checklist: Part 4A. Hesperioidea—Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.) Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera 5A; syn.: Mimocastnia.— Hall & Ahrenholz, 2010. Trop. Lep. Res. 20 (1): 19. Mimocastnia Seitz, 1913. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, pl. 127 (Mimocastnia rothschildi).— Seitz, 1916. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 652; type species: Mimocastnia rothschildi Seitz, 1913.— Stichel, 1930. Lep. Cat. 40, p. 295.— d’Abrera, 1994. Butt. Neotrop. Region 6, Riodinidae , p. 934.— Brévignon & Gallard, 1997. Lambillionea 97 (3)(1): 334.— Hall & Ahrenholz, 2010. Trop. Lep. Res. 20 (1): 21. Type species of Alesa. Erycina prema Godart, [1824], by subsequent designation by Scudder (1875). Type species of Mimocastnia: Mimocastnia rothschildi Seitz, 1913, by original designation. Diagnosis. As one of the two genera included in the subtribe Eurybiina, species of Alesa and Eurybia can be distinguished from other species of Riodinidae by the following characters: eyes with a metallic bluish-green gloss in live specimens; bristlelike scales on medial surface of labial palpi; male genital capsule posteriorly directed; and setose transtilla with three processes, one central and two lateral (Hall 2003). Alesa is distinguished from its sister genus Eurybia by their generally smaller size and by the following characters: presence of bristlelike scales only on the medial surface of the first segment of the labial palpi; third segment of the labial palpi longer than half distance between antennae; male forewing upper side with submarginal dark spots at center of the intervenal spaces; submarginal spots rectangular, restricted to the hindwing; marked sexual dimorphism; and male genitalia with a wide median process of transtilla. Redescription. Head: 2.5 times wider than high; frons whitish to yellow-orangish, with an anterior dark brown spot extending dorsally to the posterior margin of head; paraocular area and below and behind eyes from whitish to yellowish orange. Eyes naked, covering about 2/3 of the head, with metallic bluish-green gloss (evident in live specimens). Labial palpus narrow, slightly flattened laterally, extending up to 2/3 of eyes’ height, mostly whitish to yellow-orangish, third segment and ventral end of second segment dark brown; first segment short, twice longer than wide, anterodorsally directed; second segment more or less erect, three times longer than the first; third segment cylindrical, almost as long as half the length of the second, anterodorsally directed, distally pointed; females with longer labial palpus, almost reaching the height of the eye. Antenna length ranging from 60% (“ prema and telephae groups”) to 70% (“ amesis group”) of forewing length; shaft dark brown; club short and flattened with a ventral keel, distal segments with orange-reddish nudum. Thorax: dorsally similar to the color of the bands of the wings upper side, ventrally similar to the ground color of the wings underside. Prothoracic leg: covered by long, filiform scales, with the same ground color of the wings underside; coxa narrow and elongated at the base in males and short in females; tarsus fused in males and segmented in females, about the same length of the tibia; femur slighly larger than tibia. Mesothoracic and metathoracic legs: slender, one third larger than the prothoracic leg, covered by short scales and of the same color; coxa short, femur slightly curved and larger than the tibia; tibia with distal tiny spines; tarsi slightly projected distally with dark brown scales. Forewing: costal margin slightly convex, apex rounded, outer margin convex, tornus obtuse and anal margin straight; with five radial veins, discal cell about half the length of wing; both sides with four transversal bands, one basal, one postbasal, one discal and one postdiscal; forewing upper side with submarginal dark spots between veins, usually merging with the postdiscal band. Hindwing: rounded, costal margin slightly convex, apex rounded, outer margin convex, tornus obtuse and anal margin convex; discal cell about as long as half the length of the wing; underside with a row of pale rectangular submarginal ocelli-like spots from Rs to 3A, delimited anteriorly by a darker postdiscal band and posteriorly by the marginal line, with a black central element, more developed and usually iridescent in M 1 –M 3 and CuA 2 –2A (except in A. rothschildi and A. juliae sp. nov.). Abdomen: about 1.5x longer than thorax; dorsally similar to the color of the bands of the wings upper side, ventrally similar to ground color of the wings underside. Male genitalia: tegumen with a long and broad ventral lobe; two separated lateral fenestra between tegumen and uncus; uncus dorsally rectangular, wider than long, with a median indentation producing two lobes in posterior margin; anterior projection of saccus about as long as uncus; valva rectangular basally, distally divided in an lower/ outer and another upper/inner process; transtilla fused to the upper process of valva, with a median esclerotized process laterally limited by two setose processes; fultura inferior short and narrow, joining aedeagus just posterior to its mid-length; aedeagus 2 to 2.5x the combined length of tegumen and the uncus, as wide as 2/3 the width of valvae, straight to slightly curved dorsoventrally, 40–45% of its length tapered to a ventral posterior tip, ejaculatory bulb opens anteriorly and vesica without cornuti. Female genitalia: papilla analis more or less triangular, posterior half setose; sterigma as a narrow incomplete ring; ostium variably membranous to sclerotized; ductus bursae long and narrow, frequently with a sclerotized incomplete ring near ostium; bursa copulatrix distinctively shorter and wider than ductus bursae, with a pair of lateral signa (absent in A. juliae sp. nov.). Key to species groups 1 Frons with yellow lateral bands.......................................................................... 2 1’ Frons without yellow lateral bands............................................................ “ prema group” 2 Antennal club tip dorsally black............................................................. “ telephae group” 2’ Antennal club tip dorsally white.............................................................. “ amesis group”, Published as part of Santos, Wildio Ikaro Da Graça, Dolibaina, Diego Rodrigo, Dias, Fernando Maia Silva, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik & Casagrande, Mirna Martins, 2023, A review of the South American metalmark genus Alesa Doubleday, 1847 (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae: Eurybiini) with the description of two new species, pp. 77-120 in Zootaxa 5284 (1) on pages 79-80, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5284.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7919001, {"references":["Scudder, S. H. (1875) Historical sketch of the generic names proposed for butterflies. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 10, 91 - 293. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 20021416","Stichel, H. F. E. J. (1910, 1911) Fam. Riodinidae. Subfamily Riodininae. Genera Insectorum, 112, pp. 1 - 452.","Seitz, A. (1916) Familie Erycinidae. In: Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde. Vol. 5. Alfred Kernen, Stuttgart, pp. 617 - 656.","Stichel, H. F. E. J. (1930) Riodinidae. In: Strand, E. (Ed.), Lepidopterorum Catalogus. Vols. 38 - 41. W. Junk, Berlin, pp. 1 - 795.","D'Abrera, B. L. (1994) Butterflies of the Neotropical Region. Part VI. Riodinidae, 879 - 1096. Hill House, Victoria, 215 pp.","Hall, J. P. W. (2003) Phylogenetic reassessment of the five forewing radial-veined tribes of the Riodininae (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae). Systematic Entomology, 28 (1), 23 - 37. https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 3113.2003.00196. x","Callaghan, C. J. & Lamas, G. (2004) Riodinidae. In: Lamas, G. (Ed.), Checklist: Part 4 A. Hesperioidea - Papilionoidea. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed.), Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Vol. 5 A. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera, Scientific Publishers, Gainesville, Florida, pp. 141 - 170.","Hall, J. P. W. & Ahrenholz, D. H. (2010) A new species of Alesa (Riodinidae: Eurybiini) from eastern Ecuador. Tropical Lepidoptera Research, 20 (1), 19 - 22.","Seitz, A. (1913) Mimocastnia-Themone. In: Seitz, A., Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde. Vol. 5. Alfred Kernen, Stuttgart, pls. 127.","Brevignon, C. & Gallard, J. - Y. (1997) Inventaire des Riodinidae de Guyane Francaise. II - Riodininae: Mesosemiini, Eurybiini, Incertae Sedis. Description de nouveaux taxa. (Lepidoptera). Lambillionea, 97 (3), (1), 322 - 342."]}
Published: 2023
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24. Alesa negra Santos & Dolibaina & Dias & Mielke & Casagrande 2023

Author: Santos, Wildio Ikaro Da Graça, Dolibaina, Diego Rodrigo, Dias, Fernando Maia Silva, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik, and Casagrande, Mirna Martins
Subjects: Lepidoptera, Alesa negra, Insecta, Arthropoda, Animalia, Riodinidae, Biodiversity, Alesa, Taxonomy
Abstract: Alesa negra R̂ber, 1931 stat. rev. Figs 22–23, 28–29, 65, 94 Alesa negra R̂ber, 1931. Int. ent. Ztschr. 24: 389; 2 males, 1 female, Ypiranga [Uypiranga, 14 Km N of Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil].— Lathy, 1932. Ann. & Mag. nat. Hist. (10)9 (53): 484; [lectotype male].— Callaghan, 1995. Bull. Soc. ent. France 100 (2): 154.— Lamas, 2001. Rev. per. Ent. 42: 41, 43; lectotype male. Alesa prema f. sapphirina [missidentification]; Rebillard, 1958. Mém. Mus. nat. d’Hist. nat. (Paris) 15 (2): 167, pl. 2, fig. 10 (female d, v). Alesa neagra [sic]; Rebillard, 1958. Mém. Mus. d’Hist. nat. (Paris) 15 (2): 145, 167, fig. 2 (head), pl. 2, fig. 9 (male d, v), pl. 5 (male gen.).—Brown, 1993. Occas. Paper IUCN Sp. Surv. Comm. 8: 151. Alesa telephae [misidentification]; Lamas, 2001. Rev. per. Ent. 42: 43 (in part). Alesa amethystina Gallard & Fernandez, 2015. Bull. Soc. ent. France 120 (2): 138, figs 11, 12 (male d, v), 13–15 (male d, v, label of [lectotype] of Alesa negra), 16–18 (probable female d, v, and label); holotype male, French Guyana, Montsinéry, 1-X-1989, Piège. Lumineux. Pierre Souka leg., n° 456, collection J.-Y. Gallard, MNHN.— Gallard, 2017. Riodinidae Guyane, p. 55, pl. 10, fig. 2H (male d). (SYN. NOV.). Diagnosis. Alesa negra can be distinguished from A. suzana by the presence of reddish spots on both wings upper side of males. Alesa negra is more similar to A. telephae and A. humilis, from which it can be distinguished by the presence of purple iridescence covering these reddish spots. The putative female specimens of A. negra differ from of the female of A. telephae by the hindwing upper side submarginal spots, pale yellow to pale brown in the former, and orangish yellow in the latter, and by the distinctly narrow postdiscal pale brown area. Type material. Alesa negra R ̂ber, 1931 was described based on three specimens, two males and one female from Uypiranga, Amazonas, Brazil; nevertheless, the type series is a mix of three species. The lectotype, designated by Lathy (1932) to avoid further uncertainty, is deposited at the MNHN and has the following labels: / type / Uypiranga X.1929 / negra R ̂b. Type /. Alesa amethystina Gallard & Fernandez, 2015 was described based on a male holotype and an unstated number of male paratypes from Montsinéry, Cayenne, French Guiana, collected in a light trap in 1.X.1989 by Pierre Souka, nº 456, which is currently deposited at the MNHN. Distribution. Alesa negra is widespread in the Amazon occurring in French Guiana and Brazil (Amazonas, Mato Grosso) (Fig. 94). Comments. Alesa negra males are distinguishable from other species of the “ telephae group” by the presence of an iridescent purple sheen on the reddish spots on the wings upper side. The discal band of the hindwing underside is shifted distally between Rs–M 3, making the discal and postdiscal bands appear closer to each other in A. negra, while the discal band is straight, and the discal and postdiscal bands are farther apart in other species of the group. Additionally, the outer process of the valva of A. negra is longer than A. telephae, but shorter than A. humilis. Therefore, A. negra (stat. rev.) is considered here a valid species, and A. amethystina (syn. nov.) as a new subjective junior synonym of A. negra. Alesa negra R̂ber, 1931 was described based on two males and one female from Ypiranga [sic] (Uypiranga), an area by the Rio Negro about 14 Km north of Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil, all supposedly collected in November of 1929 and deposited at the MNHN. Lathy (1932) promptly recognized that the type series of A. negra included three different species, belonging to two different genera. According to Lathy (1932), one male specimen corresponds to A. telephae, and the other male specimen, the same specimen illustrated by R̂ber (1931) in the original description, corresponds to A. negra. The third specimen in the type series corresponds to a female of Synargis abaris (Cramer, 1776). Lathy (1932) unambiguously selected a particular syntype to act as the unique name-bearing type of the taxon when used the expression “the type” to refer to the male specimen illustrated by R̂ber (1931). Therefore, Lathy’s (1932) anachronistic lectotype designation is deemed valid (ICZN 1999, art. 74.5), even though Lamas (2001) later also designated a lectotype for A. negra. Lamas (2001) designated the male specimen corresponding to A. telephae as lectotype of A. negra, because label of that specimen has the same date given in the original description (“November of 1929”), while the other male specimen, labeled “ October 1929 ”, was designated as paralectotype (Lamas 2001). However, according to the ICZN, Lathy’s (1932) lectotype designation takes precedence and no later lectotype designation after Lathy (1932) has any validity (ICZN 1999, art. 74.1.1). The female of A. negra was incorrectly identified as A. prema sapphirina [sic] by Rebillard (1958, pl. 11, fig. 10). This specimen was recognized as the female of A. amethystina by Gallard & Fernandez (2015), here recognized as a junior subjective synonym of A. negra. However, the suggestion that the above cited female could correspond to the female of A. negra was already put forward by Le Cerf (in Rebillard (1958), p. 167). The putative female of A. negra can be distinguished from the female of A. telephae by the reduction of the light brown area between hindwing upper side discal and postdiscal bands, and by the irregular and curved discal band of the hindwing underside, as in males. Therefore, A. prema form sapphirina is here recognized as one of the known female phenotypes of A. telephae. Two of the most recently collected specimens of A. negra were attracted to light traps in two different collection events in French Guiana. According to Gallard & Fernandez (2015), it is possible that specimens of A. negra most likely rest in the canopy (while A. telephae are usually observed in the understory) and fly towards the light source when shied away from branches of the trees disturbed by the wind. Examined material. BRAZIL — Amazonas: Eirunepé, ex. coll. E. May, 1 male, DZ 35.104 (DZUP)., Published as part of Santos, Wildio Ikaro Da Graça, Dolibaina, Diego Rodrigo, Dias, Fernando Maia Silva, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik & Casagrande, Mirna Martins, 2023, A review of the South American metalmark genus Alesa Doubleday, 1847 (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae: Eurybiini) with the description of two new species, pp. 77-120 in Zootaxa 5284 (1) on pages 95-97, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5284.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7919001, {"references":["Lathy, P. I. (1932) On Alesa negra Rob. (Lepidoptera). Annals and Magazine of natural History, Series 10, 9 (53), 484. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933208673522","Callaghan, C. J. (1995) Les types des Riodinidae du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle de Paris (Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera). Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de France, 100 (2), 153 - 155. https: // doi. org / 10.3406 / bsef. 1995.17139","Lamas, G. (2001) Los Riodinidae, Lycaenidae y Hesperiidae americanos descritos por J. R ˆ ber (Lepidoptera). Revista peruana de Entomologia, 42, 41 - 48.","Rebillard, P. (1958) Contribution a la connaisance des Riodinidae Sud-Americaines. Memoires du Museum d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, New Series, A, 15 (2), 135 - 216.","Gallard, J. - Y. & Fernandez, S. (2015) Deux nouvelles especes du genre Alesa decouvertes en Guyane francaise (Lepidoptera, Riodinidae, Eurybiini). Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de France, 120 (2), 135 - 142. https: // doi. org / 10.3406 / bsef. 2015.2220","Gallard, J. - Y. (2017) Les RIODINIDAE de Guyane. Tezida Impr. Tezida, Bulgaria, 191 pp."]}
Published: 2023
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25. Alesa hemiurga Bates 1867

Author: Santos, Wildio Ikaro Da Graça, Dolibaina, Diego Rodrigo, Dias, Fernando Maia Silva, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik, and Casagrande, Mirna Martins
Subjects: Lepidoptera, Insecta, Arthropoda, Animalia, Riodinidae, Biodiversity, Alesa hemiurga, Alesa, Taxonomy
Abstract: Alesa hemiurga Bates, 1867 Figs 37–38, 46–47, 51, 55, 59, 70, 76, 81, 96 Alesa hemiurga Bates, 1868. Jour. Linn. Soc. 9: 372, 415; Ega, Upper Amazon [=Tefé, Amazonas, Brazil].—Herrich-Schäffer, 1868. Corr.-Blatt. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 22: 122.—Kirby, 1871. Syn. Cat. diurn. Lep., p. 287.—Mengel, 1905. Cat. Erycinidae, p. 55.—Stichel, 1915. Dtsch. ent. Ztschr. 1915: 695.— Callaghan & Lamas, 2004, Riodinidae, p. 148, in Lamas (ed.). Checklist: Part 4A. Hesperioidea—Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.) Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera 5A. — Hall & Ahrenholz, 2010. Trop. Lep. Res. 20 (1): 21. Alesa amesis hemiurga; Stichel, 1910, in Wytsman. Gen. Ins. 112A, p. 81.— Seitz, 1916. Groβ-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 652. Alesa sp. n. aff. amesis [misidentification]; Lamas et al., [1997]. Rev. per. Ent. 39: 66. Diagnosis. Alesa hemiurga has a wing pattern similar to other members of the “ amesis group”. Males of A. hemiurga can be distinguished from males of A. amesis and A. mariae sp. nov. by the lack of the dark blue iridescence on the wings upper side, and by the irregular discal band on the hindwing underside, whereas they are distinguished from those of A. lipara by the presence of spots and bands present or observed by transparency on the wings upper side. Finally, males of A. hemiurga are distinguished from A. thelydrias by the presence of a purplish sheen on the wings upper side. Females of A. hemiurga are only tentatively identified (see comments section below), differing from females of A. amesis by the absence of dark blue iridescence on the center of the submarginal ocelli on the hindwing upper side, and by the yellowish discal band directed towards the costal margin and not to the ocellus in Rs–M 1 on both sides of the hindwing. There is no notable differences between the putative female of A. hemiurga and A. lipara, except by the smaller wing length of the former, 14,5–15mm. Type material. Alesa hemiurga was described from an unstated number of specimens from “Ega”, upper Amazon (Tefé, Amazonas, Brazil). To avoid future uncertainty, a male syntype in NMHUK with the following labels is here designated lectotype of Alesa hemiurga Bates, 1868: / Type H. T. / Type. A. hemiurga / Ega, U. Amazons. H. W. Bates. / ♁ / 300 / Alesa hemiurga, Bates. Godman-Salvin Coll. 1913.-2. / BMNH (E) 1717340 /; female: / Type H. T. / Ega, U. Amazons. H. W. Bates. / &female; / Type. A. hemiurga [verso of the same label:] ♁ Ega / Alesa hemiurga, Bates. Godman-Salvin Coll. 1913.-2. / NHMUK 010242189 /, and the following labels will be added to the specimen: / LECTOTYPUS / Lectotypus Alesa hemiurga Bates, 1868 W. Santos, Dolibaina, Dias, O. Mielke & Casagrande des. 2021 /. Asyntype female also deposited at the NHMUK is here designated paralectotype and will be labeled accordingly. Distribution. This species is only known from the western Amazon of Brazil (Acre and Amazonas) and Peru (Loreto), although this species is likely to be widespread in throughout the Amazon (Fig. 96). Comments. Morphology characters support A. hemiurga as being closely relatedto A. lipara and A. thelydrias. As mentioned above, A. hemiurga is superficially more similar to A. lipara, which is also supported by the male genitalia. The intensity of the purplish sheen on the wings upper side of the males of these species varies in A. hemiurga, while the sheen is always evident in A. lipara, and absent in A. thelydrias. Alesa hemiurga was considered a subspecies of A. amesis by Stichel (1910) and Seitz (1916), but as a “form” (i.e. subspecies) of A. lipara by Stichel (1930). However, Callaghan & Lamas (2004), recognized A. hemiurga as a distinct species. The female of A. hemiurga is probably very similar to the female of A. lipara. Three specimens are here recognized as the putative females of A. hemiurga, a paralectotype of the species and two specimens from Tefé, Amazonas, Brazil (see examined material). One of these three females come from the exact same locality, where males and putative females of A. hemiurga and male and female specimens of A. lipara were collected together, in the same collecting event. In accordance with the average size of males, the putative females of A. hemiurga are smaller than the females of A. lipara; apart from their different sizes, females of A. hemiurga and A. lipara are superficially indistinguishable. Males of A. hemiurga were collected in the Parque Nacional da Serra do Divisor, Acre, Brazil, in a low elevation summit, in the same place where other species of the “ amesis group” were also collected, displaying typical hilltopping behavior in a shaded area, flying fast and resting on leaves of bushes or lianas, about one to one and a half meters above the ground, between 9:00–9:30h. Examined material. PERU — Loreto: San Roque (W of Iquitos), 1 male, ex. coll. Le Moult (MGCL *). BRAZIL — Amazonas: Tefé (Rio Solim&imath;es), IX.1930, 1 female, ex. coll. Le Moult (MGCL *), 4–6.XII.1987, 1 male, 1 female, O. Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 34.976*, DZ 35.266* (DZUP). Acre: Bujari (50 Km NW), 200m, 25.IX.2003, 1 male, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 35.106* (DZUP). Mâncio Lima (Parque Nacional da Serra do Divisor, Porç „o Norte), 450m, 7–10,13. X.2018, 2 males, O. Mielke, Casagrande, Dolibaina & Medeiros leg., DZ 44.441*, DZ 44.671* (DZUP). Rondônia: Cacaulândia (Fazenda Rancho Grande), 15.XI.1992, 1 male, G. T. Austin leg., (MGCL)., Published as part of Santos, Wildio Ikaro Da Graça, Dolibaina, Diego Rodrigo, Dias, Fernando Maia Silva, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik & Casagrande, Mirna Martins, 2023, A review of the South American metalmark genus Alesa Doubleday, 1847 (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae: Eurybiini) with the description of two new species, pp. 77-120 in Zootaxa 5284 (1) on pages 114-117, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5284.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7919001, {"references":["Callaghan, C. J. & Lamas, G. (2004) Riodinidae. In: Lamas, G. (Ed.), Checklist: Part 4 A. Hesperioidea - Papilionoidea. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed.), Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Vol. 5 A. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera, Scientific Publishers, Gainesville, Florida, pp. 141 - 170.","Hall, J. P. W. & Ahrenholz, D. H. (2010) A new species of Alesa (Riodinidae: Eurybiini) from eastern Ecuador. Tropical Lepidoptera Research, 20 (1), 19 - 22.","Stichel, H. F. E. J. (1910, 1911) Fam. Riodinidae. Subfamily Riodininae. Genera Insectorum, 112, pp. 1 - 452.","Seitz, A. (1916) Familie Erycinidae. In: Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde. Vol. 5. Alfred Kernen, Stuttgart, pp. 617 - 656.","Stichel, H. F. E. J. (1930) Riodinidae. In: Strand, E. (Ed.), Lepidopterorum Catalogus. Vols. 38 - 41. W. Junk, Berlin, pp. 1 - 795."]}
Published: 2023
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26. Alesa rothschildi

Author: Santos, Wildio Ikaro Da Graça, Dolibaina, Diego Rodrigo, Dias, Fernando Maia Silva, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik, and Casagrande, Mirna Martins
Subjects: Lepidoptera, Insecta, Arthropoda, Alesa rothschildi, Animalia, Riodinidae, Biodiversity, Alesa, Taxonomy
Abstract: Alesa rothschildi (Seitz, 1913) Figs 8–9, 14–15, 62, 93 Mimocastnia rothschildi Seitz, 1913. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 652, pl. 127 (male d); 1 male and 1 female, Demerara river, Guiana, and 1 female deposited at the NHMUK; syn.: Aricoris plagiaria; Godman, 1903.—Stichel, 1928. Dtsch. ent. Ztschr. 1928: 236.— Stichel, 1930. Lep. Cat. 40, p. 295.—Brown, 1993. Occas. Paper IUCN Sp. Surv. Comm. 8: 151.— d’Abrera, 1994. Butt. Neotrop. Region 6, Riodinidae, p. 934, 935, figs (male d, female v).— Brévignon & Gallard, 1997. Lambillionea 97 (3)(1): 331, 334, 337. Mimocastnia egeria Biedermann, 1936. Bull. Soc. ent. France 41 (15): 258, pl. 3, figs 5, 6 (male, d, v); holotype male, 1905, Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni, French Guyane; E. Boullet collection, Paris Museum [MNHN]. Alesa rothschildi; Callaghan & Lamas, 2004, Riodinidae, p. 148, in Lamas (ed.). Checklist: Part 4A. Hesperioidea— Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.) Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera 5A; syn.: egeria.— Hall & Ahrenholz, 2010. Trop. Lep. Res. 20: 21.— Gallard & Fernandez, 2015. Bull. Soc. ent. France 120 (2): 135, 138 (in part), 142, figs 5, 6 (male d, v).— Gallard, 2017. Riodinidae Guyane, p. 56–57 (in part). Diagnosis. Alesa rothschildi (forewing length of male: 25mm, n=1; female: 26,5mm, n=1) is most similar to its sister species A. juliae sp. nov.. Both sexes of A. rothschildi can be distinguished from those of A. juliae sp. nov. by the angled forewing apex (rounded in A. juliae sp. nov.), and by the basal black spot in Sc+R 1 –Rs on the hindwing underside absent (present in A. juliae sp. nov.). Additionally, males of A. rothschildi have the forewing upper side discal and postdiscal bands developed (vestigial in A. juliae sp. nov.), hindwing upper side postdiscal and submarginal bands developed and partially connected (both bands are reduced and never connected in A. juliae sp. nov.), hindwing underside discal and postdiscal row of black spots barely separated (well separated in A. juliae sp. nov.), valva narrower basally, with lower/outer process about as long as wide (valva broad, with lower/outer process wider than long in A. juliae sp. nov.), and central process of transtilla not projected from base and broad distally (well projected from base and narrowed distally in A. juliae sp. nov.). Females of A. rothschildi have forewing upper side postdiscal band whitish, 1.5x narrower and almost reaching the forewing outer margin (yellowish cream, wide and never reaching the forewing outer margin in A. juliae sp. nov.), and the metallic color of both wings upper side green (greenish blue in A. juliae sp. nov.). Type material. Mimocastnia rothschildi Seitz, 1913 was described based on one male and one female from Demerara River, Guyana, and one female, without locality, from Godman’s collection, all currently deposited at the NHMUK. Mimocastnia rothschildi Seitz, 1916 was originally described as a “nom. nov.”, for the assumed female specimen of Aricoris plagiaria Grose-Smith, 1902 illustrated by Godman (1903). Both Godman (1903) and Seitz (1913) recognize that the name Aricoris plagiaria unambiguously refers to a species described by Grose-Smith (1902) based on two male specimens, currently included in Setabis Westwood, 1851 (Seraphim 2019). However, Godman (1903) incorrectly recognized his female specimen as corresponding to the, until unknown, female of A. plagiaria. Seitz (1913) correctly recognized this female specimen as pertaining to a different species. Even though Seitz usually applied the abbreviation “sp. nov.” to indicate descriptions of new species, the “new replacement name” proposed by Seitz (1913) (as he implies by the use of the abbreviation “nom. nov.”) clearly denotes a new species description rather than a new replacement name in the current understanding of the ICZN (1999). Accordingly, Seitz (1913) described and illustrated the male specimen of A. rothschildi, further including in the type series a female syntype from the same locality of the male syntype, and the above cited female specimen from Godman’s collection, from Sarayacu, Peru (currently Pastaza, Ecuador). However, Godman’s (1903) female specimen actually belongs to A. juliae sp. nov., described herein. To establish the identity of this species according to present usage and avoid future uncertainty, the male syntype in NMHUK with the following labels is here designated lectotype of Mimocastnia rothschildi Seitz, 1913: / Type / R Demerara. / rothschildi Type. Seitz Grosschm, vol. 5 / 304 / Rothschild Bequest B.M. 1939–1. / BMNH (E) #1054407 / BMNH (E) 1717343 /, and the following labels will be added: / LECTOTYPUS / Lectotypus Mimocastnia rothschildi Seitz, 1913 W. Santos, Dolibaina, Dias, O. Mielke & Casagrande des. 2021 /. The syntype female is designated paralectotype and will be labeled accordingly. The holotype male of Mimocastinia egeria Biedermann, 1936 from Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni, French Guiana and belonging to E. Boullet collection, generally assumed to be deposited at the MNHN. However, no specimen corresponding to the holotype was ever located at the MNHN collection (Callaghan 1995).A male is here designated neotype of Mimocastinia egeria Biedermann, 1936, to avoid future uncertainty, with the following labels: / NEOTYPUS / Brasil, Pará, Óbidos, 25-IX-1983, H. Miers leg. / Ex. col. H. Miers / Gen. prep. W. Santos / OM 67.441 / Neotypus Mimocastnia egeria Biedermann, 1936 W. Santos, Dolibaina, Dias, O. Mielke & Casagrande des. 2021 / DZUP. Unfortunately, there are no specimens available from the thereabouts of the type locality, Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni, French Guiana, for the neotype designation. Distribution. Alesa rothschildi is a rare species ranging from Guyana (Rio Demerara) and French Guiana (Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni) to Brazil (Pará) (Fig. 93). Comments. Alesa rothschildi is one of the largest species of the genus, with a large thorax and abdomen that, allied to the thick labial palpi, were used by Seitz (1913) to erect the genus Mimocastinia. However, in his unpublished PhD thesis Harvey (1987) recovered Mimocastinia nested within Alesa. The taxonomic change was only formalized years later, when Hall (2003) indirectly indicated Mimocastnia as a synonym of Alesa and this interpretation was acknowledged by Callaghan & Lamas (2004). Alesa rothschildi most similar and closely related species is A. juliae sp. nov., described herein. The failure to correctly recognize the female of A. rothschildi led to a number of misidentifications in the literature. Even in the original description, Seitz (1913) failed to illustrate the correct female of A. rothschildi, even though the description was based on male specimen. Characters of the forewing shape, color pattern of both wings and of the male genitalia, support the recognition of A. rothschildi and A. juliae sp. nov. as distinct species. The small number of known specimens of both species suggests that A. rothschildi occurs in the lower Amazon and the Guyanas, while A. juliae sp. nov. occurs further west, in the upper Amazon. Brévignon & Gallard (1997) mentioned that A. rothschildi is rare in French Guiana, where a female was collected in 1989 in a forested area by a river, soon after deforested. In 1991 a male was captured in a light trap in the Kaw Mountain (Brévignon & Gallard 1997). The species was observed in August of 1991 and in 2011 in a hilltop around 11h, where males were seen flying in a shaded area of a forest gap edge, 10–15 meters from the ground, and perching in branches and trunks of trees (Gallard & Fernandez 2015). Examined material. FRENCH GUIANA — Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni: 1 male (holotype) and 1 female (examined from images) (NHMUK). BRAZIL — Pará: Óbidos, 25.IX.1983, 1 male, H. Miers leg., ex-col. H. Miers, OM 67.441 (DZUP)., Published as part of Santos, Wildio Ikaro Da Graça, Dolibaina, Diego Rodrigo, Dias, Fernando Maia Silva, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik & Casagrande, Mirna Martins, 2023, A review of the South American metalmark genus Alesa Doubleday, 1847 (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae: Eurybiini) with the description of two new species, pp. 77-120 in Zootaxa 5284 (1) on pages 86-89, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5284.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7919001, {"references":["Seitz, A. (1913) Mimocastnia-Themone. In: Seitz, A., Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde. Vol. 5. Alfred Kernen, Stuttgart, pls. 127.","Godman, F. D. (1903) Notes on some Central and South American Erycinidae, with descriptions of new species. Transactions of the entomological Society of London, 1903 (4), 529 - 550. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1903. tb 01147. x","Stichel, H. F. E. J. (1930) Riodinidae. In: Strand, E. (Ed.), Lepidopterorum Catalogus. Vols. 38 - 41. W. Junk, Berlin, pp. 1 - 795.","D'Abrera, B. L. (1994) Butterflies of the Neotropical Region. Part VI. Riodinidae, 879 - 1096. Hill House, Victoria, 215 pp.","Brevignon, C. & Gallard, J. - Y. (1997) Inventaire des Riodinidae de Guyane Francaise. II - Riodininae: Mesosemiini, Eurybiini, Incertae Sedis. Description de nouveaux taxa. (Lepidoptera). Lambillionea, 97 (3), (1), 322 - 342.","Biedermann, R. (1936) Note sur trois Erycinides d'Amerique du Sud (Lep. Erycinidae). Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de France, 41 (15), 252 - 260. https: // doi. org / 10.3406 / bsef. 1936.15039","Callaghan, C. J. & Lamas, G. (2004) Riodinidae. In: Lamas, G. (Ed.), Checklist: Part 4 A. Hesperioidea - Papilionoidea. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed.), Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Vol. 5 A. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera, Scientific Publishers, Gainesville, Florida, pp. 141 - 170.","Hall, J. P. W. & Ahrenholz, D. H. (2010) A new species of Alesa (Riodinidae: Eurybiini) from eastern Ecuador. Tropical Lepidoptera Research, 20 (1), 19 - 22.","Gallard, J. - Y. & Fernandez, S. (2015) Deux nouvelles especes du genre Alesa decouvertes en Guyane francaise (Lepidoptera, Riodinidae, Eurybiini). Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de France, 120 (2), 135 - 142. https: // doi. org / 10.3406 / bsef. 2015.2220","Gallard, J. - Y. (2017) Les RIODINIDAE de Guyane. Tezida Impr. Tezida, Bulgaria, 191 pp.","Seitz, A. (1916) Familie Erycinidae. In: Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde. Vol. 5. Alfred Kernen, Stuttgart, pp. 617 - 656.","Seraphim, N. (2019) Riodinidae Species Checklist: a preliminary species checklist for the Riodinidae. Available from: https: // www 2. ib. unicamp. br / labor / site /? page _ id = 805 (accessed 19 April 2023)","Callaghan, C. J. (1995) Les types des Riodinidae du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle de Paris (Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera). Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de France, 100 (2), 153 - 155. https: // doi. org / 10.3406 / bsef. 1995.17139","Harvey, D. J. (1987) The higher classification of the Riodinidae (Lepidoptera). Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, pp. 216.","Hall, J. P. W. (2003) Phylogenetic reassessment of the five forewing radial-veined tribes of the Riodininae (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae). Systematic Entomology, 28 (1), 23 - 37. https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 3113.2003.00196. x"]}
Published: 2023
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27. Alesa juliae Santos & Dolibaina & Dias & Mielke & Casagrande 2023, sp. nov

Author: Santos, Wildio Ikaro Da Graça, Dolibaina, Diego Rodrigo, Dias, Fernando Maia Silva, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik, and Casagrande, Mirna Martins
Subjects: Lepidoptera, Insecta, Arthropoda, Alesa juliae, Animalia, Riodinidae, Biodiversity, Alesa, Taxonomy
Abstract: Alesa juliae Santos & Dolibaina sp. nov. Figs 10–11, 16–17, 63, 72, 84, 93 zoobank.org:act: 75A03A3E-4C05-4D2D-A2ED-7BD602F3A0C4 Aricoris plagiaria [misidentification]; Godman, 1903. Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1903: 546, 550; pl. 23, fig. 8 (female d, v). Mimocastnia rothschildi [misidentification]; Seitz, 1913. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 652, pl. 127a [2,3] (female d, v).—Lamas et al., 1991. Publ. Mus. Hist. nat. UNMSM(A) 40: 14.— Robbins et al., 1996, in Wilson & Sandoval. Manu, p. 235.— Brévignon & Gallard, 1997. Lambillionea 97 (3)(1): 331.— Gallard & Fernandez, 2015. Bull. Soc. ent. France 120 (2): 138. Mimocastnia rothschildi ? [sic]; d’Abrera, 1994. Butt. Neotrop. Region 6, Riodinidae, p. 934, 935, fig. [2] (female d). Alesa rothschildi [misidentification]; Hall, 2003. Syst. Ent. 28: 31, 37, fig 6A (larva).— Gallard & Fernandez, 2015. Bull. Soc. ent. France 120 (2): 138 (in part).— Gallard, 2017. Riodinidae Guyane, p. 56–57 (in part), pl 10, fig. L–O (larva, pupa, imago). Diagnosis. Alesa juliae sp. nov. is most similar to A. rothschildi. The diagnostic characters to distinguish both species were mentioned in the diagnosis of A. rothschildi. Description. MALE. Head. Frons whitish with a medial dark brown spot; paraocular areas whitish. Labial palpi whitish, third segment brown. Antenna black, about 60% of the forewing length. Thorax. Dorsally black with dark green metallic scales; ventrally grayish-cream. Legs same color as ventral thorax. Forewing. Length 24–26mm, n=7; females 25–27mm, n=3; 1/3 longer than wide; costal margin slightly convex; apex rounded, not projected; outer margin slightly convex; tornus obtuse; anal margin more or less straight. Upper side ground color and fringes black, lighter in the subapical and submarginal areas; bands and spots metallic dark green; basal band long, composed by three spots between costal and anal margin and merged with two short rectangular spots of the postbasal band; postbasal spot in discal cell never extending beyond origin of CuA 2; discal band formed by two poorly defined spots in CuA 1 –CuA 2 and CuA 2 –2A, the latter medially divided; postdiscal band curved and broken, formed by nine narrow spots between R 2 and 2A, one in each space, except two in CuA 2 –2A, above and below the anal fold; submarginal band long, narrow and merged with the postdiscal band, from R 5 to upper half of CuA 2 –2A, not reaching the outer margin; proximal 2/3 of 2A to the anal margin with a continuous band. Ground color of the underside dark gray proximal to CuA 1 in discal and submarginal areas, light gray along the distal half of discal cell, subapical, apical and submarginal areas; dark yellow at the base, on proximal 1/3 of costal area, and in discal cell along proximal half of Radius and proximal 2/3 of Cubitus; upper side spots barely marked underside by darker scales, mainly the basal and postbasal spots in discal cell, the spot at end of discal cell, and the submarginal spots; fringe light gray. Hindwing. More or less rounded, slightly longer than wide; costal margin at proximal half straight then strongly convex towards apex; apex obtuse, not projected; outer margin convex; tornus obtuse, not projected; anal margin convex. Ground color of the upper side and fringes black, paler on costal margin, distal discal cell and Rs and most of space 2A—anal margin, densely covered by gray, thinner and longer scales than the remainder of the wing; bands and spots metallic dark green, never extending above Radius and Rs; basal and postbasal bands formed by one spot in and another below discal cell; discal band with four spots in M 2 –M 3, inner half of discal cell end, CuA 1 and CuA 2, and CuA 2 –2A, partially merged; discal spotsmall and rounded; postdiscal area with four separated, squared spots, between M 2 and 2A, partially divided medially in CuA 2 –2A; submarginal band with six narrow round spots between M 1 and 2A, vestigial in M 1 –M 2, other spots wider, one spot in each space, except two in CuA 2 –2A, above and below anal fold. Ground color of the underside light gray, dark yellow at base of wing, between discal cell and costal margin up to proximal 1/4 of Sc+R 1, between discal cell and anal margin, up to 1/4 of CuA–2A, proximal 1/4 of 2A–3A, and above and below of almost all the extension of 3A; bands and spots black except when noted; three rounded basal spots, the longer in Sc+R 1 –Radius, remaining spots in distal and proximal discal cell, the last dark yellow; three rounded postbasal spots, two in the discal cell, the distal black, near to the origin of M 1, partially merged with the lower dark yellow spot, the third dark yellow in CuA–2A; a small spot near the origin of M 2 at end of discal cell, and a longer spot in basal portion of discal cell, near to the origin of M 3; discal band curved with eight separated, triangular spots from Sc+R 1 to 2A, dark yellow in CuA 2 –2A, merged with postdiscal band in Sc+R 1 –Rs, partially merged with postdiscal band in Rs–M 1; postdiscal band curved with eight spots from Sc+R 1 to 2A, one in each space, except two in CuA 2 –2A, posteriorly wider; submarginal band of seven narrow spots from Rs to 2A, one in each space, except two in CuA 2 –2A, closer to postdiscal band than to outer margin, fading towards outer margin; fringes gray. Abdomen. Dorsally black with dark green metallic scales, ventrally grayish brown. Genitalia. Tegumen short and wide, with a broad and rounded anterior indentation, and a rounded and wide lateral ventral lobe; fenestra narrow, laterally tapering; combined ventral arm of tegumen and dorsal arm of saccus fused, enlarged medially; anterior projection of saccus rectangular, shorter than tegumen, anterior margin laterally larger; posterior projection triangular, shorter than anterior projection; uncus twice longer than tegumen, distal margin bilobed with a deep median indentation; gnathos elbow-like, tapering distally to a hook; valva wide, anterior margin rounded, area anterior 2/3 longer than wide, dorsal and outer projection well developed, ventrally reaching the ventral margin of the valva, widening the inner and ventral portion distally, distal third densely convered with strong and long setae, inner projection conical, parallel to valva, tapering distally, about 1/3 of the length of the valva, distally covered by thin and short setae; transtilla median process triangular, projected distally, deeply separated from the two lateral processes which are also triangular but a somewhat longer; fultura inferior wide and sclerotized; aedeagus thick and straight, twice longer than the combined length of tegumen and uncus. FEMALE. Head. As in male, except by the longer labial palpus. Thorax. As in male, but dorsally with metallic blue scales. Forewing. Length 30mm, n=1; longer and rounder than in male. Upper side ground color black, posteriorly paler; large basal metallic area, dark to light blue, up to half the length of discal cell, CuA 2 –2A and 2/3 of 2A–anal margin; postdiscal whitish cream band from R 1 –CuA 2, wider medially, not reaching outer margin. Underside ground color grayish brown, darker along proximal margin of postdiscal band; wing base dark yellow in proximal costal area and discal cell; four dark spots, three along the discal cell, and another in M 3 -CuA 1. Hindwing. Shape as in male. Underside ground color gray along anal area; with a large metallic dark to light blue area from basal to submarginal area along discal cell and M 1 –M 2 to 2A, delimiting rounded ocelli-like spots between M 3 and 2A. Underside ground color grayish brown, spots and bands as in male, but less marked. Abdomen. Dorsally as in male, ventrally grayish brown. Genitalia. Papilla analis rectangular, twice wider than long, dorsally wider; sterigma mostly membranous, with a small sclerotized ring below ostium; bursa copulatrix about ten times longer then papilla analis, membranous, without signa, corpus bursae undistinguished from ductus bursae. Etymology. This species is dedicated to the grandmother of the first author, Julia Mendes (in memoriam), as a feminine noun in the genitive case. Type material. Holotype male with the following labels: / HOLOTYPUS / 23–30-VIII-2014, Rio Moa, P[ar]q[ue] Nac[ional] Serra do Divisor (sede), Mâncio Lima, Acre, Brasil; Mielke, Casagrande, Carneiro, Dias, Dolibaina, Siewert & Salik leg., (7º 26’ 52” S, 73º 39’ 55” [W]) / DZ 35.204 / Holotypus Alesa juliae W. Santos, Dolibaina, Dias, O. Mielke & Casagrande des. 2021 / (DZUP). Allotype female with the following labels: / ALLOTYPUS / Rio Arinos (Ma[to]. Gr[osso].), Faz[enda[. S[„o]. Jo„o (Muni[cipio]. Diamantino), 300–400m, 10-X-1976, E. Furtado leg., / 2536 / Coleç„o H. Ebert / Gen. prep. W. Santos 2017 / DZ 35.144 / Allotypus Alesa juliae W. Santos, Dolibaina, Dias, O. Mielke & Casagrande des. 2021 / (DZUP). Paratypes: BRAZIL — Acre: same data as holotype, 5 males, DZ 35.194, DZ 35.174, DZ 35.164, DZ 35.154, DZ 35.184 (DZUP). Porto Acre (Reserva Humaitá), 8.X.2006, 1 male, O. Mielke & Casagrande leg, DZ 35.123 (DZUP). Rondônia: Cacaulândia (Fazenda Rancho Grande), 9.IX.1993, 1 female, G. T. Austin leg. (MGCL), 10.IX.1993, 1 female, G. T. Austin leg. (MGCL). Distribution. Alesa juliae sp. nov. is distributed in the western Amazon, in Ecuador (d’Abrera 1994), Peru (Lamas et al. 1991; Robbins et al. 1996) and Brazil (Fig. 93). Comments. Alesa juliae sp. nov. is very similar and for a long time was confused with A. rothschildi, mostly due to the misrepresentation of the species from the original description of A. rothschildi up until now. D’Abrera (1994) properly recognized the existence of two distinct phenotypes of Mimocastinia rothschildi examining specimens at the NHMUK, A. rothschildi from the Guianas and a female of a “potentially new race or species” from Ecuador. The Ecuadorian female illustrated by D’Abrera (1994) is the specimen incorrectly recognized as the female of Setabis plagiaria by Godman (1903) and indicated as one of the two female syntypes of A. rothschildi by Seitz (1913), herein described as A. juliae sp. nov.. Despite the similarity between these two species, A. juliae sp. nov. can be easily distinguished from A. rothschildi by the rounded forewing apex, males with less developed bands on the fore- and hindwings upper side, females with metallic blue color, and characters of the male genitalia. Both species are rare and poorly represented in collections. The few known specimens of A. juliae sp. nov. suggest a wide distribution in the western Amazon, while A. rothschildi seems restricted to eastern Amazon and the Guianas. Gallard & Fernandez (2015) and Gallard (2017) illustrated the immature stages of A. juliae sp. nov., taken by Donald Harvey and Robert Robbins at the Manu National Park, Pakitza, Madre de Dios, Peru, in 1989. Larvae of A. juliae sp. nov. were found in a nest of Cephalotes atratus (Linnaeus, 1758) from a fallen tree. This species of ant nests in tree trunks and branches high up in the canopy of the Amazon rainforest, and this fact may be directly correlated with the flying behavior of A. juliae sp. nov.. Hall (2003) studied these specimens and observed several morphological adaptations for myrmecophyly in A. juliae sp. nov., such as the presence of tentacle nectary organs at junction of the eight and nine larval segments. The available information suggests that larvae of A. juliae sp. nov. are probably carnivorous, feeding on ants’ larvae at least in part of its life cycle. Different from other species of Alesa, females of A. rothschildi and A. juliae sp. nov. are strongly sexually dimorphic. These species, judging by the color pattern of the females, are probably involved in mimetic rings with other sympatric species of butterflies, including species of Nymphalidae (mostly species of Heliconiinae, Charaxinae, and Biblidinae) and Lycaenidae. Adults of A. juliae sp. nov. hilltop like A. rothschildi. Males of A. juliae sp. nov. were observed in two collecting events flying in the shaded edge of a forest gap on the summit of a small hill at the Parque Nacional da Serra do Divisor, Acre, Brazil, around 12:00h. In June of 2013 a male was observed walking on a thin tree branch, about seven meters from the ground (DRD, pers. comm.). In August of 2014, five males were captured in the same day while flying short distances and quickly perching underneath leaves, about five meters from the ground (DRD, pers. comm.). No additional specimens were observed in the last collecting event at this site during October of 2018.
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28. Alesa suzana Ahrenholz & Hall 2010

Author: Santos, Wildio Ikaro Da Graça, Dolibaina, Diego Rodrigo, Dias, Fernando Maia Silva, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik, and Casagrande, Mirna Martins
Subjects: Lepidoptera, Insecta, Arthropoda, Animalia, Riodinidae, Biodiversity, Alesa, Alesa suzana, Taxonomy
Abstract: Alesa suzana Ahrenholz & Hall, 2010 Figs 24–25, 66, 94 Alesa suzana Ahrenholz & Hall, 2010, in Hall & Ahrenholz, 2010. Trop. Lep. Res. 20 (2): 19, 21, 22, fig. 1 (male d, v), 3 (male gen.); ECUADOR: Napo, Finca San Carlo, km. 12 Tena-Puyo rd., 1°05.59’S, 77°46.98’W, 550 m, 19 Feb 2008 (D. H. Ahrenholz) (USNM).— Gallard & Fernandez, 2015. Bull. Soc. ent. France 120 (2): 141. Diagnosis. Alesa suzana is the only species of the “ telephae group” with males without reddish spots on the wings upper side; it is also the only species in the genus with a large white band on the wings upper side postdiscal area. Female unknown. Type material. The holotype male of Alesa suzana Ahrenholz & Hall, 2010 is deposited at the USNM and has the following data: Ecuador, Napo, Finca San Carlo, 12 Km of Tena-Puyo, 1° 05.59’S, 77°46.98’W, 550m, 19.II.2008, Ahrenholz leg. Distribution. Alesa suzana is known from two localities of low elevation in eastern Napo, Ecuador (Fig. 94). Comments. Alesa suzana is the only species of the genus with an iridescent light blue sheen covering most of the wings upper side, white color in the pattern of the wings upper side, and no reddish spots on the wings upper side. In A. suzana, these reddish spots, present in all other species of the “ telephae group”, are replaced by white spots. The wing patterns of males of A. suzana (and also A. mariae sp. nov. and A. thelydrias) are somewhat similar to females of species of the “ amesis group”. Females of A. suzana are unknown, but based on the known females of the “ telephae group”, the female of A. suzana probably have pale wing patterns, with the same white elements of the male, however, without the iridescent sheen. Alesa suzana is a rare species known only from three male specimens collected in two localities in Napo province, Ecuador, although it is probably widespread in western Amazon (Hall & Ahrenholz 2010). Two of the male specimens examined to describe A. suzana were encountered perching on sunlit leaves in a hilltop between 14:10h. and 14:15h, with wings almost fully open about 12 m above the ground, being the highest perching riodinid species observed in this site (Hall & Ahrenholz 2010). Examined material. ECUADOR — Napo: Finca San Carlo (12 Km of Tena-Puyo road), 550m, 19.II.2008, 1 male, D. Ahrenholz leg. (USNM) (holotype examined from images). Tena, VII.2011, 1 male, M. Simon leg. (MGCL)., Published as part of Santos, Wildio Ikaro Da Graça, Dolibaina, Diego Rodrigo, Dias, Fernando Maia Silva, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik & Casagrande, Mirna Martins, 2023, A review of the South American metalmark genus Alesa Doubleday, 1847 (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae: Eurybiini) with the description of two new species, pp. 77-120 in Zootaxa 5284 (1) on page 97, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5284.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7919001, {"references":["Hall, J. P. W. & Ahrenholz, D. H. (2010) A new species of Alesa (Riodinidae: Eurybiini) from eastern Ecuador. Tropical Lepidoptera Research, 20 (1), 19 - 22.","Gallard, J. - Y. & Fernandez, S. (2015) Deux nouvelles especes du genre Alesa decouvertes en Guyane francaise (Lepidoptera, Riodinidae, Eurybiini). Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de France, 120 (2), 135 - 142. https: // doi. org / 10.3406 / bsef. 2015.2220"]}
Published: 2023
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29. Alesa telephae

Author: Santos, Wildio Ikaro Da Graça, Dolibaina, Diego Rodrigo, Dias, Fernando Maia Silva, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik, and Casagrande, Mirna Martins
Subjects: Lepidoptera, Insecta, Arthropoda, Animalia, Riodinidae, Biodiversity, Alesa, Alesa telephae, Taxonomy
Abstract: Alesa telephae (Boisduval, 1836) Figs 18–19, 26–27, 64, 73, 78, 85, 94 Eurybia telephae Boisduval, 1836. Spec. Gén. Lép., Atlas, Expl. planches, p. 5, pl. 20, fig. 2 ([male] d); Cayenne, [French Guiana].—Westwood, 1851, in Doubleday. Gen. diurn. Lep. 2, p. 417. Alesa telephae; Bates, 1868. Jour. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., 9: 372, 414,—Herrich-Schäffer, 1868. Corr.—Blatt zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 22: 121.—Kirby, 1871. Syn. Cat. diurn. Lep., p. 287.—Kirby, 1879, Cat. Coll. diurn. Lep. Hewitson, p. 186.—Mengel, 1905. Cat. Erycinidae, p. 55.— Stichel, 1910, in Wytsman. Gen. Ins. 112A, p. 81, pl. 4, fig. 12 f (leg), 112B, pl. 24, fig. 12 (female d, v).—Weeks, 1911. Illustr. diurn. Lep. 2, p. XII.— Seitz, 1916. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 652, pl. 127 (female d).—Stichel, 1925. Ztschr. wiss. Insektenbiol. 20: 21.— Stichel, 1930. Lep. Cat. 40: 293.— Lathy, 1932. Ann. & Mag. nat. Hist. (10)9 (53): 484.—R̂ber, 1931. Int. ent. Ztschr. 24: 389.— Rebillard, 1958. Mém. Mus. d’Hist. nat. (Paris) 15 (2): 167, fig. 8 (aedeagus), pl. 4, fig. 14 (female “ allotype ” d, v).—T. Emmel & G. Austin, 1990. Trop. Lep. 1 (1): 8.—Brown, 1993. Occas. Paper IUCN Sp. Surv. Comm. 8: 151.— d’Abrera, 1994. Butt. Neotrop. Region 6, Riodinidae, p. 933, figs (male, female d).— Brévignon & Gallard, 1997. Lambillionea 97 (3)(1): 331, 334.—Murray, 2000. Jour. Res. Lep. 35: 58.— Lamas, 2001. Rev. per. Ent. 42: 43 (in part).— Callaghan & Lamas, 2004, Riodinidae, p. 148, in Lamas (ed.). Checklist: Part 4A. Hesperioidea— Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.) Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera 5A; syn.: prema f. sapphirina.— Hall & Ahrenholz, 2010. Trop. Lep. Res. 20(1): 21, figs 2A–B (male, female d, v).—O. Mielke, Carneiro & Casagrande, 2010. Biota Neotr. 4 (10): 292.— Gallard & Fernandez, 2015. Bull. Soc. ent. France 120 (2), p. 135, 138, figs 7–10 (male, female d, v).— Brévignon, 2015. Bull. Soc. ent. France 120 (4): 453, figs 3, 4 (male d, v), 9–12 (male gen.).— Gallard, 2017. Riodinidae Guyane, p. 55, pl. 10, fig. 2G (male d). Alesa prema f. sapphirina Biedermann, 1936. Bull. Soc. ent. France 41 (15): 258, pl. 3, figs 9, 10 (female d, v); holotype female, III-1934, Manacapuru, moyen Amazonas, [Amazonas, Brazil]; collection Biedermann.— Rebillard, 1958. Mém. Mus. d’Hist. nat. ( Paris) 15 (2): 167. Alesa aff. telephae; Lamas et al., 1991. Publ. Mus. Hist. nat. UNMSM(A) 40: 14.— Robbins et al., 1996, in Wilson & Sandoval. Manu, p. 235. Diagnosis. Alesa telephae most similar species are A. negra and A. humilis. Males of A. telephae is distinguished from A. negra by the absence of purple iridescence covering the reddish spots on both wings upper side, and from A. humilis by the presence of iridescent rays on both wings upper side and by a submarginal reddish band on hindwing upper side. Alesa telephae differs from A. suzana by the upper side spots reddish instead of white. The female of A. telephae can be distinguished from the putative female of A. negra by the hindwing upper side submarginal spots orangish yellow, and the postdiscal white area of hindwing wider. Type material. Eurybia telephae Boisduval, 1836 was described based on the illustration of a male from Cayenne, French Guiana, based on an unknown number of specimens. To avoid future uncertainty, a male syntype in NMHUK with the following labels is here designated lectotype of Eurybia telephae Boisduval, 1836: / Type HT / Eurybia telephae, Bdv. (Species Gal, pl. 20, fig. 2) / Telephae. Boisd. Sp. pl. Fig. Cayenne. / EX. MUSAEO Dris. BOISDUVAL / Ex Obertḩr Coll. Brit. Mus. 1927-3. / This type was received in broken condition / 302 / BMNH (E) 1717342 /. The following labels will be added: / LECTOTYPUS / Lectotypus Eurybia telephae Boisduval, 1836 W. Santos, Dolibaina, Dias, O. Mielke & Casagrande des. 2021 /. Alesa prema f. sapphirina Biedermann, 1936 was described from a female holotype deposited at the MNHN, with the following labels: / HOLOTYPE &female; Alesa prema f. sapphirina Biedermann, 1936 / Manacapuru Amaz. Mars-34 / Alesa telephae Bsd. &female; Manacapurú, Amazonas III.1934 Krg. 7. V.35. /. Distribution. Alesa telephae is widespread in the Amazon basin and the Guianas, recorded in Ecuador (Napo), Peru (Loreto and Madre de Dios), French Guiana and Brazil (Acre, Amazonas and Rondônia) (Fig. 94). Comments. Although uncommon in collections, this is the most common species of the group. This species was unmistakable until the recent description of A. amethystina and A. humilis, both occurring in French Guiana where A. telephae also occurs. Nevertheless, A. telephae is easily recognized by the presence of red spots on the basal area of the wings upper side, and on the submarginal hindwing (these spots are covered by a violet iridescence in A. amethystina, and faint in A. humilis). The female of A. telephae is greatly different in wing, mainly due to the absence of red spots; the hindwing upper side with a row of yellow submarginal ocelli-like spots, and a whitish area between discal and postdiscal bands. The marked sexual dimorphism probably was the reason why Biedermann (1936) recognized and described A. prema f. sapphrina, based on a female specimen, as a different taxon. However, this name is currently correctly recognized as a junior subjective synonym of A. telephae (Callaghan & Lamas 2004). Gallard (2017) mentions that males of this species are sometimes present in large numbers in September disputing and protecting territory, near the summit of a hill in French Guiana. Males are active from 14:00h on, perching on half-shaded leaves about one meter above the ground. Females are uncommon in French Guiana, and only once a female was observed at this site, being immediately pursued by one male. Only three specimens of this species were collected despite intensive field work at the Parque Nacional da Serra do Divisor, Acre, Brazil; a male in early afternoon, at the hilltop, and a male and a female specimen in a trail that goes around the eastern hillsides of the park. This trail passes through several buriti palm (Mauritia sp.) swamps, the specimens of A. telephae were collected in one of these swamps at noon. Examined material. ECUADOR — Napo: Puerto Misahuallí (Rio Napo), 400m, 7–19.IX.1997, 1 male, Leuschner leg. (USNM), (8 Km Jatun Sacha), 450m, 15. VI.1988, 1 female, P. J. DeVries leg. (USNM). PERU — Loreto: Iquitos, XII.1929, 1 male, no collector, DZ 35.124 (DZUP). Yanama, 120m, 24.IX.1995, 1 male, Robbins leg. (USNM). Madre de Dios: Pakitza (Parque Nacional del Manu), 340m, 14.X.1991, 1 male, 17.X.1991, 1 female, Mielke leg. (USNM), 13.X.1991, 1 male, Robbins leg. (USNM), 10.IX.1989, 1 female, Harvey leg. (USNM). FRENCH GUIANA —no locality, 12.X.1986, 1 macho, 23.X.1988, 1 macho, 18.IX.1988, 1 macho, 15.III.1989, 1 macho, 8.X.1988, 1 macho, 29.XI.1988, 1 macho, 16.VII.1987, 1 macho, Gallard leg. (USNM), 16.XII.1990, 1 male, Brévignon leg. (USNM), 31.XII.1992, 1 male, Gallard leg. (USNM). BRAZIL — Amazonas: Manaus (Fazenda Dimona, 72 Km), 9.XII.1993, 1 male, R. Hutchings & J. B. Jullivan leg. (USNM). Acre: Mâncio Lima (Parque Nacional da Serra do Divisor, Porç „o Norte), 200–450m, 23–30.VIII.2014, 1 male and 1 female, Mielke, Casagrande, Carneiro, Dias, Dolibaina, Siewert & Salik leg., DZ 35.114, DZ 35.094 (DZUP), 450m, 7–10,13. X.2018, 1 male, O. Mielke, Casagrande, Dolibaina & Medeiros leg., DZ 48.327 (DZUP). Santa Rosa do Purus (11.9 Km SE), 13.VIII.2008, 1 male, Mielke & Carneiro leg., DZ 35.134 (DZUP)., Published as part of Santos, Wildio Ikaro Da Graça, Dolibaina, Diego Rodrigo, Dias, Fernando Maia Silva, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik & Casagrande, Mirna Martins, 2023, A review of the South American metalmark genus Alesa Doubleday, 1847 (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae: Eurybiini) with the description of two new species, pp. 77-120 in Zootaxa 5284 (1) on pages 92-95, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5284.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7919001, {"references":["Stichel, H. F. E. J. (1910, 1911) Fam. Riodinidae. Subfamily Riodininae. Genera Insectorum, 112, pp. 1 - 452.","Seitz, A. (1916) Familie Erycinidae. In: Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde. Vol. 5. Alfred Kernen, Stuttgart, pp. 617 - 656.","Stichel, H. F. E. J. (1930) Riodinidae. In: Strand, E. (Ed.), Lepidopterorum Catalogus. Vols. 38 - 41. W. Junk, Berlin, pp. 1 - 795.","Lathy, P. I. (1932) On Alesa negra Rob. (Lepidoptera). Annals and Magazine of natural History, Series 10, 9 (53), 484. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933208673522","Rebillard, P. (1958) Contribution a la connaisance des Riodinidae Sud-Americaines. Memoires du Museum d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, New Series, A, 15 (2), 135 - 216.","D'Abrera, B. L. (1994) Butterflies of the Neotropical Region. Part VI. Riodinidae, 879 - 1096. Hill House, Victoria, 215 pp.","Brevignon, C. & Gallard, J. - Y. (1997) Inventaire des Riodinidae de Guyane Francaise. II - Riodininae: Mesosemiini, Eurybiini, Incertae Sedis. Description de nouveaux taxa. (Lepidoptera). Lambillionea, 97 (3), (1), 322 - 342.","Lamas, G. (2001) Los Riodinidae, Lycaenidae y Hesperiidae americanos descritos por J. R ˆ ber (Lepidoptera). Revista peruana de Entomologia, 42, 41 - 48.","Callaghan, C. J. & Lamas, G. (2004) Riodinidae. In: Lamas, G. (Ed.), Checklist: Part 4 A. Hesperioidea - Papilionoidea. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed.), Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Vol. 5 A. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera, Scientific Publishers, Gainesville, Florida, pp. 141 - 170.","Hall, J. P. W. & Ahrenholz, D. H. (2010) A new species of Alesa (Riodinidae: Eurybiini) from eastern Ecuador. Tropical Lepidoptera Research, 20 (1), 19 - 22.","Gallard, J. - Y. & Fernandez, S. (2015) Deux nouvelles especes du genre Alesa decouvertes en Guyane francaise (Lepidoptera, Riodinidae, Eurybiini). Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de France, 120 (2), 135 - 142. https: // doi. org / 10.3406 / bsef. 2015.2220","Brevignon, C. (2015) Un nouvel Eurybiini du genre Alesa de Guyane francaise (Lepidoptera, Riodinidae). Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de France, 120 (4), 453 - 456. https: // doi. org / 10.3406 / bsef. 2015.2285","Gallard, J. - Y. (2017) Les RIODINIDAE de Guyane. Tezida Impr. Tezida, Bulgaria, 191 pp.","Biedermann, R. (1936) Note sur trois Erycinides d'Amerique du Sud (Lep. Erycinidae). Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de France, 41 (15), 252 - 260. https: // doi. org / 10.3406 / bsef. 1936.15039","Robbins, R. K., Lamas, G., Mielke, O. H. H., Harvey, D. J. & Casagrande, M. M. (1996) Taxonomic composition and ecological structure of the species-rich butterfly community at Pakitza, Parque Nacional del Manu, Peru. In: Wilson, D. E. & Sandoval, A., Manu. The Biodiversity of Southeastern Peru / La Biodiversidad del Sureste del Peru. Smithsonian Institution, Washington., pp. 217 - 252."]}
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30. Alesa esmeralda Salazar & Constantino 2007

Author: Santos, Wildio Ikaro Da Graça, Dolibaina, Diego Rodrigo, Dias, Fernando Maia Silva, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik, and Casagrande, Mirna Martins
Subjects: Lepidoptera, Insecta, Arthropoda, Alesa esmeralda, Animalia, Riodinidae, Biodiversity, Alesa, Taxonomy
Abstract: Alesa esmeralda Salazar & Constantino, 2007 Figs 3–4, 92 Alesa esmeralda Salazar & Constantino, 2007. Bol. Cient. Mus. Hist. Nat. U. Caldas 11: 168, figs 33, 34 (male d, v), 37 (male gen.); holotype male, Colombia, Cauca, Río Villalobos, bota caucana, 1.100m, 3-IV-1993, J. Salazar leg., collection Julián Salazar.—Constantino & Salazar, 2007. Bol. Cient. Mus. Hist. Nat. U. Caldas 11: 358, fig. 66 (male d).— Hall & Ahrenholz, 2010. Trop. Lep. Res. 20: 21.— Gallard & Fernandez, 2015. Bull. Soc. ent. France 120 (2): 136. Diagnosis. Alesa esmeralda (male forewing length: 24mm, n=1) is most similar to A. prema. Alesa esmeralda is distinguished by the forewings upper side with the discal cell spot, postbasal and basal bands merged; discal cell spot merged to discal band. Female unknown. Type material. Alesa esmeralda Salazar & Constatino, 2007 was described based on the male holotype from Colombia with the following data: Cauca, Río Villalobos, bota caucana, 1.100 m, J. Salazar leg. 3.IV.1993, deposited at the CJS. Distribution. Alesa esmeralda is known from the cloud forest in the mid elevation of the eastern Andes of Colombia at its type locality and possibly in Putumayo (Salazar & Constantino 2007). (Fig. 92). Comments. Alesa esmeralda is a poorly known species, known only from a single specimen. The forewings upper side pattern of A. esmeralda resembles closely the pattern of A. prema. These two species are only distinguished by the longer forewing upper side bands of A. esmeralda, distinctively merged and broken between postbasal and discal bands, whereas in A. prema the bands are unbroken or only partially merged. The emerald color pattern of the wings upper side used to name A. esmeralda is also observed in some specimens of A. prema (Fig. 7), and no differences in male genitalia were noted. Consequently, the status of A. esmeralda as a valid species has been questioned (Hall & Ahrenholz 2010) and further studies are necessary. Examined material. COLOMBIA — Cauca: Río Villalobos, 1.100m, 3.IV.1993, male holotype, J. Salazar leg. (CJS) (examined from images)., Published as part of Santos, Wildio Ikaro Da Graça, Dolibaina, Diego Rodrigo, Dias, Fernando Maia Silva, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik & Casagrande, Mirna Martins, 2023, A review of the South American metalmark genus Alesa Doubleday, 1847 (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae: Eurybiini) with the description of two new species, pp. 77-120 in Zootaxa 5284 (1) on page 85, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5284.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7919001, {"references":["Salazar, J. A. & Constantino, L. M. (2007) Descripcion de nuevas especies de ropaloceros para Colombia (Lepidoptera: Pieridae, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Ithomiinae, Riodinidae). Boletin Cientifico del Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad de Caldas, 11, 167 - 186.","Hall, J. P. W. & Ahrenholz, D. H. (2010) A new species of Alesa (Riodinidae: Eurybiini) from eastern Ecuador. Tropical Lepidoptera Research, 20 (1), 19 - 22.","Gallard, J. - Y. & Fernandez, S. (2015) Deux nouvelles especes du genre Alesa decouvertes en Guyane francaise (Lepidoptera, Riodinidae, Eurybiini). Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de France, 120 (2), 135 - 142. https: // doi. org / 10.3406 / bsef. 2015.2220"]}
Published: 2023
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31. Alesa mariae Santos & Dolibaina & Dias & Mielke & Casagrande 2023, sp. nov

Author: Santos, Wildio Ikaro Da Graça, Dolibaina, Diego Rodrigo, Dias, Fernando Maia Silva, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik, and Casagrande, Mirna Martins
Subjects: Lepidoptera, Insecta, Arthropoda, Alesa mariae, Animalia, Riodinidae, Biodiversity, Alesa, Taxonomy
Abstract: Alesa mariae Santos & Dolibaina sp. nov. Figs 32–33, 49, 57, 68, 95 zoobank.org:act: 55163978-F8DA-42C4-AAA8-4962B566189C Diagnosis. Alesa mariae sp. nov. closely resembles A. hemiurga and A. thelydrias, as all three species are rather small, with well-marked bands on the wings upper side, with some reddish. Males of A. mariae sp. nov. are distinguished from those of A. hemiurga and A. thelydrias by the forewing upper side intervenal rays with dark blue purplish iridescence; forewing upper side around intervenal rays silvery gray, reaching the end of discal cell between M 1 and M 3; hindwing upper side submarginal ocelli with dark blue purplish iridescence at the center; wings underside ground color dark brown; hindwing underside discal band more or less straight. Female unknown. Description. MALE. Head. Frons dark yellow with a medial dark brown spot; paraocular area creamy white. Labial palpi creamy white, third segments brown. Antennae black, tip dorsally white, about 70% of the forewing length. Thorax. Dorsally dark brown; ventrally creamy white. Legs same color as ventral thorax. Forewing. Length 19.2mm, n=1; 1/5 longer than wide; costal margin slightly convex; apex rounded; outer margin convex, projected from apex to CuA 1; tornus obtuse; anal margin more or less straight. Upper side ground color and fringes dark brown; bands reddish brown; basal, postbasal, discal and postdiscal bands with rectangular spots, color brighter basally; intervenal rays with dark blue purplish iridescence, surrounded above and below by light silvery rays, from R 1 to CuA 2, reaching the end of discal cell. Underside ground color and fringes dark brown; spots pattern similar to the upper side, but bands less marked and spots absent in discal cell; submarginal creamy white intervenal rays from R 1 to 2A extending basally to discal area, reaching end of discal cell, with a dark ray at the center of each space, two in CuA 2 -2A, above and below the anal fold, and with a dark blue purplish iridescence between R 5 -M 1. Hindwing. Rounded, 1/5 longer than wide; costal margin proximal 3/4 straight then strongly convex towards apex; apex rounded; outer margin convex; tornus obtuse, not projected; anal margin convex. Upper side ground color and fringes brown, paler along the costal margin and in most of the space between 2A and theanal margin; basal, postbasal and discal bands tenuous, reddish brown; postdiscal band varying from pale brown to reddish; submarginal row of longer than wide dark brown ocelli, one in each cell, from Rs to 2A, smaller in Rs-M 1, two merged spots in CuA 2 -2A, larger between M 1 -M 3 and CuA 2 -2A, the last surrounded by a thin ferruginous line. Underside ground color mostly dark brown and creamy white. Spots and bands dark brown; basal band with four rounded spots, one between Sc-R 1 and the discal cell, two in discal cell and one between discal cell and 2A; postbasal band with three spots, two rounded in discal cell, and one irregular spot in CuA–2A; discal spot dark brown, reaching the origin of M 2; discal band dark brown, thick, nearly straight, from Sc+R 1 to 3A, reaching ocellus Rs–M 1; postdiscal band dark brown, thick, from M 1 to 3A; submarginal row of dark brown spots from Rs to 2A, surrounded by a thin pale yellow line, one in eah cell, two in CuA 2 –2A, merged in M 1 –M 3 and CuA 2 –2A, with a dark blue purplish iridescence at the center; fringes dark brown, creamy white in apex and tornus. Abdomen. Dorsally dark brown; ventrally creamy white. Genitalia. Tegumen about as long as wide dorsally, with a wide and rounded anterior indentation, and a rounded lateral ventral lobe; fenestra narrow and long; combined ventral arm of tegumen and dorsal arm of saccus fused, enlarged near tegumen; anterior projection of saccus triangular, as long a tegumen; posterior projection of saccus triangular, shorter than anterior projection; uncus shorter than tegumen, distal margin slightly bilobed with a shallow median indentation; gnathos narrow, elbow-like, narrowing distally to a point; valva about twice longer than wide, proximal margin rounded, distal half divided in a dorsal/outer and another ventral/inner process, dorsal process as wide as half the width of valva, laterally flattened, distal third curved ventrally and inwardly, with thin long setae, ventral process shorter and thicker than dorsal, narrowing to a strong distal point, slightly curved inwardly, without setae; transtilla median process rectangular, slightly projected distally, slighty distinct from the two lateral processes, lateral processes rounded but slightly longer and with thin setae; fultura inferior narrow and well sclerotized, between valvae but not reaching saccus; aedeagus narrow, straight, three times longer than the combined length of tegumen and the uncus; cornutus absent. FEMALE. Unkown. Etimology. This species is named in honor to the mother of the first author, Maria da Graça Santos, and is proposed as a feminine noun in the genitive case. Distribution. Alesa mariae sp. nov. is known to occur in northern Brazil, in the state of Acre, and in southeastern Peru, in the department of Madre de Dios (Fig. 95). Comments. Alesa mariae sp. nov. is very similar to A. amesis, as detailed above in the A. amesis species account. Males of A. mariae sp. nov. (forewing length 15–15,5mm) share the small size and the reddish spots on the wings upper side with A. hemiurga (forewing length 15–17mm) and A. thelydrias. However, the forewing upper side area around intervenal rays are light silvery gray instead of yellowish or reddish, and reaches the end of the discal cell between M 1 and M 3. Additionally, the hindwing underside discal band is more or less straight instead of irregular. Nevertheless, due to their similar sizes and wing patterns, specimens of A. mariae sp. nov. are most likely to be confused with A. thelydrias. Specimens of A. mariae sp. nov. were collected on a hilltop at the Parque Nacional da Serra do Divisor, Acre, Brazil, disputing territory in a partially shaded forest gap, perching on leaves of small bushes and lianas about 1.5m from the ground. At the same spot, males of species of the “ amesis group”, namely, A. amesis, A. lipara and A. hemiurga, were also observed. Males of A. mariae sp. nov. hilltop behavior (14:00–14:30h), occurs roughly at the same time as A. amesis (13:00–15:30h) early in the afternoon, while A. lipara (8:30–9:30h) and A. hemiurga (9:00–9:30h) hilltop early in the morning. Type material. Holotype male with the following lables: / HOLOTYPUS / 16–17-X-1983 Comunidad Infierno Ptº Maldonado, Peru, 300m. Mielke & Casagrande leg. / DZ 34.986 / Holotypus Alesa mariae W. Santos, Dolibaina, Dias, O. Mielke & Casagrande des. 2021 / (DZUP). Paratypes. BRAZIL — Acre: Mâncio Lima (Parque Nacional da Serra do Divisor, Porç „o Norte), 450m, 20– 27. VI.2013, 2 males, O. Mielke, Casagrande, Carneiro, Dias & Dolibaina leg., DZ 35.046*, DZ 35.066* (DZUP), 23–30.VIII.2014, 7 males, O. Mielke, Casagrande, Carneiro, Dias, Dolibaina, Siewert & Salik leg., DZ 34.827*, DZ 34.996, DZ 35.036*, DZ 35.056*, DZ 35.086, DZ 35.096*, DZ 35.204 (DZUP), 7–10,13. X.2018, 3 males, O. Mielke, Casagrande, Dolibaina & Medeiros leg., DZ 44.461, DZ 44.501, DZ 44.491 (DZUP). Pará: Benevides (Neopólis), 1–3.VIII.1992, 1 macho, O. Mielke & Casagrande leg., OM 32.513 (OM). Rondônia: Cacaulândia (Fazenda Rancho Grande), 6.XI.1990, 1 male, 10.X.1993, 1 male, G. T. Austin leg. (MGCL). Mato Grosso: Diamantino (Fazenda S„o Jo „o), 27. VI.1975, 1 male, E. Furtado leg. (EF)., Published as part of Santos, Wildio Ikaro Da Graça, Dolibaina, Diego Rodrigo, Dias, Fernando Maia Silva, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik & Casagrande, Mirna Martins, 2023, A review of the South American metalmark genus Alesa Doubleday, 1847 (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae: Eurybiini) with the description of two new species, pp. 77-120 in Zootaxa 5284 (1) on pages 105-107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5284.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7919001
Published: 2023
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32. Alesa lipara Bates 1867

Author: Santos, Wildio Ikaro Da Graça, Dolibaina, Diego Rodrigo, Dias, Fernando Maia Silva, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik, and Casagrande, Mirna Martins
Subjects: Lepidoptera, Insecta, Arthropoda, Animalia, Riodinidae, Biodiversity, Alesa, Taxonomy, Alesa lipara
Abstract: Alesa lipara Bates, 1867 Figs 34–35, 42–45, 50, 54, 58, 69, 75, 80, 89–91, 96 Alesa lipara Bates, 1868. Jour. Linn. Soc. 9: 371, 415; male, Tapajós, Amazons, [Pará, Brazil].—Herrich-Schäffer, 1868. Corr.-Blatt. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 22: 122.—Kirby, 1871. Syn. Cat. diurn. Lep., p. 287.—Kirby, 1879. Cat. Coll. diurn. Lep. Hewitson, p. 186.—Mengel, 1905. Cat. Erycinidae, p. 55.—Stichel, 1915. Dtsch. ent. Ztschr. 1915: 695.—Stichel, 1926. Dtsch. ent. Ztschr. 1926: 92.— d’Abrera, 1994. Butt. Neotrop. Region 6, Riodinidae, p. 933, figs (male, female d).— Brévignon, 1997. Lambillionea 97 (3)(1): 331, 334.— Callaghan & Lamas, 2004, Riodinidae, p. 148, in Lamas (ed.). Checklist: Part 4A. Hesperioidea—Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.) Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera 5A.— Hall & Ahrenholz, 2010. Trop. Lep. Res. 20 (1): 22.—Nielsen & Salazar, 2014. Bol. Cient. Mus. Hist. Nat. U. Caldas 18 (2): 218.—Gonzalo-Andrade et al., 2015. Rev. Colomb. Amaz. 8: 107.— Gallard, 2017. Riodinidae Guyane, p. 55.—Garwood et al., 2021. Checklist of Colombian Butterflies 1: 75. Alesa amesis lipara; Stichel, 1910, in Wytsman. Gen. Ins. 112A, p. 81.— Seitz, 1916. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 652, pl. 127 (male, female d).— Stichel, 1930. Lep. Cat. 40, p. 292; syn.: f. hemiurga. Alesa hemiurga [misidentification]; Lamas et al., 1991. Publ. Mus. Hist. nat. UNMSM(A) 40: 14.—Lamas, 1994. RAP Work. Pap. 6: 167.— Robbins et al., 1996, in Wilson & Sandoval. Manu, p. 235. Diagnosis. Alesa lipara is easily distinguished from other species in the “ amesis group”. Males are mostly dark on both wings upper side, without submarginal iridescence, but with a uniform purplish sheen. Hindwing underside have a light cream ground color between discal band and outer margin, discal and postdiscal bands irregular, postdiscal bands interrupted by M 1, and the submarginal ocelli more elongated and narrow and without iridescence. Males differ from A. hemiurga by the absence of spots or bands on both wings upper side. Females of A. lipara differ from those of A. amesis by hindwing upper side without dark blue iridescence at the center of the submarginal ocelli. There are no notable differences between the female of A. lipara and the putative female of A. hemiurga, except by the longer forewing of the former, 15–16,5mm. Type material. Alesa lipara was described from an unstated number of male specimens from Rio Tapajós, Amazonas [Pará, Brazil]. To ensure avoid future uncertainty, a male syntype in NMHUK with the following labels is here designated lectotype of Alesa lipara Bates, 1868: / Tapajos, Amazons, H. W. Bates / ♁ / Type H. T. / A. lipara / Type [verse of the same label:] ♁ Tapajos / 199 / Alesa lipara, Bates. Godman-Salvin Coll. 1913.-2. / BMNH (E) 1717339 /. Thus, the following labels will be added: / LECTOTYPUS / Lectotypus Alesa lipara Bates, 1868 / W. Santos, Dolibaina, Dias, O. Mielke & Casagrande des. 2021 /. Distribution. Alesa lipara is widespread in the Amazon, occurring in Ecuador, Peru, Brazil (Acre, Amazonas and Rondônia) and French Guiana (Fig. 96). Comments. Alesa lipara is the second most common species in the “ amesis group”, occurring mostly in lowlands of the Amazon basin. The dark color pattern of both wings upper side of A. lipara is somewhat similar to that of A. amesis, and this similarity was probably the reason why Stichel (1910) recognized the former as a subspecies of the latter. However, the absence of the iridescence and the presence of a purplish sheen on both wings upper side, readily distinguish A. lipara from A. amesis. Actually, Alesa lipara are probably more closely related to A. hemiurga and A. thelydrias, considering the light creamy ground color of both wings underside, irregular discal and postdiscal bands of the hindwing underside, slender anterior projection of saccus, dorsal outer process of valva ventrally inclined, and ventral inner process of valva with a spine at the tip (although the male genitalia of A. thelydrias was not examined). Among these species, A. hemiurga is the species superficially more similar to A. lipara, as both have a purplish sheen on wings upper side. Nevertheless, the dark area around the middle of the interveins in the submarginal area of the forewing upper side is well marked in A. hemiurga, and absent or only slightly present in A. lipara; other bands and spots are present or visible by transparency on both wings upper side of A. hemiurga, but not in A. lipara. Even though the wing pattern of A. lipara and A. hemiurga are not similar, there is no significant genitalic difference between these two species. Probably for that reason, A. hemiurga was considered a form of A. lipara by Stichel (1930). Nevertheless, the wing pattern differences were considered by Callaghan & Lamas (2004) and Hall & Ahrenholz (2010) to support A. lipara and A. hemiurga as distinct species. Females of A. lipara are similar to females of A. amesis and A. hemiurga, and it is distinguished from the former by the absence of iridescence at the center of the submarginal ocelli on both surfaces of the hindwing; however, there is no notable differences between A. hemiurga and A. lipara, other than the larger forewing length of the A. lipara. Females of A. lipara from some localities of the southern and western Amazon have a white submarginal area on both sides of the hindwing (Figs 89–91), however, the genitalia of both phenotypes are identical. Alesa lipara is found resting on leaves between two to three meters above the ground in partially shaded trails and paths during the morning. Males of A. lipara also hilltop, in small partially shaded forest gaps, about 1.5m from the ground. At the Parque Nacional da Serra do Divisor, Acre, Brazil, males of A. lipara were observed on a hilltop between 8:30–9:30h, occurring with at the same time with A. hemiurga. Examined material. ECUADOR — Napo: Apuya (road Tena-Puyo), 600m, 12–14.II.1995, 1 male, J. P. Hall & K. R. Willmott leg. (MGCL). PERU — Loreto: 17.VII.1979, 1 male, 2 females (MGCL), (Rio Sucusari), 140m, 12.IX.1995, 1 male, 23.IX.1995, 1 male, Robbins leg. (USNM), (Rio Castaña), 150m, 22.X.1993, 1 male, Lamas leg., 30.X.1993, 1 male, Robbins leg. (USNM); San Roque, no date, 1 male, A. C. Allyn leg. (MGCL). Madre de Dios: Puerto Maldonado, 9.XI.1992, 4 males, 3 females, Tello leg. (USNM), (Comunidad Inferno), 300m, 16–17.X.1982, 1 male, O. Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 35.256 (DZUP). Tambopata, 300 m, 26.X.1991, 1 male, 28.X.1991, 1 male, Robbins leg. (USNM), 25.X.1991, 1 male, Mielke & Casagrande leg. (USNM), 7.X.1986, 1 male, Ahrenholz leg. (USNM). Pakitza (Parque Manu), 19.X.1990, 1 male, 25.X.1990, 1 male, 26.X.1990, 1 male, Lamas leg. (USNM), 15.X.1990, 1 male, 28.X.1990, 1 male, 24.X.1990, 1 male, 10.X.1991, 1 male, Robbins leg. (USNM), 13.X.1991, 1 male, O. Mielke leg. (USNM), 23.IX.1989, 1 female, Harvey leg. (USNM), 13.X.1990, 1 female, Lamas leg. (USNM), 19.X.1990, 1 female, Robbins leg. (USNM). BRAZIL — Amazonas: Fonte Boa, 80m, 11–23.VIII.2011, 1 male, 3 females, E. Emery leg., DZ 48.317, DZ 47.977, DZ 48.237, DZ 48.077, ex. coll. E. Emery (DZUP). Ipiranga (Rio Purus), 1 male, 2 females, ex. coll. Le Moult (MGCL). Tefé, 4–6.XII.1987, 3 males, 4 females, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 35.146, DZ 35.176, DZ 35.126, DZ 35.266, DZ 34.966, DZ 35.026, DZ 35.006 (DZUP), (Rio Solim&imath;es), IX.1930, 1 female, X.1930, 2 females, ex. coll. Le Moult (MGCL). Maués (Rio Preto), 1–15.II.2008, 1 male, OM 70.219 (OM). Acre: Mâncio Lima (Parque Nacional Serra do Divisor, Porç „o Norte, Rio Moa), 23–30.VIII.2014, 2 males, O. Mielke, Casagrande, Carneiro, Dias, Dolibaina, Siewert & Salik leg., DZ 35.016, DZ 35.076 (DZUP), 7–10,13. X.2018, 4 males, O. Mielke, Casagrande, Dolibaina & Medeiros leg., DZ 44.421, DZ 44.481, DZ 44.631, DZ 44.511 (DZUP). Santa Rosa do Purus (9.2 Km SE), 6–8.VIII.2008, 2 males, Mielke & Carneiro leg., DZ 35.246, DZ 35.206 (DZUP). Rondônia: Cacaulândia (Fazenda Rancho Grande), 180m, 13–16.IV.1989, 1 male, V. O. Becker leg., OM 63.965 (OM), 10–20.VII.1989, 2 males, Mielke & Miers leg., OM 61.659, OM 61. 715 (OM), no date, 1 malen B. Harris leg. (USNM), 3.I.1991, 2 males, no collector (MGCL), 5–15.XII.1990, 1 male, P. F. Milner leg. (MGCL), 9.IX.1990, 1 male, 18.II.1991, 1 male, 7.XI.1991, 1 male, 19.IV.1992, 1 male, 21.IX.1992, 1 male, 20.IX.1992, 1 male, 5.V.1995, 1 male, 17.III.1989, 1 male, 26.X.1989, 1 female, 7.XI.1990, 1 female, 10.XII.1990, 1 female, 11.X.1993, 1 female, G. T. Austin leg. (MGCL), 27.VI.1992, 1 male, 7.VII.1991, 1 female, G. Bongiolo leg. (MGCL), 10.IV.1990, 1 male, E. Furtado leg. (USNM), 14.IV.1990, 1 male (USNM), 18–26.IV.1991, 1 female, R. Leuschner leg. (USNM), 16.VIII.1995, 1 female, 15.V.1993, 1 female, O. Gomes leg. (MGCL), 20.XI.1992, 1 female, T. Schmitz leg. (MGCL), 8.XII.1990, 1 female (MGCL)., Published as part of Santos, Wildio Ikaro Da Graça, Dolibaina, Diego Rodrigo, Dias, Fernando Maia Silva, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik & Casagrande, Mirna Martins, 2023, A review of the South American metalmark genus Alesa Doubleday, 1847 (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae: Eurybiini) with the description of two new species, pp. 77-120 in Zootaxa 5284 (1) on pages 110-113, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5284.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7919001, {"references":["D'Abrera, B. L. (1994) Butterflies of the Neotropical Region. Part VI. Riodinidae, 879 - 1096. Hill House, Victoria, 215 pp.","Brevignon, C. & Gallard, J. - Y. (1997) Inventaire des Riodinidae de Guyane Francaise. II - Riodininae: Mesosemiini, Eurybiini, Incertae Sedis. Description de nouveaux taxa. (Lepidoptera). Lambillionea, 97 (3), (1), 322 - 342.","Callaghan, C. J. & Lamas, G. (2004) Riodinidae. In: Lamas, G. (Ed.), Checklist: Part 4 A. Hesperioidea - Papilionoidea. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed.), Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Vol. 5 A. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera, Scientific Publishers, Gainesville, Florida, pp. 141 - 170.","Hall, J. P. W. & Ahrenholz, D. H. (2010) A new species of Alesa (Riodinidae: Eurybiini) from eastern Ecuador. Tropical Lepidoptera Research, 20 (1), 19 - 22.","Gallard, J. - Y. (2017) Les RIODINIDAE de Guyane. Tezida Impr. Tezida, Bulgaria, 191 pp.","Stichel, H. F. E. J. (1910, 1911) Fam. Riodinidae. Subfamily Riodininae. Genera Insectorum, 112, pp. 1 - 452.","Seitz, A. (1916) Familie Erycinidae. In: Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde. Vol. 5. Alfred Kernen, Stuttgart, pp. 617 - 656.","Stichel, H. F. E. J. (1930) Riodinidae. In: Strand, E. (Ed.), Lepidopterorum Catalogus. Vols. 38 - 41. W. Junk, Berlin, pp. 1 - 795.","Robbins, R. K., Lamas, G., Mielke, O. H. H., Harvey, D. J. & Casagrande, M. M. (1996) Taxonomic composition and ecological structure of the species-rich butterfly community at Pakitza, Parque Nacional del Manu, Peru. In: Wilson, D. E. & Sandoval, A., Manu. The Biodiversity of Southeastern Peru / La Biodiversidad del Sureste del Peru. Smithsonian Institution, Washington., pp. 217 - 252."]}
Published: 2023
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33. Alesa amesis

Author: Santos, Wildio Ikaro Da Graça, Dolibaina, Diego Rodrigo, Dias, Fernando Maia Silva, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik, and Casagrande, Mirna Martins
Subjects: Lepidoptera, Insecta, Arthropoda, Animalia, Riodinidae, Biodiversity, Alesa amesis, Alesa, Taxonomy
Abstract: Alesa amesis (Cramer, 1777) Figs 30–31, 40–41, 48, 53, 56, 67, 74, 79, 86–88, 95 Papilio amesis Cramer, 1777. Pap. Exot. 2, p. 13, 147, pl. 104F ([female] d); Surinam; collection B. Vriends.—Goeze, 1780, Ent. Beytr. 3 (2), p. 93.—Schneider, 1785, Nomencl. Entom., p. 39.—Jung, 1791. Alphab. Verz. Schmett. 1, p. 29. Papilio amasis [sic]; Herbst, 1804, in Jablonsky. Natursyst. Ins. Schmett. 11, p. 340, pl. 327, fig. 6 ([female] d). Lemonias amesis; Hoffmansegg, 1818. Zool. Mag. (Wiedemann’s) 1 (2): 100. Actinote amesis; Ḩbner, [1819]. Verz. bek. Schmett., p. 27. Erycina amesis; Godart, [1824], in Latreille & Godart. Enc. Méth. 9, p. 584.—Verloren, 1837. Cat. syst. Lep. Cramer, p. 50, 207. Erycina priolas Godart, [1824], in Latreille & Godart. Enc. Méth. 9, p. 555, 569; males, Brazil.— Callaghan, 1995. Bull. Soc. ent. France 100 (2): 155. Alesa priolas; Westwood, 1851, in Doubleday. Gen. diurn. Lep. 2, p. 418.—Ménétriés, 1855. Enum. Corp. Anim. Mus. Petrop., Lep. 1 , p. 50. Alesa amesis; Herrich-Schäffer, [1853], Samml. aussereur. Schmett. 1, [pl. 13], figs 45, 46.—Herrich-Schäffer, [1858], Samml. aussereur. Schmett. 1 , p. 55.—Bates, 1868. Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool. 9 (39): 415.—Herrich-Schäffer, 1868. Corr.-Blatt. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 22: 122.—Kirby, 1879. Cat. Coll. diurn. Lep. Hewitson, p. 186.— Sharpe, 1890. Proc. Zool. Soc. London: 575.— Stichel, 1910, in Wytsman. Gen. Ins. 112A, p. 4, figs 12b (palp), 12e (leg), 12h (male gen.), 12i, 12k (venation).— Seitz, 1916. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 652, pl. 127 (v, male d, female d); syn.: amosis, priolas.—Stichel, 1926. Dtsch. ent. Ztschr. 1926: 92.—Dalla Torre, 1927. Ent. Nachr.-Bl., Troppau, 1: 3.— Stichel, 1930. Lep. Cat. 40, p. 294.—Kaye, 1940. Trans. ent. Soc. London 90: 558.—Barcant, 1970 Butt. Trinidad and Tobago, p. 227, pl. 23, fig. 27.—Callaghan, 1983. Jour. Res. Lep. 21 (3): 164.—T. Emmel & G. Austin, 1990. Trop. Lep. 1 (1): 8.—Lamas et al., 1991. Publ. Mus. Hist. nat. UNMSM(A) 40: 14.—Brown, 1993. Occas. Paper IUCN Sp. Surv. Comm. 8: 48.—Brown, 1993. Occas. Paper IUCN Sp. Surv. Comm. 8: 151.— d’Abrera, 1994. Butt. Neotrop. Region 6, Riodinidae, p. 933, figs (male, female d).—Lamas, 1994. RAP Work. Pap. 6: 167.— Robbins et al., 1996, in Wilson & Sandoval. Manu, p. 235.— Brévignon, 1997. Lambillionea 97 (3)(1): 331, 334.—Lamas et al., [1997]. Rev. per. Ent. 39: 66.— DeVries & Penz, 2000. Biotropica 32 (4): 713, figs 1 (egg, larva), 2 (larva).—Murray, 2000. Jour. Res. Lep. 35: 58.—DeVries & Penz, 2001, in Kritsky (ed.) Amer. Ent. 47 (2): 119.—Andrade, 2002, in Costa et al. (eds.) Proyecto de Red Iberoamericana de Biogeografía y Entomología Sistemática 2: 170.—Hall & Harvey, 2002. Cladistics 18: 560.— DeVries & Penz, 2002. Jour. Lep. Soc. 56 (4): 265, figs 1 (egg), 2 (larva), 3 (pupa), 5–11 (larva), 12–17 (larva).—DeVries, Cabral & Penz, 2004. Milw. Publ. Mus. Contr. Biol. Geol. 102: 3.— Callaghan & Lamas, 2004, Riodinidae, p. 148, in Lamas (ed.). Checklist: Part 4A. Hesperioidea—Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.) Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera 5A; syn.: priolas.—Hall, 2004, in Capinera (ed.). Enc. Ent. 2, p. 1384, fig. 627E (female d).—Pinzón-C., 2008. Mariposas Bajo Rio Caquetá y Apaporis (Amaz. Colom.), p. 2, figs (male, female d, v).— Hall & Ahrenholz, 2010. Trop. Lep. Res. 20 (1): 21.—O. Mielke, Carneiro & Casagrande, 2010. Biota Neotr. 4 (10): 292).—Salazar et al., 2010. Bol. Cient. Mus. Hist. Nat. U. Caldas 14(1): 170.—Dinesh & Venkatesha, 2012. Jour. Etho. 31: 75.—Nielsen & Salazar, 2014. Bol. Cient. Mus. Hist. Nat. U. Caldas 18 (2): 218).—Gonzalo-Andrade et al., 2015. Rev. Colomb. Amaz. 8: 107.—Salazar et al., 2017. Bol. Cient. Mus. Hist. Nat. U. Caldas 21 (2), p. 159.— Gallard, 2017. Riodinidae Guyane, p. 55, pl. 10, f. 3F. Alesa amosis [sic]; Kirby, 1871. Syn. Cat. diurn. Lep., p. 287.—M̂schler, 1877. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 26: 303.—Kirby, 1880. Proc. roy. Dublin Soc. 2 (2): 312.—Staudinger, 1888, in Staudinger & Schatz. Exot. Schmett. 1, p. 242; 2, pl. 88 (male d, v).—Weeks, 1911. Illustr. diurn. Lep. 2, p. 12. Erycina amosis [sic]; Mengel, 1905. Cat. Erycinidae, p. 55. Alesa amesis amesis; Stichel, 1910, in Wytsman. Gen. Ins. 112A, p. 81; syn.: amosis, priolas.—Stichel, 1923. Ztschr. wiss. Insektenbiol. 18: 275. Alesa fournierae Lathy, 1958, in Rebillard. Mém. nat. Mus. d’Hist. nat., n. s., sér. A, Zoologie 15 (2): 169, pl. 2, fig. 15 (male d, v); holotype male, Uypiranga [14 km N Manaus], Amazonas, [Brazil]; collection Fournier de Horrack.—Brown, 1993. Occas. Paper IUCN Sp. Surv. Comm. 8: 151.— Callaghan & Lamas, 2004, Riodinidae, p. 148, in Lamas (ed.). Checklist: Part 4A. Hesperioidea—Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.) Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera 5A. — Hall & Ahrenholz, 2010. Trop. Lep. Res. 20 (1), p. 21. Syn. nov. Diagnosis. Alesa amesis can be distinguished from A. lipara, A. hemiurga and A. thelydrias by the forewing upper side intervenal rays with dark blue iridescence; forewing upper side areas around rays light silvery gray, reaching the end of discal cell between M 1 and M 3; hindwing upper side submarginal ocelli with dark blue iridescence at the center; wings underside ground color dark brown; hindwing underside discal band more or less straight. Alesa amesis is distinguished from A. mariae sp. nov. by the absence of reddish markings on the wings upper side; forewing upper side intervenal rays wide, usually forming a continuous patch between M 3 and 2A; hindwing apex projected; hindwing upper side dark blue iridescence extending beyond the center of the submarginal ocelli. Females of A. amesis are recognized by the both sides of the hindwing with the area between discal and postdiscal bands directed towards the ocellus in Rs–M 1; hindwing underside submarginal ocelli with a dark blue iridescence at the center. Type material. Papilio amesis Cramer, 1777 was described from an unknown number of specimens from Suriname that included at least one female specimen, illustrated in the original description and belonging to the Bernhardus Vriends collection. Vriend’s collection was later bought by Cornelis van Lennep and sold by his son to van Eyndhoven (Chainey 2005). According to Chainey (2005), some type specimens of species described by Cramer are lost, mostly because van Eyndhoven’s collection was dismantled and sold for many collectors, and passed by many hands over time. Considering that the syntype female was not found in any of the collections where at least some of the type specimens of species described by Cramer are known to be deposited at, such as the NHMUK, and the high similarity among species in the “ amesis group”, a neotype for P. amesis is here designated to avoid future uncertainty. The selected female agrees with the current usage of the name A. amesis and has the following labels: / NEOTYPUS / Brasil, Amazonas (2km S [de] Novo Air„o, 28–29-VIII-2010, S 2º 39’ W 60º 56’, Dias & Bonfantti leg., / DZ 35.186 / Neotypus Papilio amesis Cramer, 1777 W. Santos, Dolibaina, Dias, O. Mielke & Casagrande des. 2021 / DZUP. Erycina priolas Godart, [1824] was described based on an unstated number of male specimens from Brazil, currently deposited at the MNHN. To avoid future uncertainty, a male syntype deposited at the MNHN with the following labels is here designated lectotype of Erycina priolas Godart, [1824]: / A. Amesis, Cr. Priolas God. / amesis, Cr. ♁ priolas, God. / Erycina priolas God. Encyc. Method. 7, 1821, p. 569 (P. Viette XII-1952). / TYPE / MUSÉUM PARIS ANCIENNE COLLECTION /, and the following labels will be added: / LECTOTYPUS / Lectotypus Erycina priolas Godart, [1824] W. Santos, Dolibaina, Dias, O. Mielke & Casagrande des. 2021 /. Alesa fournierae Lathy, 1958 was described from a male holotype from Uypiranga (14km N of Manaus), Amazonas, Brazil, deposited at the Fournier collection, currently deposited at the MNHN, with the following labels: / HOLOTYPE ♁ Alesa fournierae Lathy, 1958 / Alesa lipara ? sp. ♁ 33 Uypiranga XI.29 /. Distribution. Alesa amesis extends throughout the Amazon basin occurring in Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and Brazil (Amazonas, Acre, Pará, Rondônia, Mato Grosso, Goiás and Maranh„o) (Fig. 95). Comments. Alesa amesis is the most commom species of the genus. It is the only species in the “ amesis group” with a broad dark blue iridescence on the submarginal area of the wings upper side of males, most evident between M 3 and 2A of the forewing and on the apical area of hindwing. The center of the hindwing submarginal ocelli of females are also iridescent, most evident between M 1 and M 3, and CuA 2 and 2A. Despite to the dark wings upper side similar to other members of the group, A. amesis closest relative probably is A. mariae sp. nov.. Both species share some exclusive characters in the “ amesis group”, such as the dark blue iridescence on both wings upper side and on submarginal ocelli of hindwing underside, the light silvery area around the intervenalrays on the forewing upper side, reaching the end of discal cell, discal and postdiscal bands of the hindwing underside more or less straight, ground color of both wings underside dark brown, anterior projection of saccus broader, outer dorsal process of valva dorsally continuous with the dorsal base of valva, tip of the inner process of valva smooth, and the central projection of transtilla shorter than their lateral projections. Alesa amesis is one of the only two species of the genus with known immatures stages. Larvae of A. amesis are tended by the ant, Camponotus femoratus (Fabricius, 1804), and have morphological and behavioral adaptations for feeding on homopteran prey (DeVries & Penz 2000, 2002). Lathy (1958) described A. fournierae based on a single male holotype from the Amazon region, Brazil. He considered it distinct from A. amesis by the light blue iridescence on the wings upper side. Hall & Ahrenholz (2010) suggested that A. fournierae could be only a variation of A. amesis. After the examination of the original description, habitus and the genitalia of the holotype, A. fournierae (syn. nov.) is here recognized as a junior subjective synonym of A. amesis. The light blue iridescence on the wings upper side mentioned by Lathy (1958) in the original description as a diagnostic character of A. fournierae probably is due to the grease of the abdomen and it is also observed in specimens of A. amesis. Alesa amesis is commonly found throughout the year, although in smaller numbers during the driest season (DeVries & Penz 2000, 2002). In eastern Ecuador, DeVries & Penz (2000, 2002) observed adults of A. amesis perching in forest gaps along streams and trails, 0.5– 3m above the ground, between 8:00h and 16:20h, particularly between 10:00h and 15:00h. Females are active between 9:00h and 14:20h, laying eggs on sunny days between 11:30h and 14:20h. DeVries & Penz (2000, 2002) also observed males and females visiting only flowers of Psiguria sp. (Cucurbitaceae) between 8:00h and 10:00h, even though there were other flowering plants available. Males of A. amesis hilltop between 13:00h and 16:00h, in small shaded patches, flying fast between one to two meters above the ground, and resting on leaves of small bushes and lianas with wings almost fully open, with the head and thorax raised and antennae lifted and open at a 45 degrees angle (Dolibaina pers. comm.; Gallard 2017). Examined material. TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO — I.1934, 1 male, no collector (MGCL), XI.1933 – III.1934, 2 males, Hall leg. (MGCL). Sangre Grande: Sangre Grande (Sans Souci), 2 males, C. Urich leg. (MGCL, USNM). VENEZUELA — Amazonas: Yavita, 128m, 13.VIII.1947, 1 male, 20.VIII.1947, 1 female, 13.IX.1947, 1 female, R. Lichy leg. (MGCL). Bolívar: El Dourado (80 Km S), 26. VI.1984, 1 female, no collector (USNM). SURINAME — no date, 1 male, M. Berol leg. (MGCL). Suriname River, no date, 2 females, no collector (USNM). GUIANA — Acaraí Mountain, 31.X–10.XI.2000, 9 males and 2 females, S. Fratello leg. (USNM). Cuyuni-Mazaruni (Middle E of Mazaruni), X.1992, 1 male, Fratello leg. (USNM), (Lower Mazaruni), 100m, 16.IX.–24.XI.1989, 2 males, Fratello leg. (USNM). Essequibo (Wokanung), 2.250m, XI.1993, 1 male, S. Fratello leg. (MGCL). Iwokrama, 27.III–1.IV.2001, 1 male, 20–26.IV.2001, 1 female, S. Fratello leg. (USNM). Kaieteur Falls, 500m, IV.1993, 2 males, S. Fratello leg. (MGCL). Rockstone (Rio Essequibo), no date, 1 female, no collector (MGCL). Potaro River, no date, 1 male, W. J. Kaye leg. (USNM), XI–XII.1901, 1 male, C. B. Roberts leg. (MGCL). Tapakuma (Pomeroon-Supenaam, Dawa), 2.IV.1970, 1 male, T. E. Pliske leg. (MGCL). FRENCH GUIANA — San-Laurentdu-Maroni: Maroni River, no date, 2 females, no collector (USNM). San-Jean-du-Maroni, no date, 2 males, no collector (USNM). Cayenne: Matoury (Lac Americain), 4.VIII.1999, 1 female, W. H. Russell leg. (MGCL). Monsinéry 5.VIII.1989, 1 female, 21.XI.1988, 1 male, Harvey leg. (USNM). Rémire, 28.XII.1985, 1 male, IX-1982, 1 female, Gallard leg. (USNM); Rocacao, 100m, 17.XI.1988, 1 female, D. Harvey leg. (USNM); Saint Elie (Camp. Saint Elie), 6.XI.1991, 7 males, 12.XI.1988, 2 males, 16.XI.1988, 2 males, 5.XI.1988, 1 male, Harvey leg. (USNM). (10 Km E of Charvein), 10–100m, no date, 1 female, D. J. Harvey leg. (USNM); Roura (10 Km W of Utrecht), 29.VII.1999, 1 female, 3.VIII.1998, 1 female, W. H. Russel leg. (MGCL). Route du Galion, IX-1986, 2 males, Gallard leg. (USNM). COLOMBIA — Caquetá: Florencia, 1390m, 23.I.1969, 2 males and 1 female, Nicolay leg. (USNM). Meta: Rio Negro, 800m, 6.II.1969, 1 male, Nicolay leg. (USNM). Vaupes: Mitú, 8.XI.1980, 1 male, no collector (MGCL), (W of Mitu), 22.IX.1985, 1 male, no collector (MGCL); (S of Mitu), 28.IX.1985, 1 male, no collector (MGCL). ECUADOR — Napo: Limoncocha (Rio Napo), 800m, 9.II.1970, 1 male and 2 females, Nicolay leg. (USNM). Porto Napo (4 Km E), 500m, 6–10.XI.1988, 1 male, D. H.Ahrenholz leg. (USNM). Puerto Misahuallí (Jatun, Rio Napo), 366 m, 6–8.IX.1988, 1 male and 1 female (USNM). Tena (650m), II.1908, 1 male, Simon leg. (MGCL), 23.I.1985, 2 males, D. Jenkins leg. (MGCL), II.1909, 1 male, no collector (MGCL). Misahuallí, 6.IX.1998, 2 males, 8.IX.1998, 1 male, 13.IX.1998, 1 male, 14.IX.1998, 1 male, 16.IX.1998, 1 male, 17.IX.1998, 1 male, 18. IX.1998, 1 male, J. Bourn leg. (MGCL), 6–12.X.2001, 1 male, P. F. Milner leg. (MGCL), 30.VIII.2000, 2 females, 17.IX.1998, 1 male, no collector (MGCL), (Lagoa Taracoa, Rio Napo), 800m, 26. VI.1980, 1 male C. M. Stevens leg. (MGCL); 13.VII.1983, 1 male, G. J. Harges leg. (MGCL). Sucumbíos: Lumbaqui, 700m, XII.2005, 1 male, M. Simon leg. (MGCL), 16–22.IX.1994, 1 male, L. Garzadocha leg. (MGCL). Pastaza: 7.IX.1999, 1 male, Robbins leg. (USNM). PERU — Loreto: 17.VII.1979, 2 females, no collector (MGCL). Madre de Dios: Alto Rio Madre de Dios (Salvación —1 Km NE of Atalaya, Cuzco), 7–11.XI.2012, 1 female, O. Mielke leg., OM 73.551 (OM). Puerto Maldonado (Comunidad Infierno), 300m, 16–17.X.1983, 2 males and 1 female, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 34.869, DZ 34.839, DZ 35.236 (DZUP). Tambopata (30 Km S of Puerto Maldonado), 22.X.1983, 2 males, C. V. Covell Jr. leg. (MGCL). San Martin: Juanjui, 350–400m, 1 male, J. A. Tafur Novoa leg., OM 68.346 (OM). Tarapoto (Santa Rosa), 730m, 21.X.2015, 1 female, O. Mielke leg., OM 78.848 (OM). Loreto: Iquitos, 7 males, 1 female, ex. coll. Le Moult (MGCL), XII.1929, 1 female, DZ 35.166 (DZUP), (E of San Roque), 4 males, ex. coll. Le Moult (MGCL), (Cavalo Cocho), 2 males (MGCL). Castaña, 150m, 2.IX.1993, 1 male, 22.X.1993, 1 male, 1 male, 24.X.1993, 26.X.1993, 1 male, Robbins leg. (USNM), 3.IX.1993, 1 male, 5.IX.1993, 1 male, 31.X.1993, 1 male, Lamas leg. (USNM). Puerto Almendra (Rio Nanay), 120m, 3.IX.1995, 1 male, Robbins leg., 1 male, Harvey leg., (USNM). Huánuco: Tingo Maria, XII.1985, 1 male, Simon leg. (MGCL), 7.VIII.1979, 1 male (MGCL). Ucayali: Pucallpa, 28. VI.1960, 1 male, 4.VII.1960, 1 male, 5.VII.1960, 2 males, 22.VII.1936, 1 male, Joe leg. (MGCL). BRAZIL — Acre: Mâncio Lima (Parque Nacional da Serra do Divisor, Porç „o Norte), 10–21.IX.2011, 2 males, D. Dolibaina & D. Moura leg., DZ 35.177, DZ 35.197, (DZUP), 20–27. VI.2013, 12 males, Mielke, Casagrande, Carneiro, Dias & Dolibaina leg., DZ 35.179, DZ 35.167, DZ 35.157, DZ 35.237, DZ 35.127, DZ 35.107, DZ 35.147, DZ 35.097, DZ 35.207, DZ 35.219, DZ 35.199, DZ 35.217 (DZUP), 23–30.VIII.2014, 27 males, Mielke, Casagrande, Carneiro, Dias, Dolibaina, Siewert & Salik leg., DZ 35.169, DZ 35.117, DZ 35.239, DZ 35.249, DZ 35.129, DZ 35.189, DZ 35.149, DZ 35.137, DZ 35.187, DZ 34.949, DZ 35.267, DZ 34.987, DZ 34.997, DZ 35.227, DZ 35.247, DZ 34.809, DZ 34.799, DZ 34.899, DZ 35.269, DZ 35.259, DZ 35.229, DZ 34.909, DZ 34.859, DZ 34.829, DZ 34.819, DZ 35.067, DZ 35.159 (DZUP), 7–10,13. X.2018, 11 males, O. Mielke, Casagrande, Dolibaina & Medeiros leg., DZ 48.177, DZ 48.027, DZ 48.117, DZ 48.297, DZ 48.207, DZ 48.987, DZ 48.307, DZ 48.257, DZ 48.227, DZ 48.197, DZ 48.017 (DZUP). Santa Rosa do Purus (6,8 Km SE), 14.VIII.2008, 1 male, Mielke & Carneiro leg., DZ 34.907, (9,2 Km SE), 6–8.VIII.2008, Published as part of Santos, Wildio Ikaro Da Graça, Dolibaina, Diego Rodrigo, Dias, Fernando Maia Silva, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik & Casagrande, Mirna Martins, 2023, A review of the South American metalmark genus Alesa Doubleday, 1847 (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae: Eurybiini) with the description of two new species, pp. 77-120 in Zootaxa 5284 (1) on pages 98-102, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5284.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7919001, {"references":["Callaghan, C. J. (1995) Les types des Riodinidae du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle de Paris (Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera). Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de France, 100 (2), 153 - 155. https: // doi. org / 10.3406 / bsef. 1995.17139","Stichel, H. F. E. J. (1910, 1911) Fam. Riodinidae. Subfamily Riodininae. Genera Insectorum, 112, pp. 1 - 452.","Seitz, A. (1916) Familie Erycinidae. In: Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde. Vol. 5. Alfred Kernen, Stuttgart, pp. 617 - 656.","Stichel, H. F. E. J. (1930) Riodinidae. In: Strand, E. (Ed.), Lepidopterorum Catalogus. Vols. 38 - 41. W. Junk, Berlin, pp. 1 - 795.","D'Abrera, B. L. (1994) Butterflies of the Neotropical Region. Part VI. Riodinidae, 879 - 1096. Hill House, Victoria, 215 pp.","Robbins, R. K., Lamas, G., Mielke, O. H. H., Harvey, D. J. & Casagrande, M. M. (1996) Taxonomic composition and ecological structure of the species-rich butterfly community at Pakitza, Parque Nacional del Manu, Peru. In: Wilson, D. E. & Sandoval, A., Manu. The Biodiversity of Southeastern Peru / La Biodiversidad del Sureste del Peru. Smithsonian Institution, Washington., pp. 217 - 252.","Brevignon, C. & Gallard, J. - Y. (1997) Inventaire des Riodinidae de Guyane Francaise. II - Riodininae: Mesosemiini, Eurybiini, Incertae Sedis. Description de nouveaux taxa. (Lepidoptera). Lambillionea, 97 (3), (1), 322 - 342.","DeVries, P. J. & Penz, C. M. (2000) Entomophagy, behavior, and elongated thoracic legs in the myrmecophilous Neotropical butterfly Alesa amesis (Riodinidae). Biotropica, 32 (4 a), 712 - 721. https: // doi. org / 10.1646 / 0006 - 3606 (2000) 032 [0712: EBAETL] 2.0. CO; 2","DeVries, P. J. & Penz, C. M. (2002) Early stages of the entomophagous metalmark butterfly Alesa amesis (Riodinidae: Eurybiini). Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society, 56 (4), 265 - 271.","Callaghan, C. J. & Lamas, G. (2004) Riodinidae. In: Lamas, G. (Ed.), Checklist: Part 4 A. Hesperioidea - Papilionoidea. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed.), Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Vol. 5 A. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera, Scientific Publishers, Gainesville, Florida, pp. 141 - 170.","Hall, J. P. W. & Ahrenholz, D. H. (2010) A new species of Alesa (Riodinidae: Eurybiini) from eastern Ecuador. Tropical Lepidoptera Research, 20 (1), 19 - 22.","Gallard, J. - Y. (2017) Les RIODINIDAE de Guyane. Tezida Impr. Tezida, Bulgaria, 191 pp.","Chainey, J. E. (2005) The species of Papilionidae and Pieridae (Lepidoptera) described by Cramer and Stoll and their putative type material in the Natural History Museum in London. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 145, 283 - 337. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2005.00184. x"]}
Published: 2023
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34. Lasaia arsis Stadudinger 1887

Author: Arellano-Covarrubias, Arturo, Luis-Martínez, Armando, and Llorente-Bousquets, Jorge
Subjects: Lepidoptera, Lasaia, Insecta, Lasaia arsis, Arthropoda, Animalia, Riodinidae, Biodiversity, Taxonomy
Abstract: Lasaia arsis Staudinger [1887] (Figures 1A, 1B, 2A, 3A) Description &female;. n=1; FW= 15.46 mm (Fig. 1B). Head. Brown hairy eyes, with white scales at the palps; ocular ring with white-brown scales; frons with white and brown scales. Antennae. Black with rounded white scales. Abdomen and thorax. Brown scales in the dorsal view and white in ventral view. Legs. White scales over all the legs. Forewing (dorsal view). Background coloration brown with white and black spots. Marginal region with black spots between R 4 -1A+2A; the ones between R 4 -M 1 and CuA 2 -1A+2A wider. Postmedial region have spots of different sizes, the ones that are near of apex, between veins R 3 -M 2, are wider and have trapezoidal shape; those between M 2 -1A+2A are thinner and have a zigzag shape. Medial, submedial and post-basal regions, have the typical spots of the genus. Hindwing (dorsal view). Background coloration brown with white and black spots. Marginal region with irregular spots between apex to tornus. Spots between veins Sc+R 1 -M 2 of the postmedial region, have a trapezoidal shape and are wider compared to the other spots of this region. Spots between veins Sc+R 1 -CuA 1 of the medial region, are enlarged compared to the rest of spots in that area. Submedial and post-basal area have lineal spots. Genitalia. Corpus bursae thick, globe-shaped, without signa; ductus bursae membranous, wide near of corpus bursae, and thin in the region near the ostium bursae, approximately 1.5 times longer than the corpus bursae; in ventral view it is in the middle part of the sternite 8; sternites 6, 7 and 8 are sclerotized (Fig. 2A). Material examined. Brazil: 1 &female; (USNMENT 01588358). Rondônia: 62 Km S Ariquemes, 165 m. Faz. Rancho Grande. Ron Leuschner leg.; -10.5333, -62.8000; 18-29 Sept. 1996. Diagnosis. Females of L. arsis can be distinguished from females of other species of Lasaia by the general whitish coloration on the wings underside, also, it is larger than other known females. On the hind wings, the spots near at the apex, are larger and wider (Fig. 3A), when compared to other species of the genus v. gr. L. agesilas callaina and L. sula sula (Figs. 3C and 3D, respectively) Distribution. Based on label data of examined specimens, this taxon is distributed in Mexico, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, French Guiana, Brazil, Argentina (mainly on the Pacific slope), Paraguay and Venezuela (Fig. 4). The elevations range from sea level to 1400 m s.a.l., approximately., Published as part of Arellano-Covarrubias, Arturo, Luis-Martínez, Armando & Llorente-Bousquets, Jorge, 2023, Description of the females of two species of the genus Lasaia (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae) and new records for Mexico, pp. 24-36 in Zootaxa 5231 (1) on pages 25-27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5231.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7571507
Published: 2023
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35. Lasaia pseudomeris Clench 1972

Author: Arellano-Covarrubias, Arturo, Luis-Martínez, Armando, and Llorente-Bousquets, Jorge
Subjects: Lepidoptera, Lasaia, Insecta, Arthropoda, Animalia, Riodinidae, Biodiversity, Lasaia pseudomeris, Taxonomy
Abstract: Lasaia pseudomeris Clench, 1972 (Figures 1C, 1D, 2B, 3B) Description &female;. n=4; forewing= 12.77–14.09mm (x = 13.19 mm; Fig. 1B). Head. Brown hairy eyes, with white scales at the palps; ocular ring with white-brown scales; frons with white and grey scales. Antennae. Black with rounded white scales. Abdomen. Black with blue/green metallic scales in the dorsal view, and whitish/cream scales in ventral view. Thorax. Grey scales in the dorsal view, and white-blue scales at ventral view. Legs. White scales over all the legs. Forewing (dorsal view). Background color brown with white scales, and black spots. Marginal region with black circular spots between R 4 –1A+2A veins; those who are located between R 4 –CuA 2 are bigger than the spots near of tornus. The rest of the wing, has the typical spots of the genus. Forewing (ventral view). Background color white/cream, except of the medial region that is more opaque, almost brown. The rest of maculation is similar to the dorsal view, both in shape and position. Hindwing (dorsal view). Background color brown, with the exception of above the sector R, where they are cream/beige coloration, with the presence of black spots. Marginal region with irregular spots, approximately of the same size, the spots below of veins 1A+2A, are smaller. Postmedial region exhibits a series of trapezoidal macules between veins Sc+R 1 –M 2, these can become fused with the macules of the veins Rs–M 1, of the medial region. The rest of the wing, has the typical spots of the genus. Hindwing (dorsal view). Background coloration white/cream, with the exception of the medial region that is more opaque, almost brown. Postmedial region, below veins 1A+2A veins, have a trapezoidal macule more prominent. The rest of macules are similar to the dorsal view, both in shape and position.\ Genitalia. Corpus bursae thick, “pear” shaped, without signa; ductus bursae widened in the region near of corpus bursae, and thinner in the region proximal of ostium bursae, approximately the same length as the corpus bursae, in ventral view, it is located in the middle part of the sternite 8; sternites 6, 7 and 8 are sclerotized (Fig. 2B). Material Examined. French Guiana: 2 &female;. (USNMENT 01588228) Sinnamary. 13-I-91. Jean-Yves Gallard coll. Donated to USNM by Jean-Yves Gallard, November, 1993. (USNMENT 01544146) Point Malmanoury. 20- I-1991. J.-Y. Gallard coll. DNA Sample ID: NVG-19027B10 C7 O Nick V. Grishin. Colombia : 1 &female; (USNMENT 01588219). Montañita, Caquetá, 350 m, 26-Jan-1971. S. S. & S. Nicolay coll. Lasaia narses &female;, Det. By S. S. Nicolay. Trinidad : 1 &female; (USNMENT 01588227). Trinidad Isl. Diagnosis. Females of L. pseudomeris can be distinguished from females of other species of Lasaia, by the presence of circular spots of uniform size at the marginal area, of the forewings and hindwings (Fig. 3B). Additionally, in the postmedial area of the hindwing, the spots near the apex can become fused (Fig. 3B), unlike other species of the genus (Figs. 3A, 3C and 3D). The female of this species is similar in size of Lasaia sula sspp. Distribution. Based on label data of examined specimens, L. pseudomeris is distributed in Costa Rica, Bolivia, Venezuela, Peru, Brazil, Guiana and French Guiana, Colombia, Ecuador, and Trinidad (Fig. 4). The elevation ranges from sea level to 950 m s.a.l., approximately., Published as part of Arellano-Covarrubias, Arturo, Luis-Martínez, Armando & Llorente-Bousquets, Jorge, 2023, Description of the females of two species of the genus Lasaia (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae) and new records for Mexico, pp. 24-36 in Zootaxa 5231 (1) on pages 27-29, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5231.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7571507, {"references":["Clench, H. K. (1972) A review of the genus Lasaia (Riodinidae). Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera, 10 (2), 149 - 180. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / p. 280616"]}
Published: 2023
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36. The complete mitochondrial genome of Punchinello butterfly, Zemeros flegyas (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae) and its phylogenetic implications.

Author: Shi, Qing-hui, Sun, Gang, Fang, Yan, Zhang, Li-hua, and Zhang, Jun-cheng
Subjects: LEPIDOPTERA, STOP codons, GENOMES, BUTTERFLIES, TRANSFER RNA, GENES, INSECT diversity
Abstract: The complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Zemeros flegyas (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae) is 15,219 bp in length, harboring typical 37 mitochondrial genes (13 PCGs, 22 tRNAs, and 2 rRNAs) and an AT-rich region. The Z. flegyas mitogenome includes a cox1 gene with an atypical CGA(R) start codon and three genes (cox1, nad5, nad4) exhibiting incomplete stop codons. The putative AT-rich region is 385 bp long with several structures characteristic of lepidopteran. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Z. flegyas is closely related to other riodinids. The complete mitogenome data provided here would be useful for further understanding the higher systematics of Riodinidae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2020
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37. Hidden in the wing dots: Disentangling mimetic sister species of butterflies (Riodinidae: Stalachtis) with an integrative approach

Author: Lucas A. Kaminski, Luiza M. Magaldi, Karina Lucas Silva-Brandão, Noemy Seraphim, André V. L. Freitas, and Ana Maria Lima de Azeredo-Espin
Subjects: Species complex, Taxon, biology, Evolutionary biology, Genus, Riodinidae, Mimicry, Stalachtis, Animal Science and Zoology, Morphology (biology), Subspecies, biology.organism_classification
Abstract: The high resemblance between closely related mimetic species poses a challenge to taxonomists who describe and define these species. An emblematic example is found within Stalachtis Hubner, 1818 (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae), a small Neotropical genus of brightly colored butterflies engaged in mimicry rings. Its systematic position within Riodinidae is difficult to define based on morphology alone, and while its taxonomy is inflated due to intraspecific color polymorphisms, phenotypic variation might be concealing cryptic species. Thus, we examined the subspecific diversity within S. phlegia (Cramer, 1779) through an integrative approach based on both molecular and morphological data, aiming to investigate taxon limits. Both morphology and molecular data support the status of S. phlegia and Stalachtis susanna stat. rev. as distinct species. S. susanna stat. rev. is a medium sized butterfly with an orange-black wing color pattern with a few white dots. Furthermore, S. susanna stat. rev. has no subspecies, and is endemic to the Atlantic Forest, while the four subspecies within S. phlegia are widely distributed throughout the Amazon, the Cerrado savanna and in parts of the Atlantic Forest. We consider S. phlegia a promising model for studies of the effect of deforestation on mimetic color patterns in the Amazon–Cerrado transition.
Published: 2021

38. Florivorous myrmecophilous caterpillars exploit an ant–plant mutualism and distract ants from extrafloral nectaries.

Author: Alves‐Silva, Estevao, Bächtold, Alexandra, and Del‐Claro, Kleber
Subjects: *INSECT-plant relationships, *RIODINIDAE, *BUTTERFLIES, *NECTARIES, *BANISTERIOPSIS, *MUTUALISM (Biology)
Abstract: Abstract: Females of myrmecophilous butterflies tend to oviposit in plants visited by ant species that engage in stable associations with its larvae. In Banisteriopsis malifolia, caterpillars are attended by the same ants that feed on extrafloral nectaries. A conflict may arise when both the plant and caterpillars compete for ant attention, and ants are assumed to forage on the highest quality resource. By attending caterpillars, ants can be indirectly detrimental to plant fitness because florivorous larvae feed intensively until pupation. In this study, we specifically investigated (i) whether the occurrence of facultative myrmecophilous Synargis calyce (Riodinidae) caterpillars in B. malifolia was based on ant species (Camponotus blandus or Ectatomma tuberculatum) and abundance; (ii) the monopolization of ants by the butterfly larvae and (iii) the florivory rates incurred by the caterpillars on inflorescences. The abundance of S. calyce was six‐fold greater in plants with C. blandus, compared to E. tuberculatum treatments. Caterpillars monopolized up to 50% of C. blandus on the plants, indicating that the resources offered by S. calyce were more attractive to ants than extrafloral nectaries. Florivory by riodinids incurred losses of almost 60% of flower buds. Myrmecophilous riodinids exploited an ant–plant mutualism by attracting aggressive ants that become larvae bodyguards. Thus, this ecological interaction is potentially detrimental to B. malifolia, since the ants, which can provide protection against herbivores, shift to provide defence for one of these herbivores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2018
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39. Atlas de los Papilionidae, Hesperiidae, Pieridae, Riodinidae y Lycaenidae de la Comarca de Molina de Aragón-Alto Tajo, Guadalajara, España (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea).

Author: Vázquez-Maza, E. L.
Abstract: Copyright of SHILAP Revista de Lepidopterologia is the property of Sociedad Hispano-Luso-Americana de Lepidopterologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Published: 2018
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40. DIVERSITY AND ENDEMISM OF BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANE FORESTS OF ERAVIKULAM NATIONAL PARK IN THE WESTERN GHATS, INDIA.

Author: Sreekumar, E. R., Nikhil, S., Ajay, K.G., and Nameer, P. O.
Subjects: BUTTERFLIES, INSECT ecology, BIODIVERSITY conservation
Abstract: In a study on the diversity and abundance of butterflies of montane forests of Eravikulam National Park in the Western Ghats, southern India, 85 species of butterflies belonging to six families were recorded. This include eight species of butterflies that are endemic to the Western Ghats and one Near-Threatened species according to IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The family Nymphalidae, the brush-footed butterflies, was the major group of butterflies seen in the montane forests of Eravikulam National Park. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2018
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41. Two new genera of metalmark butterflies of North and Central America (Lepidoptera, Riodinidae).

Author: Trujano-Ortega, Marysol, García-Vázquez, Uri Omar, Callaghan, Curtis J., Ávalos-Hernández, Omar, Luis-Martínez, Moisés Armando, and Llorente-Bousquets, Jorge Enrique
Subjects: *RIODINIDAE, *LEPIDOPTERA, *APODEMIA, *GENITALIA
Abstract: Two new genera of Riodinidae (Insecta: Lepidoptera) are described, Neoapodemia Trujano-Ortega, gen. n. (Neoapodemia nais (W. H. Edwards, 1876), comb. n., N. chisosensis Freeman, 1964, comb. n.) and Plesioarida Trujano-Ortega & García-Vázquez, gen. n. (Plesioarida palmerii palmerii (W. H. Edwards, 1870), comb. n., P. palmerii arizona (Austin, [1989]), comb. n., P. palmerii australis (Austin, [1989]), comb. n., P. hepburni hepburni (Godman & Salvin, 1886), comb. n., P. hepburni remota (Austin, 1991), comb. n., P. murphyi (Austin, [1989]), comb. n., P. hypoglauca hypoglauca (Godman & Salvin, 1878), comb. n., P. hypoglauca wellingi (Ferris, 1985), comb. n., P. walkeri (Godman & Salvin, 1886), comb. n., P. selvatica (De la Maza & De la Maza, 2017), comb. n.). Neoapodemia Trujano-Ortega, gen. n. is distributed in the southwestern USA and northeastern Mexico, while Plesioarida Trujano-Ortega & García-Vázquez, gen. n. is present from the southern USA to Central America. Species of these genera were previously classified as Apodemia C. Felder & R. Felder but molecular and morphological evidence separate them as new taxa. Morphological diagnoses and descriptions are provided for both new genera, including the main distinctive characters from labial palpi, prothoracic legs, wing venation and genitalia, as well as life history traits. A molecular phylogeny of one mitochondrial gene (COI) and two nuclear genes (EF-1a and wg) are also presented of most species of Apodemia, Neoapodemia Trujano-Ortega, gen. n., Plesioarida Trujano-Ortega & García-Vázquez, gen. n., and sequences of specimens from all tribes of Riodinidae. We compare the characters of Apodemia, Neoapodemia Trujano-Ortega, gen. n. and Plesioarida Trujano-Ortega & García-Vázquez, gen. n. and discuss the differences that support the description of these new taxa. This is a contribution to the taxonomy of the Riodinidae of North America of which the generic diversity is greater than previously recognized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2018
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42. Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) from Tierradentro, San Andrés de Pisimbalá, Cauca, Colombia

Author: Germán Darío Velasco-Rojas, Karen Nathalia Gallego-Cotazo, Jorge Mario Becoche-Mosquera, and Ivon Andrea Bolaños-Martínez
Subjects: San Andrés de Pisimbalá, Diversity, biology, Riodinidae, QH301-705.5, Lycaenidae, coberturas vegetales, Forestry, biology.organism_classification, Nymphalidae, papilionoideos, plant covers, Lepidoptera genitalia, Geography, san andrés de pisimbalá, Indicator species, Papilionoidea, diversidad, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Secondary forest, papillionoids, Biology (General), General Environmental Science, Pieridae
Abstract: Resumen Este trabajo es el primer registro sobre la caracterización de la diversidad de lepidópteros (Papilionoidea) en el Parque Arqueológico de Tierradentro, vereda de San Andrés de Pisimbalá, Inzá, Cauca, Colombia, considerada como una región ecoturística y de importancia cultural para el país. Se establecieron recorridos a lo largo de tres coberturas vegetales identificadas como bosque secundario, cultivos de pancoger y potrero. Para la recolecta de mariposas se emplearon dos métodos de muestreo, el primero con red entomológica y el segundo mediante el uso de trampas tipo Van Someren Rydon. Se registró un total de 128 especies, distribuidas en 99 géneros y cinco familias (Nymphalidae, Hesperiidae, Pieridae, Riodinidae y Lycaenidae). Las coberturas de bosque y cultivos presentaron la mayor diversidad, probablemente por la heterogeneidad vegetal observada. Adicionalmente, se encontró que el bosque presentaba algunas especies indicadoras que se asocian con buenos estados de conservación. Abstract This work is the first report on the characterization of Lepidoptera diversity (Papilionoidea) in Tierradentro Archaeological Park, San Andrés de Pisimbalá, Inzá, Cauca, Colombia, considered an ecotourism region of cultural importance for the country. Routes were established along secondary forest, pancoger crops and pastures. To collect Lepidoptera, two sampling methods were used, the first using an entomological net and the second using van Someren Rydon traps. A total of 128 species distributed in 99 genera and five families (Nymphalidae, Hesperiidae, Pieridae, Riodinidae and Lycaenidae) were collected. Forest cover and pancoger crops were the most diverse, probably due to the plant heterogeneity observed. Additionally, it was found that the forest presented some indicator species that are associated with good conservation states.
Published: 2021

43. Subtle life cycle differences between two sympatric Mesosemia (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae) butterflies

Author: Lucas A. Kaminski and Gregory J. Nielsen
Subjects: Lepidoptera genitalia, biology, Riodinidae, Sympatric speciation, Chaetotaxy, Zoology, Animal Science and Zoology, Mesosemia, Morphology (biology), Psychotria, biology.organism_classification, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract: The natural history and morphology of two sympatric species of Rubiaceae-feeding metalmark butterflies, Mesosemia m. machaera and Mesosemia philocles jeziela, are described and illustrated using bo...
Published: 2021

44. The first complete genomes of Metalmarks and the classification of butterfly families.

Author: Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Li, Wenlin, Borek, Dominika, Otwinowski, Zbyszek, and Grishin, Nick V.
Subjects: *BUTTERFLIES, *GENOMICS, *RIODINIDAE, *PHYLOGENY, *IMMUNE response
Abstract: Sequencing complete genomes of all major phylogenetic groups of organisms opens unprecedented opportunities to study evolution and genetics. We report draft genomes of Calephelis nemesis and Calephelis virginiensis , representatives of the family Riodinidae. They complete the genomic coverage of butterflies at the family level. At 809 and 855 Mbp, respectively, they become the largest available Lepidoptera genomes. Comparison of butterfly genomes shows that the divergence between Riodinidae and Lycaenidae dates to the time when other families started to diverge into subfamilies. Thus, Riodinidae may be considered a subfamily of Lycaenidae. Calephelis species exhibit unique gene expansions in actin-disassembling factor, cofilin, and chitinase. The functional implications of these gene expansions are not clear, but they may aid molting of caterpillars covered in extensive setae. The two Calephelis species diverged about 5 million years ago and they differ in proteins involved in metabolism, circadian clock, regulation of development, and immune responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2017
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45. Annotated checklist of the butterflies (Lepidoptera) of Sonora, Mexico.

Author: Bailowitz, Rich, Brock, Jim, and Danforth, Doug
Subjects: *LEPIDOPTERA, *HESPERIIDAE, *PAPILIONIDAE, *PIERIDAE, *RIODINIDAE
Abstract: A complete list of the known butterfly fauna of the Mexican state of Sonora is presented, representing 347 species in six families. The list is annotated with habitat notes and a timetable of occurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2017

46. First Record of Synargis gorpa (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae) in the Pampean Grasslands of Uruguay.

Author: Bentancur-Viglione, M. Gabriela, Pérez-Piedrabuena, Fernando, and Kaminski, Lucas A.
Subjects: *LEPIDOPTERA, *RIODINIDAE, *ENDANGERED species, *GRASSLANDS
Published: 2017
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47. NUEVAS ESPECIES Y SUBESPECIES DE RIODINIDOS COLOMBIANOS Y DESCRIPCIÓN DE ALETHEA, NUEVO GÉNERO DE LA TRIBU SYMMACHIINI BATES, 1859 (LEPIDOPTERA: RIODINIDAE).

Author: Ignacio Vargas, José
Abstract: Copyright of Boletín Científico Centro de Museos de Historia Natural is the property of Universidad de Caldas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Published: 2017
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48. External morphology of the adult of Stalachtis phlegia susanna (Fabricius, 1787) (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae).

Author: Santos, W. I. G., Leite, L. A. R., Queiroz-Santos, L., and Casagrande, M. M.
Subjects: MORPHOLOGY, LEPIDOPTERA, BUTTERFLIES, MORPHOGENESIS, ELECTRON microscopy
Abstract: Copyright of SHILAP Revista de Lepidopterologia is the property of Sociedad Hispano-Luso-Americana de Lepidopterologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Published: 2016
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49. A checklist of butterfly fauna of Bankura Town, West Bengal, India

Author: Ananya Nayak
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, biology, Riodinidae, Ecology, Fauna, 010607 zoology, Lycaenidae, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, biology.organism_classification, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Nymphalidae, Geography, Habitat, Pollinator, Butterfly, Animal Science and Zoology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Nature and Landscape Conservation, Pieridae
Abstract: The present study on butterflies was conducted in different habitat types in Bankura Town along the banks of Gandheswari and Dwarakeswar rivers for 24 months from January 2017 to December 2018. The results of the study recorded the presence of 1,273 individuals of butterflies belonging to 57 species and 42 genera in six families. The study recorded 20 species of butterflies under Nymphalidae, 14 species under Lycaenidae, 10 species under Pieridae, eight species under Hesperiidae, six species under Papilionidae, and only one species under Riodinidae. The present study provides a preliminary report on the butterfly diversity of Bankura Town which in turn may generate awareness among the local people and government about the importance of these essential pollinators and their conservation.
Published: 2020

50. Oviposition of Minstrellus grandis (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae) in a harmful ant-plant symbiosis

Author: Lucas A. Kaminski, Mirna M. Casagrande, Eduardo Carneiro, Diego Rodrigo Dolibaina, and Olaf H. H. Mielke
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, host plant selection, Science (General), biology, Riodinidae, Pseudomyrmex, social parasitism, 010607 zoology, Hymenoptera, Triplaris, biology.organism_classification, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Carnivory, Myrmecophily, Polygonaceae, Lepidoptera genitalia, Q1-390, Myrmecophyte, Pachythonina, Botany, myrmecophily, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Abstract: The oviposition behavior of the rare butterfly Minstrellus grandis (Callaghan, 1999) (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae) is recorded for the first time. Two females laid eggs on the old leaves of an unidentified Triplaris Loefl. ex L. (Polygonaceae), a myrmecophytic plant typically known as ‘Triplaria’ or ‘novice’ tree, inhabited by aggressive ‘taxi’ ants of the genus Pseudomyrmex Lund. 1831 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). These observations suggest that M. grandis caterpillars live associated with one of the most harmful types of Amazon ant-plant symbiosis.
Published: 2020

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