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Open die forging is one of the oldest manufacturing methods known to remove defects in the ingot resulting from the casting process. The improved properties of the final component are highly dependent on the strain distribution. Although sinusoidal equations and empirical formulations have been already used to estimate the strain, they have been applied only to the core of the workpiece. In this work, a novel approach is presented to model the equivalent strain distribution in 2D cross-sections, in the direction of the press, of open die forged components using neural networks. The proposed method efficiently combines a parametric sinusoidal function with a neural network to learn the complex relationships between the process parameters and the resulting local strain. The neural network is trained on a dataset of finite element (FE) simulations of rectangular geometries that cover a wide range of aspect ratios, bite ratios, and height reductions. The presented methodology with near real-time prediction capabilities shows good agreement with FE results. Moreover, the parametric function captures the characteristic pattern of the strain distribution and reveals certain physical relationships affecting the deformation of the material. These patterns are later examined by analyzing the parameters identified in the parametric sinusoidal function.

Abstract Background Open arch surgery is technically demanding for the surgeon and surgically and biologically invasive for the patient, requiring a variably long period of hypothermic circulatory arrest. Case presentation Here we present a case of an elderly patient with chronic renal failure and multiple splanchnic artery disease successfully treated for a rupturing pseudoaneurysm of the aortic arch with a technique that we developed for particularly frail patients. The procedure includes: triple supra-aortic vessel perfusion; distal thoracic aorta antegrade perfusion; balloon endo-clamping of the descending aorta; and anastomosis of an off-the-shelf hybrid arch prosthesis in Ishimaru zone 0. These maneuvers allowed to maintain an extracorporeal circulation in the phase of distal anastomosis, instead of a period of circulatory arrest, employing just mild hypothermia: technical details are depicted and discussed also in comparison with other methods proposed in the literature. Conclusions Being able to take advantage of both open surgery advancements and endovascular methods is the key to cardiovascular surgery success today in front of complex pathologies of the aorta: increasing safety and reducing invasiveness of therapeutic options may progressively extend surgical candidacy to the frailest patients.

Recent advancements in Radio-over-Fiber (RoF) technology have positioned it as a promising solution for high-capacity wireless communications. This paper explores novel applications of RoF systems in enhancing phased array antenna (PAA) performance for multi-channel wireless communication applications through the modulation instability (MI) phenomenon. Utilizing fibers experiencing MI with varying group velocity dispersions ($\beta _{2}$) of −20, −11.3, −3.2, and −2 $\text{ps}^{2}/\text{km}$, the RoF system achieves operational flexibility across distinct central frequencies of 12, 16, 30, and 38 GHz, respectively. This approach represents a significant advancement in wireless communication technology, leveraging MI gain and an MI-based control system architecture to enhance performance across diverse frequency bands. The study investigates the impact of MI on modulation efficiency, presenting experimental results validating the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed approach. The maximum MI gain by employing a 30 km fiber under MI is 18 dB, experimentally. Further optimization, achieved by increasing the fiber length to 45 km and adjusting nonlinear parameters and input power, demonstrates a remarkable MI gain of 38.1 dB. MI-based true time delay (TTD) techniques also address beam squint challenges, enhancing beamforming capabilities. The findings suggest that integrating MI into RoF systems holds excellent potential for improving wireless communication capabilities with reduced costs and space requirements compared to conventional methods. This research contributes to the growing body of knowledge in the field of RoF systems and offers insights into their practical applications in modern wireless communication networks.

Phased array antenna (PAA) technology is essential for applications requiring high gain and wide bandwidth, such as sensors, medical, and 5G. Achieving such a design, however, is a challenging and intricate process that calls for precise calculations and a combination of findings to alter the phase and amplitude of each unit. Furthermore, coupling effects between these PAA structure elements can only be completed with the use of full-wave electromagnetic simulation tools. Due to recent advances, radio-over-fiber (RoF) technology has been positioned as a possible alternative for high-capacity wireless communications. This paper presents a low-cost, multiband Sub-6 GHz 5G PAA with enhanced gain achieved through integration with a new specialized RoF system design to improve PAA performance by using the phenomenon of modulation instability (MI). Optimizing the antenna’s Defected Ground Structure (DGS) leads to even more improvement. To enable operation across three distinct frequency bands (Sub-6 GHz n78 band (3-3.8 GHz), n79 band (3.8-5 GHz), and n46 band (5-5.5 GHz)), the proposed antenna design features four elliptical patches strategically positioned at the four sides of the ground plane, providing comprehensive 360° coverage in the azimuth plane. Additionally, integrating elliptical slots and upper gaps contributes to improvement. The proposed PAA’s experimentally validated gain values are 5.2 dB, 7.4 dB, and 7.8 dB in the n78, n79, and n46 bands, respectively. For improving the performance of the proposed PAA in RoF systems anomalous fibers ( $n_{2} \neq 0$ and $\beta _{2} \lt 0$ ) are employed to consider the modulation instability (MI) phenomenon, which can lead to the generation of the MI gain on the carrier sideband. The true time delay (TTD) technique controls the beam pattern by adjusting the time delay between adjacent radiation elements. Furthermore, the TTD technique utilizes frequency combs for the proposed 4-element array antenna to apply MI gain to all antenna elements.

Abstract Silica aerogels are being extensively studied for aerospace and transportation applications due to their diverse multifunctional properties. While their microstructural features dictate their thermal, mechanical, and acoustic properties, their accurate characterisation remains challenging due to their nanoporous morphology and the stochastic nature of gelation. In this work, a deep reinforcement learning (DRL) framework is presented to optimise silica aerogel microstructures modelled with the diffusion-limited cluster–cluster aggregation (DLCA) algorithm. For faster computations, two environments consisting of DLCA surrogate models are tested with the DRL framework for inverse microstructure design. The DRL framework is shown to effectively optimise the microstructure morphology, wherein the error of the material properties achieved is dependent upon the complexity of the environment. However, in all cases, with adequate training of the DRL agent, material microstructures with desired properties can be achieved by the framework. Thus, the methodology provides a resource-efficient means to design aerogels, offering computational advantages over experimental iterations or direct numerical solutions.

Relevance. Studies in different regions of the Russian Federation confirm that corruption affects all spheres of society. The education system has not been left out. This negative phenomenon is also characteristic of this department, which, in turn, should become a standard of honesty and fairness, given its main activity – education and socialization of the younger generation. Therefore, corruption in the field of education has irreparable omissions and serious consequences. Anticipating these consequences, an anti-corruption policy is being implemented at the state level aimed at forming a personality with sustainable anti-corruption behavior. This policy is based on a legal system with a long history. The paper analyzes the regulatory and legal aspects related to anti-corruption policy. The preventive activity of subjects of prevention of corruption offenses is summarized. Purpose and methods. The purpose of the study is to analyze the effectiveness of regulatory legal acts related to anti-corruption policy in the field of education. To achieve this goal, the research uses the comparative legal method, generalization and analysis of normative legal acts, the method of expert assessments, content analysis, and sociological methods. Results. The state anti-corruption policy aimed at forming a personality with sustainable anti-corruption behavior is of paramount importance in the system of countering a dangerous phenomenon. In contrast to forceful methods, anti-corruption policy, which has a strong legal basis, conducted at the state level, has good prospects. Intolerance to corrupt behavior is formed among young people from school, and anti-corruption “immunity” is developed. Practical implications. The results of the study can be used in the preparation of regional anti-corruption programs in the field of education.

This study was carried out during February 20 to July 1, 2023, at the lath house in the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region, Iraq, and aimed to investigate the impact of rootstock type and grafting time on grafting success of loquat on two rootstocks, loquat and quince, which were used for grafting the local selection cultivar of loquat at three different times (February 20, March 10, and March 30) during the dormant season. The experiment was laid down in a factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), involving 6 treatments, each with 5 grafts and 3 replications, resulting in 90 grafts. Data analysis was performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), and means were separated using Duncan’s multiple range tests (P≤0.05). The loquat and quince rootstocks were grown through seed sowing and cuttings, respectively. Cleft grafting was employed as the grafting method, ensuring the cambium layers of the scion and stock in contact. Grafting success percentage, shoot length, shoot diameter, number of leaves per budling, leaf area, and chlorophyll content were evaluated. Results showed that loquat rootstock exhibited a significantly higher grafting success percentage (97.78%) compared to quince rootstock (84.44%). Regarding vegetative traits, loquat rootstock resulted in significantly longer shoots (11.74 cm) compared to quince rootstock (8.08 cm). The same rootstock showed a higher number of leaves per budling (8.47) and chlorophyll content (43.82 SPAD). Also, the highest significant grafting success percentage (100%) was achieved from the combination of loquat rootstock and two grafting times (February 20 and March 30). The combination of rootstock type and grafting time led to varying shoot characteristics.

Polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs) hold immense promise for energy-efficient lighting and full-color display technologies. In particular, blue PLEDs play a pivotal role in achieving color balance and reducing energy consumption. The optimization of layer thickness in these devices is critical for enhancing their efficiency. PLED layer thickness control impacts exciton recombination probability, charge transport efficiency, and optical resonance, influencing light emission properties. However, experimental variations in layer thickness are complex and costly. This study employed simulations to explore the impact of layer thickness variations on the optical and electrical properties of blue light-emitting diodes. Comparing the simulation results with experimental data achieves valuable insights for optimizing the device’s performance. Our findings revealed that controlling the insertion of a layer that works as a hole-transporting and electron-blocking layer (EBL) could greatly enhance the performance of PLEDs. In addition, changing the active layer thickness could optimize device performance. The obtained results in this work contribute to the development of advanced PLED technology and organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs).

Currently, different strategies, including the application of bio-fertilizers, are used to ameliorate the adverse effects posed by salinity stress as the major global problem in plants. Fish waste is suggested as a novel bio-fertilizer to mitigate the effects of biotic and abiotic stresses. In this investigation, an experiment was conducted to investigate the effects by applying different concentrations (0, 5, 10, and 15% (v/v)) of fish waste bio-fertilizer on stevia plants grown under salt stress conditions (0, 20, 40, and 60 mM of NaCl). Results showed that salinity negatively affected growth parameters, the photosynthetic pigments, the relative water content, and the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters while increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes, total phenol, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), proline, and total carbohydrates compared with control samples. On the other hand, the application of fish waste bio-fertilizer mitigated the effects of salinity stress by enhancing growth and mitigating stress-relative markers, especially at the highest salinity level (60 mM). Overall, fish waste bio-fertilizer could be considered a sustainable, innovative approach for the alleviation of salinity stress effects in plants and, in addition, fish waste bio-fertilizer did not cause more salinity issues, at least with the applied doses and experiment time, which is an imperative aspect.

Graphene, renowned for its exceptional electrical, optical, and mechanical properties, takes center stage in the realm of next-generation electronics. In this paper, we provide a thorough investigation into the comprehensive fabrication process of graphene field-effect transistors. Recognizing the pivotal role graphene quality plays in determining device performance, we explore many techniques and metrological methods to assess and ensure the superior quality of graphene layers. In addition, we delve into the intricate nuances of doping graphene and examine its effects on electronic properties. We uncover the transformative impact these dopants have on the charge carrier concentration, bandgap, and overall device performance. By amalgamating these critical facets of graphene field-effect transistors fabrication and analysis, this study offers a holistic understanding for researchers and engineers aiming to optimize the performance of graphene-based electronic devices.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 worldwide pandemic enabled the expanded use of telemedical technologies in many areas of medicine. Remote consultations helped conserve medical resources and reduce the risk of spreading COVID-19 while preserving patients access to medical care. In addition, telemedicine played a role in caring for patients who live in remote regions. Other benefits include savings in transportation costs and travel time both for patients and caregivers. Telemedicine, together with remote health monitoring technologies, has high potential in developing a preventive healthcare system and increasing the accessibility of medical care and meets current challenges by improving healthcare quality and providing an individual approach to patients. In 2020, the Center of Telemedicine was created in the Republican Clinical Oncological Dispensary (RCOD) to organize and improve telemedical assistance to the population of the Republic of Bashkortostan in the oncology profile. AIM: To analyze telemedical consultations (TMCs) on oncology in the Republic of Bashkortostan for the period of 20202022. METHODS: Quantitative count and comparison of the TMCs conducted by the RCOD of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Bashkortostan in 20202022 and sent to the National Medical Research Center (NMRC) were performed. The work on referrals to the NMRC for revision of examination results (computer tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography/computed tomography, and histological examinations), obtaining a second opinion, and determining treatment tactics was organized. RESULTS: In 2020, 32,076 TMCs were conducted, while 225 TMCs were performed with the NMRC. In 2021, the RCOD conducted 52,139 TMCs (a 62% increase compared to 2020), whereas 473 TMCs took place in the NMRC (a 110% increase compared to 2020). During the 12 months of 2022, 57,456 TMCs were performed by RCOD staff (a 10% increase over the previous year), and 672 TMCs were conducted with the NMRC (a 42% increase compared to 2021). For feedback from referring medical organizations and monitoring and evaluating the quality of regional TMCs, conference calls were held with the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Bashkortostan, chief physicians, and oncologists of the Republic of Bashkortostan. CONCLUSIONS: TMCs allow for the rapid exchange of medical information, thereby reducing the time of diagnosis and timely prescription of treatment, the implementation of timely routing of patients and improving the quality and availability of medical care in the oncology profile in the Republic of Bashkortostan. The annual increase in the number of TMCs is due to the growing need for this type of specialized medical care in this profile.

Aim to reproduce tertiary lymphoid structures and study their features in a malignant neoplasm in the experiment. Material and methods. Male white rats of the Wistar stress-resistant line were inoculated with the tumor strain sarcoma M1. Using the methods of microsurgical preparation, color lymphography and ultrasonic sonolipodestruction we isolated the lymph nodes without metastatic lesions (described as secondary in normal anatomy), the lymph nodes with metastases of M1 sarcoma, and the newly formed nodes (extrauterine or tertiary). Lymph nodes were examined macroscopically, micromorphometric studies were performed, histological and immunohistochemical signs of tertiary lymph nodes were determined. The obtained data were subjected to statistical analysis. Results. In 60% of rats, in the right axillary region, in addition to the secondary lymph nodes described in normal anatomy, the tertiary lymph nodes were found on the side of the tumor. They were located near the histologically verified metastatic lymph node. The studied parameters of the main structural and functional zones of the tertiary lymph nodes had the following features: the enlarged marginal sinuses; a fewer number of lymphoid follicles; the average total area of blood vessels increased by 92% in relation to the metastatic lymph nodes and by 78% in relation to the secondary lymph nodes. The significant differences were registered with CD3, CD4, CD20, CD30 markers. Conclusion. The study proved the possibility of reproducing tertiary lymphoid nodes in the experiment with malignant growth and revealed a number of their features.

Tayyba Saher,1 Rizwana Manzoor,1 Khizar Abbas,1 Jahanzeb Mudassir,2 M Asif Wazir,3 Ejaz Ali,4 Faheem Ahmad Siddique,5 Akhtar Rasul,6 Muhammad Imran Qadir,7 Ambreen Aleem,8 Naeem Qaiser,9 Adeel Usman,3 Muhammad Romman,10 Muhammad Sajid Ali11 1Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan; 2Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan; 3Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical sciences,University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan; 4University College of Pharmacy, University of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan; 5Department of Pharmacy, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan; 6Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical sciences, GC University, Faisalabad, Pakistan; 7Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan; 8Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan; 9College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan; 10Pharmacognosy Lab,Department of Botany, University of Chitral, Chitral, KPK, Pakistan; 11Akson College of Pharmacy, Mirpur University of Science & Technology (MUST), Mirpur, AJ&K, PakistanCorrespondence: Khizar Abbas, Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan, Tel +923228832872, Email khizarabbas@bzu.edu.pkBackground: Nature represents a basic source of medicinal scaffolds that can develop into potent drugs used in the treatment of many diseases.Aim: The present study was planned to evaluate the combined effects of polyherbal methanolic extract of the herbs (fruit of capsicum, bark of cinnamon, rhizome of turmeric and rhizome of ginger) that were individually well known for their analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. Furthermore, we aimed to develop hydrogel formulation of this polyherbal extract and to characterize and evaluate its analgesic and anti-inflammatory potential.Materials and Methods: Zingiber officinale (R.), Capsicum annuum (L.), Curcuma longa (L.), and Cinnamomum verum (J.) polyherbal extract (GCTC) was prepared by maceration and evaluated for analgesic and anti-inflammatory potential. Then, two different types of hydrogel formulation were prepared. One is pH-based hydrogel in which carbopol-940 was used and the other is temperature-based gel in which methocel-K100 was used as gelling agent. Different concentrations of polyherbal extract (GCTC), at 1%, 3% and 5%, were used in hydrogel formulation. These prepared hydrogel formulations were characterized and evaluated for analgesic and anti-inflammatory potential.Results: Results show that polyherbal extract and all the developed formulations of polyherbal extract (GCTC), at concentrations of 1%, 3% and 5%, have significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects with good appearance, homogeneity, spreadability, extrudability and stability.Conclusion: It was concluded from this project that polyherbal extract (GCTC) and its hydrogel have significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory potential.Graphical Abstract: Keywords: inflammation, formulation, carbopol, methocel, carrageenan

Regional inequality as one of the existing forms of inequality is one of the issues in the system of opportunity and its presence / absence and intensity / weakness has an important effect on the order and cohesion of society at different levels and dimensions. This is a serious problem, especially in developing countries. Due to the importance of this issue, this study seeks to identify the factors affecting regional inequality in Iran. The present study is a descriptive-exploratory study and the statistical population of the study consists of experts familiar with the issue of inequality and development of regions in Iran. Snowball, 10 of them were selected as a statistical sample of the study. Also, Content analysis, structural-interpretive modeling (ISM) and MICMAC analysis were also used to analyze the data. The results showed that out of 47 initially identified factors, 14 factors, including factors of poor planning, decisions of managers and planners and poor access to facilities and equipment, in calculating content validity, CVR coefficient above 0.75 and were recognized as the final factors of regional inequality. Also, the leveling of factors showed that the relevant factors can be classified into six levels. The factors of unique resources and capabilities were at the lowest level with 29% subscription and the factors of government centralism and inefficiency were at the highest level with 90% and 91% subscription. Their classification also showed that the factors of manpower constraint (with influence 10 and degree of dependence 5), lack of financial and investment resources (with influence 8 and degree of dependence 7) and lack of attention to research (with influence 13 and the degree of dependence 5) are the key factors of regional inequality and have a great impact on inequality.

Food tourism is one of the most popular and high-income sectors of tourism in industrialized countries, both in its special domain and in contrast to other sectors. Unfortunately, Iran's tourism, restaurant, and hotel industries have failed to recognize this treasure's potential. This article aims to outline the issues and obstacles that the Iranian restaurant industry has in developing traditional food tourism. The qualitative research method and phenomenological approach were utilized in this study since it was necessary to use the lived experiences of people involved in the research topic. In-depth sampling was performed with 14 experts with experience in local food management by criterion and snowball sampling method until saturation was reached. By parenthesizing the researcher's previous knowledge, referring to the participants, and confirming them, the validity of the obtained results was determined. The findings illustrate a six-dimensional structure, including marketing barriers, low availability, poor groundwork, intra- institutional challenges, intra-union challenges, and government challenges. IntroductionIn its geographical area and relation to other sectors, food tourism is one of the developed countries most popular and lucrative goals. Traditional food is one of the best foods in different parts of the country in terms of nutritional value, availability of raw materials, freshness, free of chemical preservatives, and also cheapness. Food is not just a commodity but a cultural food embedded in the culture and customs of the local people of a region. In addition to meeting people's daily needs, food introduces tourists to food culture, and more.Materials and MethodsIn this research, a descriptive approach was used. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of research method. According to the research objectives, the phenomenological method has been used as the research method, and the interview method has been used to collect data. The sampling of this research was done in the form of snowballs, and the interviewees were selected with maximum diversity from people who have experience in local food restaurant management. The sample size of this study is also determined by reaching the data saturation limit. The statistical sample is 14 people, including five women and nine men in the age group of 24 to 50 years, of which two had a bachelor's degree, seven had a master's degree, and one had a doctorate. The duration of each interview varied from 45 to 120 minutes. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were used to collect flexible data. After that, the interviews were implemented, coded, and analyzed as soon as possible to provide the necessary feedback for future interviews or adequacy and saturation. In this study, participants were first asked to explain how to choose native food and their experiences and feelings while buying and using products. The participant's answer guided the following questions, and the interview process gathered saturated information. In order to analyze, the four-step method of Bazargan et al. (2010) has been used.Discussion and ResultsUsing the phenomenological method, six main themes affecting the development of traditional food tourism were extracted, which were:"marketing barriers", "low availability", "poor groundwork", "intra-institutional challenges", "intra-union challenges", and "governance challenges". According to the participants in this study, there are marketing barriers with elements such as poor advertising, the high price of traditional food, the tendency to Western food, weak local food culture, unfamiliarity with customer tastes, poor use of cyberspace, and weak customer orientation. Previous studies have only examined the barriers to marketing in "food tourism", but the weak marketing position in "local food" has been suggested for the first time in this study. The topics of "low availability" and "poor groundwork" include local food restrictions, poor development of hospitality programs, poor local food education, and poor infrastructure with the research of some researchers are consistent. The topics of "intra- institutional challenges", "intra-union challenges", and "governance challenges" include the variables of support of guilds and government for holding food tours for cooking training, private sector investment in food tourism, and eliminating the weaknesses of restaurant management are agreeing with the results of some researches.ConclusionsThe study's findings effectively identify and understand the barriers to the development of traditional food tourism, and their elimination plays a significant role in promoting the tourism industry in Iran.

The purpose of this manuscript was to design a better method for recovery from rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) surgery. We attempted to achieve this by designing a helmet that can manipulate intraocular magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and create a magnetic tamponade, eliminating the need for postoperative head positioning. A simulated analysis was developed to predict the pattern of magnetic force applied to the magnetic nanoparticles by external magnetic field. No participants were involved in this study. Instead, magnetic flux and force data for three different helmet designs were collected using virtual simulation tools. A prototype helmet was then constructed and magnetic flux and force data were recorded and compared to virtual data. For both virtual and physical scenarios, magnitude and direction of the resulting forces were compared to determine which design created the controlled direction and strongest forces into the back of the eye. Of the three virtual designs, both designs containing a visor had greater force magnitude than magnet alone. Between both designs with visors, the visor with bends resulted in forces more directed at the back of the eye. The physical prototype helmet shared similar measurements to virtual simulation with minimal percent error (Average = 5.47%, Standard deviation = 0.03). Of the three designs, the visor with bends generated stronger forces directed at the back of the eye, which is most appropriate for creating a tamponade on the retina. We believe that this design has shown promising capability for manipulating intraocular MNPs for the purpose of creating a tamponade for RRD.

The purpose of the present study is to review the requirements of ethnic policymaking and management in order to achieve national integrity and enhance the efficiency of the Islamic Republic of Iran with respect to the existing structures and factors. The method of study is descriptive-analytic and it aims to find an answer to this main question: What are the most important requirements of ethnic policymaking in Iran with regard to its centralized unitary structure of government? The results show that it is through considering the requirements of policymaking in terms of optimal management of the realm of the country and its inhabitants that the best method for implementing policies can be selected. This issue can ultimately lead to using the potentials of natural and human geography that guarantee national security and achievement of national goals. Furthermore, having a systematic approach, paying attention to the cultural geography of the country, and balanced development are among some other requirements of ethnic policymaking. Considering these needs and paying attention to the influential components in management of ethnic varieties have a positive impact on the efficiency of the Islamic republic of Iran and display its practical effectiveness in performing its duties toward the citizens' expectations.

Modern network systems (unmanned aerial vehicles groups, social networks, network production chains, transport and logistics networks, communication networks, cryptocurrency networks) are distinguished by their multi-element nature and the dynamics of connections between its elements. A number of discrete problems on the construction of optimal substructures of network systems described in the form of various classes of graphs are NP-complete problems. In this case, the variability and dynamism of the structures of network systems leads to an "additional" complication of the search for solutions to discrete optimization problems. At the same time, for some subclasses of dynamical graphs, which are used to model the structures of network systems, conditions for the solvability of a number of NP-complete problems can be distinguished. This subclass of dynamic graphs includes pre-fractal graphs. The article investigates NP-complete problems on pre-fractal graphs: a Hamiltonian cycle, a skeleton with the maximum number of pendant vertices, a monochromatic triangle, a clique, an independent set. The conditions under which for some problems it is possible to obtain an answer about the existence and to construct polynomial (when fixing the number of seed vertices) algorithms for finding solutions are identified.

Akhtar Rasul,1,* Muhammad Imran Khan,2,* Mujeeb Ur Rehman,1,* Ghulam Abbas,1,* Nosheen Aslam,3,* Shabbir Ahmad,4,* Khizar Abbas,5,* Pervaiz Akhtar Shah,6,* Muhammad Iqbal,7,* Ali Mohammad Ahmed Al Subari,6,* Talal Shaheer,8,* Shahid Shah9,* 1Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan; 2Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan; 3Department of Biochemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan; 4Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, People’s Republic of China; 5Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan; 6University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan; 7Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan; 8Department of Pharmacognosy, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, People’s Republic of China; 9Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan*All authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Akhtar Rasul Email akhtar.rasul@gcuf.edu.pkBackground: Cyclosporine A (CsA) is an exceptional immunosuppressant used for the treatment of immune disorders. Niosomal vesicles are promising drug carriers that are formed by self-association of nonionic surfactants and cholesterol in an aqueous phase. The objective of the study was to formulate combined nonionic surfactant based vesicles and to evaluate their in vitro characterization, release studies and in vivo studies.Materials and Methods: Five niosomal formulations (F7 to F11) were prepared using the thin film hydration method. The molar ratio of cholesterol and non-ionic surfactant taken was 1:1. In formulation F10, the combination of surfactants Span 20 and Brij 35 was used. The niosomes were characterized by zeta sizer and SEM for particle size analysis, in vitro drug release and stability studies. The pharmacokinetic studies were conducted on healthy albino rabbits.Results: The size of niosome was found in the range of 427.1 nm to 972.3 nm. SEM image of optimized formulations F10 exhibit the spherical nature of niosomal vesicles. DSC thermograms of niosomal formulations exhibited a broadened endothermic peak. The stability study exhibited that all formulations are stable and negligible change of vesicle size and entrapment was observed with time. The percentage drug release was significantly higher as compared to CsA plain dispersion for all niosomal formulations at pH 1.2 and 7.4. The release kinetic behavior showed that all preparations were best described by zero order and can release active ingredient in a sustained manner. The pharmacokinetic data showed the test formulation (F10) possessed greater bioavailability as compared to the reference formulation (CsA aqueous dispersion).Conclusion: The formulation F10 demonstrated a comparatively more delayed rate of release with enhanced dissolution as compared to a single surfactant scheme. The F10 formulation can be a remarkable nanotechnology for prolonged delivery of CsA orally with improved dissolution profile and bioavailability.Keywords: in vitro study, cyclosporine A, niosomes, nonionic surfactants

Muhammad Hanif,1 Shahid Shah,2 Akhtar Rasul,3 Ghulam Abbas,3 Muhammad Zaman,4 Muhammad Wahab Amjad,5 Maria Abdul Ghafoor Raja,5 Hafeez Ullah Khan,6 Mehran Ashfaq,3 Omeira Iqbal3 1Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan; 2Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan; 3Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan; 4Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan; 5Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha, Saudi Arabia; 6College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, PakistanCorrespondence: Ghulam AbbasDepartment of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, PakistanEmail ghulamabbas@gcuf.edu.pkBackground: Bisphosphonates have very low bioavailability and cause irritation of the esophagus and stomach. This study was planned to improve the oral bioavailability of ibandronate through the formation of a raft in the stomach. Bisphosphonate-induced irritation of the esophagus and stomach is prevented by the formation of a raft.Materials and Methods: The nanostructured raft was developed through the use of nanosized citrus pectin (NCP). The particle size of NCP was measured by zeta sizer and SEM. The percentage of NCP and the neutralization profile of raft was studied. The ibandronate, polymers, and the developed formulation were characterized by FTIR, XRD, TGA, and DSC. The release of ibandronate was studied in 0.1 N HCl, 0.5 N HCl, 1 N HCl, and simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and a cell viability study was performed using Caco-2 cells. The PPR5 formulation and Bonish 150 mg tablets were selected as test and reference formulations, respectively, for pharmacokinetic study. Twelve healthy albino rats were taken and divided into two groups using a Latin square crossover design, and the blood samples were collected for 24 hours.Results: The SEM image showed that the particle size of NCP was 159 nm. The raft of PPR5 showed 94% NCP and 45 minutes duration of neutralization. The FTIR and XRD showed chemical stability and a uniform distribution of ibandronate in the raft. The TGA and DSC indicated the thermal stability of formulation. The release of 99.87% ibandronate at 20 minutes was observed in the SGF. The values of Cmax for the reference and test formulations were 493± 0.237 ng/mL and 653± 0.097 ng/mL, respectively. The AUC(0-t) of the reference and test formulations was 3708.25± 3.418 ng/mL.h and 6899.25± 3.467 ng/mL.h, respectively.Conclusion: The NCP has been successfully prepared from citrus pectin and has shown effective porous raft formation. The bioavailability of the ibandronate from newly developed PPR5 was higher than the already marketed formulation.Keywords: nanosized citrus pectin, raft, in vitro release, cell viability, pharmacokinetics

The method of the optimal movement trajectory construction in the terrain patrolling tasks is proposed. The method is based on the search of the Hamiltonian circuit on the graph of the terrain map and allows automatic construction of the optimal closed path for arbitrary terrain map. The distinguishing feature of the method is the use of the modified algorithm for the Hamiltonian circuit search. The algorithm can be scaled for the maps corresponding to the graphs with a large (more than 100) number of the vertices, for which the standard brute-force algorithm of the Hamiltonian circuit search requires significantly higher execution time than the proposed algorithm. It is demonstrated that the utilized algorithm possesses 17 times less constant of the time complexity growth than the standard brute-force algorithm. It allows more than one order of magnitude (from 30 to 500 vertices, i.e., approximately to the 17 times) increase of the graph vertices that is used for the Hamiltonian circuit search in the real time (0.1–100 s) regime.