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Droughts are caused either by a deficiency in precipitation compared to normal levels or by excessive evapotranspiration exceeding long-term averages. Therefore, assessing future drought prevalence based on projected climatic variables is essential for effective drought preparedness. In this study, an ensemble of three Regional Climate Models (REMO2009, RCA4, and CCLM4-8-17) was used for Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5), covering two future time periods (2025–2069 and 2070–2100). The quantile distribution mapping technique was employed to bias-correct the RCMs. The ensemble of RCMs projected an increase in rainfall, ranging from 40% to 85% under both RCP 8.5 and RCP 4.5. Both RCPs indicated an increase in daily average temperatures. RCP 4.5 projects an increase in average daily temperature by 1% between 2025 and 2069 and 6.5% between 2070 and 2100, while under RCP 8.5, temperatures are expected to rise by 3.7% between 2025 and 2069 and 12.7% between 2070 and 2100. The Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) was used to translate these projected climatic anomalies into future drought prevalence. The results suggest that RCP 4.5 forecasts an 8% increase in drought prevalence, while RCP 8.5 projects an 11% increase in drought frequency, with a greater rise in moderate and severe droughts and a decrease in extreme drought occurrences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global climate models (GCMs) are vital for predicting future climate patterns and helping countries build resilience against climate change. The present study projected the future climate of Odisha under Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios using Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) models due to the high vulnerability of the state to climate change in India. Results indicate that both minimum and maximum temperatures will rise in the near (2011-39), mid (2040-69) and late (2070-99) century under both RCP scenarios. Western Odisha (Sambalpur) will experience the most significant warming, with minimum temperatures rising more than maximum temperatures, a trend consistent in seasonal comparisons. Mean annual rainfall is projected to increase, driven primarily by the southwest monsoon (SWM). Western Odisha is expected to see the largest increase in annual precipitation and SWM, while southeastern Odisha (Khordha) will see the smallest increase under both RCP scenarios. Under RCP 4.5, annual rainfall is projected to increase by 0.8-4.0%, 0.4-3.6% and 3.0-6.0% during the near, mid and late centuries respectively. Under RCP 8.5, the increases are 4.0-8.8%, 6.3-8.7% and 8.4-17.5% for the same periods. Consequently, government policies must bolster resilience to withstand these escalating temperatures and rainfall patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Droughts and floods are common in the Baro basin and climate change may exacerbate them. This study aimed to investigate the hydrological response to climate change’s impact in the Baro River basin. Four climate models namely, Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model, version 2 (HadGEM2-ES), Max Planck Institute Earth System Model—Low Resolution (MPI-ESM-LR), Coupled Model Version 5, Medium Resolution (CM5A-MR) and European Community Earth System Model (EC-Earth) dynamically downscaled outputs were obtained from Africa coordinated regional downscaling experiment program. The four climate models were evaluated using a suite of statistical measures such as bias, Root Mean Squared Error, and Coefficient of Variation. The bias of the simulated rainfall varies between − 4.20% and − 25.39% suggesting underestimation. The performance of the models differs subject to the performance measures used for evaluation. Before being used in the climate impact analysis, the climate model data was heavily skewed and needed correction. In terms of bias, HadGEM2-ES performed the worst while EC-Earth performed the best. MPI-ESM-LR was the worst performer in terms of RMSE and CM5A-MR was the best. Changes in the hydrological response to climate change were compared to the baseline scenario (1971–2000) under the Representative Concentration Pathway Scenarios (RCP 4.5) for the medium term (2041–2070). The GCM predictions for the RCP 4.5 scenarios suggested that, in the medium period (2041–2070) the maximum temperature in the Baro River basin will probably rise by 2.1 °C for MPI-ESM-LR and 2.49 °C for CM5A-MR, while the minimum temperature would likely climb by 1.7 °C to EC-Earth and 2.8 °C for HadGEM2-ES. Annual rainfall is expected to fall by 7.02% for CM5A-MR and 17.01% for HadGEM2-ES, while annual evapotranspiration potential is likely to rise. Except from March to May CM5A-MR consistently generated the greatest amount of streamflow change, while MPI-ESM-LR consistently generated the highest magnitude of streamflow change. The annual streamflow reduction is consistent with the annual precipitation reduction and increased annual potential evapotranspiration. Generally, climate change is predicted to have a significant impact on the hydrological response in the Baro River basin under the RCP 4.5 scenario.

Departures from historical wildfire regimes due to climate change have significant implications for the structure and composition of forests, as well as for fire management and operations in the Alberta region of Canada. This study analyzed the relationship between climate and wildfire and used a random forest algorithm to predict future wildfire frequencies in Alberta, Canada. Key factors driving wildfires were identified as vapor pressure deficit (VPD), sea surface temperature (SST), maximum temperature (Tmax), and the self-calibrated Palmer drought severity index (scPDSI). Projections indicate an increase in wildfire frequencies from 918 per year during 1970–1999 to 1151 per year during 2040–2069 under a moderate greenhouse gas (GHG) emission scenario (RCP 4.5) and to 1258 per year under a high GHG emission scenario (RCP 8.5). By 2070–2099, wildfire frequencies are projected to increase to 1199 per year under RCP 4.5 and to 1555 per year under RCP 8.5. The peak number of wildfires is expected to shift from May to July. These findings suggest that projected GHG emissions will substantially increase wildfire danger in Alberta by 2099, posing increasing challenges for fire suppression efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perturbations in extreme precipitation characteristics are investigated over the Volta Basin (VB) and its three subdomains (Sahel, Soudano-Sahel and Guinea Coast) for the early-21st (2030–2053) and mid-twenty-first centuries (2057–2080) under representative concentration pathways (RCPs) 4.5 and 8.5. Seven climate indices from the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices were selected to examine future extreme precipitation features. Owing to its performance over the West African sub region, CanESM2 model results were used with Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC v7) dataset serving as reference data. Results generally show lowering trends in extreme precipitation events over the VB. The declines in extremes were dominant in the Sahel and Soudano-Sahel zones with some degree of upsurges observed in the Guinea Coast. Spatially over the basin, wet spells (CWD) were projected to shorten under RCP 8.5 (~ 7–27 days/year) relative to RCP 4.5 (~ 8–30 days/year). Similar pattern was observed for dry spells (CDD) with ranges of ~ 64–198 days/year and ~ 61–186 days/year respectively for RCPs 4.5 and 8.5. As revealed, future alterations in precipitation events have the propensity to cause alternating drought or flood events. In this line, sustainable adaptation measures and coping strategies need to be devised in time to minimize the consequences of these events, particularly those on water resources availability and ecosystem functions and services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Droughts and floods are common in the Baro basin and climate change may exacerbate them. This study aimed to investigate the hydrological response to climate change's impact in the Baro River basin. Four climate models namely, Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model, version 2 (HadGEM2-ES), Max Planck Institute Earth System Model—Low Resolution (MPI-ESM-LR), Coupled Model Version 5, Medium Resolution (CM5A-MR) and European Community Earth System Model (EC-Earth) dynamically downscaled outputs were obtained from Africa coordinated regional downscaling experiment program. The four climate models were evaluated using a suite of statistical measures such as bias, Root Mean Squared Error, and Coefficient of Variation. The bias of the simulated rainfall varies between − 4.20% and − 25.39% suggesting underestimation. The performance of the models differs subject to the performance measures used for evaluation. Before being used in the climate impact analysis, the climate model data was heavily skewed and needed correction. In terms of bias, HadGEM2-ES performed the worst while EC-Earth performed the best. MPI-ESM-LR was the worst performer in terms of RMSE and CM5A-MR was the best. Changes in the hydrological response to climate change were compared to the baseline scenario (1971–2000) under the Representative Concentration Pathway Scenarios (RCP 4.5) for the medium term (2041–2070). The GCM predictions for the RCP 4.5 scenarios suggested that, in the medium period (2041–2070) the maximum temperature in the Baro River basin will probably rise by 2.1 °C for MPI-ESM-LR and 2.49 °C for CM5A-MR, while the minimum temperature would likely climb by 1.7 °C to EC-Earth and 2.8 °C for HadGEM2-ES. Annual rainfall is expected to fall by 7.02% for CM5A-MR and 17.01% for HadGEM2-ES, while annual evapotranspiration potential is likely to rise. Except from March to May CM5A-MR consistently generated the greatest amount of streamflow change, while MPI-ESM-LR consistently generated the highest magnitude of streamflow change. The annual streamflow reduction is consistent with the annual precipitation reduction and increased annual potential evapotranspiration. Generally, climate change is predicted to have a significant impact on the hydrological response in the Baro River basin under the RCP 4.5 scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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To achieve the net-zero carbon dioxide emission goals, the number of solar photovoltaic (PV) power stations (PPSs) installed worldwide has increased. An increasing number of PPSs are exposed to natural hazards, such as landslides. However, the socioeconomic impact of landslide risk on PPSs has rarely been assessed nationally. In this study, we assessed the landslide risk for PPSs by combining statistical susceptibility and physical-based hazard analyses under three representative concentration pathways (RCPs). We found that the cumulative landslide-susceptible area (LSA) during the current, 2040s, and 2090s periods could vary depending on RCP scenarios: 2895 (RCP2.6), 3417 (RCP6.0) and 5492 km2 (RCP8.5). Especially, under RCP6.0, due to the spatial match with the distribution of LSA and the PPSs, the landslide risk on PPSs could become about 60 million dollars per year. This loss would be 24 million dollars more than the risk of RCP2.6. This study provides insights into the economic loss of PPSs from landslides in the Republic of Korea and suggests that severe climate change would bring a significant increase in this economic loss, which may occur in other countries with large mountainous areas.

سابقه و هدف: تغییر اقلیم یا همان تغییرات آب‌وهوایی یکی از مهم‌ترین تهدیدهای عمده و حیاتی است که امروزه بشر با آن مواجه می‌باشد و عملکرد بسیاری از گیاهان از جمله ذرت (Zea mays L.)؛ را تحت تاثیر خود قرار می‌دهد.ذرت از نظر تولید جهانی بعد از گندم (.Triticum aestivum L) و برنج (Oryza sativa L.) مقام سوم را به خود اختصاص داده است؛ و با توجه به روند تغییرات اقلیمی اخیر و گرم شدن هوا به‌نظر می‌رسد کشت و کار این گیاه به‌عنوان یک گونه با مسیر فتوسنتزی C4 اهمیت بیشتری پیدا کرده است. در حال حاضر ایران با اقلیمی خشک و خشک‌سالی‌های متوالی و روند افزایشی دما نیازمند انتخاب راهبردهای سازگاری با تغییر اقلیم است. به همین منظور محققان اثرات تغییر اقلیم بر تولید گیاهان زراعی را در شرایط اقلیمی آینده و سال 2050، با استفاده از مدل گردش عمومی مورد بررسی قرار دادند. با توجه به افزایش جمعیت و ایجاد امنیت غذایی و مواجه شدن کشت و کار گیاهان زراعی با معضل تغییر اقلیم؛ مطالعه حاضر برای شبیه‌سازی اثرات تغییرات اقلیم بر گیاه ذرت و ارائه راهکارهای سازگاری این گیاه برای مقابله با اثرات تغییر اقلیم صورت گرفت.مواد و روش‌ها: در مطالعه حاضر، از مدل SSM-iCrop2 در دو دوره (2025) 2039-2010 و (2055) 2069-2040 و تحت دو سناریو انتشار RCP4.5 و RCP8.5 در 23 ایستگاه هواشناسی کشور استفاده شد. مدل SSM-iCrop2 مدل رشد، نمو و عملکرد را به صورت روزانه به عنوان تابعی از شرایط آب و هوایی، خصوصیات خاک و مدیریت زراعی شبیه‌سازی می‌کند. همچنین این مدل توانایی شبیه‌سازی مراحل فنولوژی، گسترش و پیری برگ، تاثیر خشکی هوا، شوری و CO2 بر تولید ماده خشک، توزیع ماده خشک، تاثیر دماهای اکستریم بر سطح برگ، تشکیل عملکرد و موازنه آب خاک را دارد. با توجه به افزایش میزان دما و غلظت CO2 در آینده برای بهبود عملکرد ذرت سه راهکار سازگاری تغییر در تاریخ کشت، رسیدگی و ترکیب دو راهکار دیررسی و تسریع در کاشت که سبب افزایش عملکرد می‌شوند؛ در نظر گرفته شد.یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد استفاده از راهکار دیررسی در هر دو دوره و راهکار تسریع در کاشت در دوره میانه (2055) و همچنین ترکیب این دو راهکار سبب افزایش عملکرد در گیاه ذرت گشته است؛ که این افزایش در 10 درصد دیررسی با 20 روز تسریع در کاشت نسبت به راهکارهای دیگر با شدت بیشتری نشان داده شد.نتیجه‌گیری: بطورکلی می‌توان توصیه کرد که برای مقابله با اثرات تغییر اقلیم در گیاه ذرت این گیاه باید از نوع دیررس باشد و 20 روز زودتر از تاریخ کاشت رایج کشت شود؛ تا مراحل حساس رشد مانند گلدهی، پرشدن غلاف و رسیدگی با تنش‌های محیطی مواجه نشود و بهترین عملکرد حاصل شود.

Introduction: The objective is to evaluate the performance of medical and nursing residents on pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) after training in simulations. Methods: Quantitative, quasi-experimental study, with an exploratory, descriptive approach that evaluates educational intervention. 16 groups of 5–7 professionals: Moment 0 (M0), simulation at the beginning; Moment 1 (M1), after M0 debriefing; Moment 2 (M2), approximately 3 months after M0. The research instrument was a pediatric cardiorespiratory arrest checklist. Results: Invitation to 96 participants, resulting in 85 residents in M0 and M1; 58 residents in M2. In M0, one team got the immediate start of CPR correctly in M1, 50% of the teams got it right, and in M2, 75%. There was a significant difference in M0 and M1. In M0, 68.8% of the classes were icorrect about the compression depth; in M1, 18.8% made mistakes, and in M2, 75%. There was a significant difference in M0 and M1, M1 and M2. In M0, 75% were wrong regarding chest recoil; in M1, 25%, and in M2, still 25%. Statistically, there was a difference. Regarding the 15:2 ratio in compressions and ventilations, 37.5% made mistakes in M0; all scored in M1 (statistically significant difference); and, in M2, 1 group made mistakes. As for compression frequency, in M0 15 did not score, M1 50% errors (significant difference), and 66.7% erros in M2. Alarming data in rhythm check, defibrillation, antiarrhythmic drug, and intravenous access. Conclusion: Simulations at shorter intervals than the average of 129 days seen in the study are recommended. Resumen: Introducción: El objetivo es evaluar el desempeño de médicos y residentes de enfermería en reanimación cardiopulmonar pediátrica tras entrenamiento en simulaciones. Methods: Estudio cuantitativo, cuasiexperimental, de enfoque exploratorio y descriptivo que evalúa la intervención educativa. 16 grupos de 5 a 7 profesionales: Momento 0 (M0), simulación al inicio; Momento 1 (M1), después del informe M0; Momento 2 (M2), aproximadamente tres meses después de M0. El instrumento de investigación fue una lista de verificación de parada cardiorrespiratoria (PCR) pediátrica. Resultados: Invitación a 96 participantes resultando 85 residentes en M0 y M1; 58 residentes en M2. En M0, un equipo realizó correctamente el inicio inmediato de la RCP; en M1, el 50% de los equipos acertaron, y en M2, el 75%. Hubo una diferencia significativa en M0 y M1. En M0, el 68,8% de las clases se equivocaron en la profundidad de compresión; en M1, el 18,8% cometió errores, y en M2, el 75%. Hubo una diferencia significativa en M0 y M1, M1 y M2. En M0, el 75% se equivocó en cuanto al retroceso del tórax; en M1, el 25%, y en M2, todavía el 25%. Estadísticamente hubo una diferencia. En cuanto a la relación 15:2 en compresiones y ventilaciones, el 37,5% cometió errores en M0, todos puntuaron en M1 (diferencia estadísticamente significativa) y, en M2, 1 grupo cometió errores. En cuanto a la frecuencia de compresión, en M0 15 no puntuaron, M1 50% de errores (diferencia significativa) y M2 66,7%. Datos alarmantes en cuanto a control del ritmo, desfibrilación, antiarrítmicos y acceso intravenoso. Conclusión: Se recomiendan simulaciones a intervalos más cortos que el promedio de 129 días observado en el estudio.

With the growing attention to perovskite materials in the field of magnetic refrigeration. In this work, La0.8−xPrxSr0.2MnO3 (x = 0.05, 0.10, 0.15) (LPSMO) samples were synthesized through the sol–gel method. The effects of Pr3⁺ doping on the structure, morphology, and magnetization of LPSMO were investigated. The XRD analysis revealed that the LPSMO samples have a rhombohedral structure within the R-3c space group. As the amount of Pr3⁺ doping increased, the cell volume decreased. The magnetic properties of LPSMO exhibited a transition from ferromagnetic (FM) to paramagnetic (PM) near the Curie temperature (Tc), with Tc decreasing as the Pr3⁺ doping level increased. The second-order magnetic phase transition of LPSMO near Tc was confirmed by employing the MPMS. The maximum magnetic entropy change ( - Δ S M max ) of LPSMO is 4.92 J/(kg·K) (x = 0.05), 5.13 J/(kg·K) (x = 0.10) and 5.04 J/(kg·K) (x = 0.15) when the external magnetic field (H) = 5 T, separately. Meanwhile, the relative cooling power (RCP) of LPSMO are 283.88, 276.71, and 289.60 J·kg−1, respectively. The experiments indicate that LPSMO has promising application prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to assess the risk of heat stress conditions for dairy cattle in the Tigray regional state of Ethiopia under historical and future climatic conditions. The daily thermal heat index (THI) was computed for each of the 14 weather stations after quality control of the maximum and minimum temperature datasets. The calculations were performed for the historical period (1980–2023) and two future climate periods (mid-term: 2040–2069 and end-term: 2070–2099) using an ensemble of 20 global circulation models under two representative concentration pathways (RCP 4.5 and 8.5). During the historical period, the frequency of severe heat stress was 3.4% (13 days/year), predominantly occurring in the western corner of the region (39.5% of days/year). The frequency of projected severe heat stress days across the region is expected to increase to 5.4% (mid-term) and 6% (end-term) under the RCP 4.5 emission scenario. Under the RCP 8.5 scenario, the frequency is expected to rise to 6.2% (mid-term) and 9.4% (end-term). On average, there were 6–9 consecutive severe heat stress days in both the historical and future climate periods. It is crucial to emphasize that the mapping of heat stress risk in dairy cattle was carried out using THI thresholds developed elsewhere. However, it is imperative to underscore the significance of conducting local experiments to determine context-specific thresholds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: Considering the increase in population and the establishment of food security and the cultivation of crops facing agricultural challenges with the problem of climate change; the present study was conducted to simulate the effects of climate change on the corn plant and to provide adaptation solutions for this plant to deal with the effects of climate change. Materials and methods: In the present study, used SSM-iCrop2 model in two periods (2025) 2010-2039 and (2055) 2069-2040 and under two release scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 in 23 meteorological stations of the country. Considering the increase in temperature and CO2 in the future, to improve the yield of corn, there are three strategies to adapt is considered, the change in the planting date, processing and combining the two strategies of late maturity and accelerating the planting, which increase the yield. Results: The results showed that the use of the late arrival strategy in both periods and the strategy of accelerating planting in the middle period (2055) and also the combination of these two strategies have increased the yield of the corn plant; this increase in 10% lateness with 20 days acceleration in planting was shown more strongly than other strategies. Conclusion: In general, it can be recommended that in order to deal with the effects of climate change in the corn plant, this plant should be of late type and should be planted 20 days earlier than the common planting date; so that the sensitive stages of growth such as flowering, pod filling and maturity are not faced with environmental stresses to have the best performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) scenarios are based on assumptions about the future development of radiative forcing. There are 4 RCP scenarios, but only 2 RCP scenarios are used in this study, RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5. The aims are to identify characteristics and percentage changes in extreme climate indices in the future. CMIP5 model data such as CCSM4, IPSL-CM5A-LR, IPSL-CM5A-MR, IPSL-CM5B-LR and NorESM1-M were used. The model data was downscaled using a statistical method, and bias correction was based on observational data from five BMKG stations in Aceh Province for the historical period (2001-2005). Subsequently, the observation data and bias-corrected model data for extreme climate events were identified based on the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI). The extreme climate indices utilized in this study are consecutive rainy days (CWD), consecutive dry days (CDD), total annual rainfall (Prcptot), monthly maximum temperature (TXx), and monthly minimum temperature (TNn). The results show that the CDD, Prcptot, TXx and TNn climate indices tend to increase in 2021 – 2100 periods. Meanwhile, the CWD decreased. Based on the historical period, all extreme climate indices increased significantly in 2021 - 2100 except TXx, which decreased in 2021 – 2040.

La reanimación cardiopulmonar, también conocida como RCP, es un procedimiento diseñado para reanimar a personas que han dejado de respirar o cuyo corazón ha dejado de latir. La Sociedad Americana de Cardiología (AHA) recomienda utilizar dispositivos de retroalimentación audiovisuales durante la RCP para la optimización en tiempo real de la efectividad de las maniobras. Se creó un proyecto liderado por docentes y estudiantes de ingeniería debido al alto costo y la falta de disponibilidad local de dispositivos de retroalimentación. El objetivo era desarrollar un simulador electromecánico asequible, evaluado por expertos y usuarios finales, para entrenar en RCP a futuros médicos y al público en general que necesite habilidades para el manejo del paro cardiaco. Tras construir el prototipo inicial, se realizaron pruebas supervisadas para asegurar su compatibilidad con la anatomía y resistencia de un tórax humano promedio. Se realizaron correcciones y adaptaciones hasta cumplir con los parámetros esperados para el entrenamiento de RCP según estándares internacionales. Luego, se llevó a cabo un estudio randomizado con estudiantes de ciencias de la salud que tenían experiencia previa en RCP. Fueron divididos en dos grupos y se les solicitó realizar maniobras de RCP durante 2 minutos, con asignación de números aleatorios independientes de su grupo de participación. Finalmente ambos grupos y de manera aleatoria realizarán 2 minutos en un simulador comercial de RCP con feedback. Estos fueron monitorizados por un observador ciego que desconoce a qué grupo pertenece cada alumno y completará una planilla donde se registró la correcta colocación de las manos, la frecuencia de las compresiones promedio y la profundidad de las mismas. El análisis de resultados muestra que el grupo que utilizó el simulador con feedback en tiempo real tuvo un porcentaje mayor de maniobras de RCP correctas en comparación con el grupo de control. Esto sugiere que nuestro prototipo cumplió con los objetivos al permitir un aprendizaje más rápido y preciso de las técnicas de RCP.

Regions characterized by an arid or semi-arid climate are highly susceptible to prospective climate change impacts worldwide. Therefore, evaluating the effects of global warming on water availability in such regions must be accurately addressed to identify the optimal operation policy of water management facilities. This study used the weather generator model LARS-WG6.0 to forecast possible variations in precipitation and temperature of the Mosul Dam Reservoir in northern Iraq. Future climate change was predicted using three greenhouse gas emission scenarios (i.e., RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5) for four time intervals (2021–2040, 2041–2060, 2061–2080, and 2081–2100) using five Global climate models (GCMs): CSIRO-Mk3.6.0, HadGEM2-ES, CanESM2, BCC-CSM1-1, and NorESM1-M. The model’s calibration and validation were conducted using data from 2001 to 2020 from eight meteorological stations in the study area. The results showed that the weather generator model’s performance was outstanding in predicting daily climate variables. The results also showed that the highest increase in maximum and minimum temperatures was 5.70°C in July and 5.30°C in September, respectively, for the future period 2081–2100 under RCP8.5. The highly forecasted minimum and maximum temperatures were extracted from the CanESM2 and HadGEM2-ES GCM models. It was demonstrated that the study region would experience different patterns of precipitation change during the wet seasons in the evaluated periods. Finally, the variations in precipitation and temperatures in the Mosul dam region would significantly impact the amount of freshwater obtained in these areas due to rising loss rates of evaporation. This could lead to a water shortage and mismanagement of the sustainable operations of the dam.

The adverse impacts of climate change are becoming more frequent and severe worldwide, and Sri Lanka has been identified as one of the most severely affected countries. Hence, it is vital to understand the plausible climate-change-driven impacts on water resources to ensure water security and socio-economic well-being. This study presents novel assessments on low-flow dynamics along the lower Kalu River Basin, Sri Lanka, and water availability during the dry spells of the 2030–2060 period. Bias-corrected daily precipitation projections of a high resolution (25 km × 25 km) NCC-NORESM1-M regional climate model is used here to force a calibrated HEC-HMS hydrological model to project catchment discharge during the future period considered under the two end-member Representative Concentration Pathways (i.e., RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5). Our results show that the study area (i.e., Kuda Ganga sub-basin) may become warmer (in non-monsoonal periods) and wetter (in monsoon season) under both scenarios during the near future (2030–2040) when compared to the baseline period (1976–2005) considered. Consequently, the streamflow may reduce, making it the decade with the largest water deficit within the time horizon. The subsequent deficit volume assessment for the 2031–2040 period shows a probable water shortage (~5 million m3) under the RCP 2.6 scenario, which may last for ~47 days with an average daily intensity of 105,000 m3. Our results highlight the need of incorporating climate-change-driven impacts in water resources management plans to ensure water security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As Virtual Court Proceedings (VCP) continues to evolve globally, more considerations are emerging across jurisdictions to drive its acceptability. Given that implementation of VCP is still at a nascent stage in Nigeria, this paper explores the preference for VCP, the progression and the challenges encountered and/or envisaged in the adoption of VCP. The study takes on an empirical approach to elicit the views of practicing lawyers on the phenomenon of VCP in Nigeria. The responses of the 353 respondents were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 22 and the results presented using descriptive statistics. The result showed that the adoption of VCP increased slightly between the period of 2020 and 2023 although the level of adoption is still below the desired mark. However, there remains a budding desire to retain VCP in the adjudicatory system. The implementation of VCP is and could be further challenged by poor infrastructure, technophobia, lack of technological skill and the challenge of tendering documentary evidence as revealed by the study. Investment in infrastructure and training is required to sustain VCP, as are requisite constitutional amendments and harmonization of existing Practice Directions with the Civil Procedure Rules in Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Circular polarization division multiplexing (CPDM) is a pioneering technology that has superiority over linear polarization division multiplexing (LPDM) due to the absence of polarization axis alignment synchronization at the receiver and because it distributes the scattered light evenly. In this work, a wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) 2 × 320 Gbps free space optical (FSO) system has been presented by incorporating CPDM, 256-quadrature amplitude modulation (256-QAM), and digital signal processing (DSP). Moreover, matched filters are employed due to their anti-jamming and noise-cancelation properties. For the investigation of the proposed system at varied FSO ranges in terms of bit error rate (BER) under different weather disturbances, we have considered clear weather, heavy rain, heavy fog, and heavy dust. Results revealed that the proposed system can withstand very high power levels as high as 100 dBm and can cover 38 km under clear weather, 5 km under heavy rain, 3 km under heavy fog, and 400 m under heavy dust at 10–3 BER. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objetivo: Estudio del aclaramiento de los vph (virus del papiloma humano): 16, 18 y otros de alto riesgo (ar). Diseño: Con la técni-ca rcp, reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (pcr, por sus siglas en inglés), a partir de una serie de 160 casos con 3 o más valores, en los años 2012-2018, dentro del co-examen citología. vph, anual. Resultados: La edad media fue 37,54 años, la paridad media 0,87. Nuligestas, 42,5%, y menopáusicas 8,12%. No utilizaban contracep-ción en 51,87%. Antecedente de conización en 20%. Citología inicial negativa en 51,25%. ascus (atipias de significado incierto) en 17,5%. lsil (lesión escamosa intraepitelial de bajo grado) en 11,25%. vph ini-cial positivo en 50%. El tipo más frecuente fue otros de ar en 72,5%.En el aclaramiento, se negativizaron de 69 casos positivos: 27,53% al primer año, y 2,89% al 4o año. De 91 casos negativos al primer año, hubo adqui-sición de novo, se hicieron positivos en 10,98% al primer año y 1,09% al 4oaño. Conclusiones: 1). El punto de inflexión del aclaramiento es, el primer año, siendo 83% para el tipo 16; y 73% para el tipo 18 y 47% para el tipo otros, ambos en el 2o año. 2). El pico de contagio máximo es al 2o año, en 15,46%. 3). lsil tiene vph (+) en 90,90% (p< 0,001), versus ascus en 45,16%.

Magnetocaloric refrigeration is an integral part of technology and is under constant investigation. In this regard, the characterization of the magnetocaloric materials used is of major concern. In this study, we used different approaches to better understand the mechanisms underlying the magnetic and magnetocaloric properties of Rh2S mIn Full-Heusler. A physical model is suggested to explain the magnetic interaction within this material. Utilizing the density functional theory, exchange couplings and magnetic phase stability in Rh2SmIn have been attempted as well in order to understand and clarify the various magnetic interactions in this compound. The magnetic and magnetocaloric properties were examined with Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) based on the Ising model. The transition temperature, magnetic entropy change, and relative cooling power (RCP) were computed and found to be in good agreement with experimental evidence. According to the results, Rh2S mIn is a good candidate to be used in magnetic refrigeration applications at high temperature.

Greenhouse gases and the occurrence of climate change have occurred with the development of technology and the industrialization of human societies. long-term forecasting of climate parameters has always been interesting due to the importance of climate change for the earth and its inhabitants. General Circulation Models (GCMs) are one of the most widely used methods for evaluating future climate conditions. In the present study, the results of three general circulation models including the American model of GFDL-CM3, the Canadian model of CanESM2, and the Russian model of inmcm4ncml for the study area were evaluated and the CanESM2 model was selected as the superior model. The RCP scenarios 2.6, 4.5, and RCP 8.5 were used with the CanESM2 model to assess climate change conditions across the Hablehroud River basin for the period 2020-2051. According to the results, the total monthly precipitation shows an increasing trend in the coming decades 2020-2051 period compared to the period 1986-2017. The results of the study of temperature changes in the period 2020-2051 in the Hablehroud River basin also indicate an increase in the monthly average of maximum and minimum temperatures in the coming decades. The consequences of these conditions are of great hydrological importance in the study area, this condition necessitates the adoption of climate change adaptation policies in this watershed.

Chile is particularly vulnerable to climate change due to its geomorphology, ecological wealth and economic dependence on water resources, and has been facing a severe drought since 2010. The objective of this work is to propose a methodology able to project and evaluate changes in the magnitude, duration and frequency of meteorological and hydrological droughts, as a decision-making tool to support adaptation to climate change. Four basins were assessed using different downscaled General Circulation Models (GCM) and the Soil & Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. Results were evaluated using Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Standardized Streamflow Index (SSFI) comparing drought events over two periods of time. An increase in magnitude and duration of meteorological droughts is projected, especially in the Andes Mountain range. Regarding hydrological drought, greater increases in magnitude and duration are projected for the Itata River Basin. In both types of droughts, an increase in frequency is expected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Climate change is projected to impact river, lake, and wetland hydrology, with global implications for the condition and productivity of aquatic ecosystems. We integrated Sentinel‐1 and Sentinel‐2 based algorithms to track monthly surface water extent (2017–2021) for 32 sites across the central United States (U.S.). Median surface water extent was highly variable across sites, ranging from 3.9% to 45.1% of a site. To account for landscape‐based differences (e.g., water storage capacity, land use) in the response of surface water extents to meteorological conditions, individual statistical models were developed for each site. Future changes to climate were defined as the difference between 2006–2025 and 2061–2080 using MACA‐CMIP5 (MACAv2‐METDATA) Global Circulation Models. Time series of climate change adjusted surface water extents were projected. Annually, 19 of the 32 sites under RCP4.5 and 22 of the 32 sites under RCP8.5 were projected to show an average decline in surface water extent, with drying most consistent across the southeast central, southwest central, and midwest central U.S. Projected declines under surface water dry conditions at these sites suggest greater impacts of drought events are likely in the future. Projected changes were seasonally variable, with the greatest decline in surface water extent expected in summer and fall seasons. In contrast, many north central sites showed a projected increase in surface water in most seasons, relative to the 2017–2021 period, likely attributable to projected increases in winter and spring precipitation exceeding increases in projected temperature. Plain Language Summary: Climate change is expected to impact rivers, lakes, and wetlands. In this effort we used multiple satellites to track monthly surface water extent (2017–2021) for 32 sites across the central United States. The average amount of surface water was highly variable across sites. Individual statistical models, relating meteorological variables to surface water extent, were developed for each site. The models were then updated with climate change adjusted variables. Most sites were projected to show a decline in surface water extent, with drying most consistent across the southeast central, southwest central, and midwest central U.S. Projected declines under dry conditions at these sites suggest greater impacts of drought events are likely. Projected changes were seasonally variable, with the greatest decline in surface water extent expected in summer and fall seasons. In contrast, many north central sites showed a projected increase in surface water in most seasons, likely attributable to projected increases in winter and spring precipitation. Key Points: Surface water across the central U.S. responds to episodic, seasonal, and interannual variability in water availabilityMost sites showed projected declines in surface water extents under RCP4.5 and 8.5, peaking in summer‐fall and increasing drought impactsSelect sites, concentrated in the north central U.S., projected increases in surface water, associated with greater precipitation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing temperatures and decreasing rainfall are expected to have negative e%ects on ecosystem services causing significant shrinkage or shift in forest distributions particularly in the Mediterranean basin. In this study, we aimed to determine the distribution of Atlas cedar (Cedrus atlantica Manetti), modeling the current and potential future distributions in Morocco with Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) approach. Modeling was performed using all bioclimatic variables that show a significant relationship to the current distribution of Atlas cedar and that were specifically preferred in the literature by several similar studies. Prediction of warmer future scenarios showed that populations in the potential area would decrease by 21% for RCP 4.5 (2050), by 23% for RCP 4.5 (2070), by 35% for RCP 8.5 (2050), and 41% for RCP 8.5 (2070) and that there would be an impact in all ranges including the Cedar Biosphere Reserve in Morocco. Similarly, the Atlas cedar would lose its isolated-marginal populations in its southern and western extents. The results underline the importance of a genetic conservation program for cedar populations in Morocco. Otherwise, gene pools seem to turn extinct due to climate change. Furthermore, this study is intended to provide a starting point for continuous monitoring of Atlas cedars distributions while observing its climatic migration. Species distribution modeling generates valuable information for conservation management strategies for this endemic, rare, and threatened relict tree species. The results can be used to identify high-priority areas for Atlas cedar restoration and conservation against the expected impact of climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adverse weather conditions, once rare anomalies, are now becoming increasingly commonplace, causing heavy losses to crops and livestock. One of the most immediate and far-reaching concerns is the potential impact on agricultural productivity and global food security. Although studies combining crop models and future climate data have been previously carried out, such research work in Central Asia is limited in the international literature. The current research aims to harness the predictive capabilities of the CRAFT (CCAFS Regional Agricultural Forecasting Toolbox) to predict and comprehend the ramifications stemming from three distinct RCPs, 2.6, 4.5, and 8.5, on wheat yield. As a result, the arid steppe zone was found to be the most sensitive to an increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, since the yield difference between RCPs 2.6 and 8.5 accounted for almost 110 kg/ha (16.4%) and for 77.1 kg/ha (10.4%) between RCPs 4.5 and 8.5, followed by the small hilly zone with an average loss of 90.1 and 58.5 kg/ha for RCPs 2.6–8.5 and RCPs 4.5–8.5, respectively. The research findings indicated the loss of more than 10% of wheat in the arid steppe zone, 7.6% in the small hilly zone, 7.5% in the forest steppe zone, and 6% in the colo steppe zone due to climate change if the modeled RCP 8.5 scenario occurs without any technological modernization and genetic modification. The average wheat yield failure in the North Kazakhstan region accounted for 25.2, 59.5, and 84.7 kg/ha for RCPs 2.6–4.5, 4.5–8.5, and 2.6–8.5, respectively, which could lead to food disasters at a regional scale. Overall, the CRAFT using the DSSAT crop modeling system, combined with the climate predictions, showed great potential in assessing climate change effects on wheat yield under different climate scenarios in the North Kazakhstan region. We believe that the results obtained will be helpful during the development and zoning of modified, drought-resistant wheat varieties and the cultivation of new crops in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amphibians and their geographical distribution are threatened by climate change, including species in West Java, Indonesia. It is estimated that 300 amphibian species are threatened, including the family Dicroglossidae. At the same time, information on how climate change impacts amphibian species in Indonesia is very limited. This study aims to assess and model the suitable habitat for the least concern Asian brackish frog, Fejervarya cancrivora (Gravenhorst, 1829), under the CMIP 5 RCP 8.5 future climate change scenario by 2070, analyzed using Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt). The models developed with MaxEnt showed good predictivity, with an AUC value of 0.701. The models that inform the precipitation of the wettest month, isothermality, and mean diurnal range variables have significant contributions to make in shaping F. cancrivora geographical distributions. The models confirm that F. cancrivora had shifted its geographical distribution and had gained and lost habitats under a future climate change scenario by 2070. F. cancrivora will lose 4,428 km2 of its current habitat and will gain 2,673 km2 of new habitat. In total, climate change will cause F. cancrivora to lose its habitat by 1,755 km2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Increasing the efficiency of water consumption and water management is necessary to meet the water needs of agricultural plants which need to consider the variables affecting water consumption, including water needs and the amount of evaporation and transpiration. In this regard, evaporation and transpiration are important indicators in the process of plant growth and their amount is considered equal to the water requirement of the plant. On the other hand, climate change can affect water demand by changing the expected patterns for the average weather condition in a long term in a specific region or for the entire global climate. In the present study, the phenological stages of seedless barberry tree were determined based on field observations at Ghaen synoptic meteorological station. The seedless barberry tree is one of the commercial cultivars in Iran. In this research, the effect of climate change on the water requirement of barberry cultivation has been evaluated based on RCP scenarios in the near and far future. Materials and Methods In the field part, in order to identify the occurrence time of the phenology stages and temperature thresholds, a series of visits and daily and weekly notes were made in the field in the growing season of the barberry tree. For this purpose, a private and fertile commercial orchard with suitable cultivated area of ​​seedless barberry trees was selected. The studied garden group with three hectares of cultivated area in Qain city was identified as one of the most fertile gardens in the region. This private garden is located in Qain city, at the position of 33 degrees and 43 minutes of north latitude and 59 degrees and 10 minutes of east longitude and a height of 1432 meters above sea level. In this study, the phenology stages of seedless barberry tree as one of the commercial cultivars of Iran were determined. The BBCH coding system was used to record the phenology stages (Enriquez‐Hidalgo et al., 2020). This scale has a 100-part table with codes from 0 to 99 and is designed for different phases (Feldmann and Rutikanga, 2021). It was used in the synoptic meteorological station of Qain city during one year from the beginning of germination to the end of the dormant period. In fact, the codes of the phenology stages were observed and recorded in the field.After determining the phenological stages of barren barberry trees, the water requirement of the selected tree species has been calculated. In the next step, to determine the water requirement, the reference evaporation and transpiration rate must be multiplied by the plant coefficient. For this purpose, the available data including hours of sunshine, average temperature during the growing season, average rainfall, minimum temperature, maximum temperature, evaporation, and transpiration obtained from the National Meteorological Organization for 18 valid meteorological stations from 1987 to 2017 on hourly and daily time scales were used to predict the climatic condition. Toward this, the climatic condition of the near future (2059-2030) and the far future (2089-2060) has been predicted considering pessimistic (RCP8.5), and optimistic (RCP4.5) scenarios. Results and Discussion The results showed that barberry needs six phenological stages to complete the growth period from early April to late November. Also, the amount of water requirement for barberry treesin the base period (1987-2017) on a daily basis in the eastern region under study is more than in the west and northwest of the region. The water requirement in the northwest and west parts is more than in the east of the region under study, which is the reason for the increase in the length of the barberry phenology stage in the region has been mentioned. The results of climate change analysis showed that the daily water requirement of barberry (2030-2059) based on the RCP8.5 model during the growing season varies between 4.5-5.8 mm per day and the total water requirement is 990-1260 mm. According to the RCP4.5 model, the daily water requirement of barberry varies between 5.6-5.8 mm per day and the total water requirement is 1290-990 mm. The daily water requirement of barberry according to the RCP4.5 model (2060-2089) varies between 4-5 mm per day and the total water requirement is 960-1150 mm. Also, the daily water requirement of barberry according to the RCP8.5 model varied between 4.5-8.2 mm per day. The total water requirement of the barberry tree is 950-1300 mm. ConclusionThe present study was conducted with the aim of measuring the phenology stages of the seedless barberry tree and the water requirement of the barberry tree according to the conditions of climate change in the areas prone to its cultivation in Iran. The results showed that the barberry tree needs six phenology stages to complete its growth cycle. The growth period according to climatic conditions and topography lasts from early April to late November. The results of estimating the water requirement in the base period showed that the cities of Kerman, Yazd, Qain, Birjand, Zahedan and Torbat Heydarieh need the most water during the growth stage (1330-1240 mm per day) and the lowest water requirement of the barberry tree in the north It is in the west and west of the country, but in the future, the amount of water needed by the barberry tree in the northwest and west is more than the center and east of the study area, which is the reason for the earlier completion of the phenology stages in the center and east of the country, for this reason, these areas are among the unsuitable areas. It is considered cultivation. Since the annual rainfall changes from year to year; Therefore, the irrigation project cannot be planned only based on one year's information, so long-term records are needed to calculate the effective rainfall based on the probability of occurrence. Cultivation of barberry is very desirable in terms of irrigation for dry and semi-arid areas where farmers are facing water shortage. Considering that water is the main and essential requirement of any product; Therefore, it is essential to estimate the water requirement of each plant.

Heavy snowfall is a natural disaster that causes extensive damage in South Korea. Therefore, predicting heavy snowfall occurrence, identifying vulnerable areas, and establishing response plans to reduce risk are crucial. In this study, to project heavy snowfall, meteorological and geographic data from the past 30 years were collected, and four machine learning algorithms were trained and compared: multiple linear regression, support vector regression, random forest regressor (RFR), and extreme gradient boosting. We observed that the RFR model (R2 = 0.64) demonstrated the most optimal performance in projecting snowfall compared to other models. Representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenario data was input into the RFR model to generate projection data up to 2100. Projection results of more than 48.2 cm based on heavy snowfall events in the past 20 years were observed 17 times in RCP2.6, 19 times in RCP4.5, 16 times in RCP6.0, and 17 times in RCP8.5. The annual GIS-based projected snowfall images for the RCP8.5 scenario were classified into five distinct groups using K-means clustering. These groups were then further divided based on the vulnerability of regions, including Gangwon-do, Jeollabuk-do, and northern Gyeonggi-do. Our study can aid decision-making on policies related to heavy snowfall disaster prevention standards, snow removal plans, budgeting, and the establishment of mid- to long-term climate change adaptation plans for government, public institutions and private organizations.

The paper aims at simulating streamflow using Hydrologic Engineering Center Hydrological Modelling System (HEC-HMS) under different Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP's) to access the impact of climate change on hydrological regime of Bhagirathi River at Tehri Dam. The input for the study is precipitation and temperature which are obtained from remote-sensing data. The temperature and precipitation data daily products are obtained from Tropical Rain Monitoring Mission (TRMM) and Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) missions and the respective future anomalies were obtained from World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal (CCKP). The streamflow simulation is done for RCP's 4.5 and 8.5 under the models csiro_mk3_6_0, bcc_csm1_1, ccsm4 and mri_cgcm3. The study found that the combination of remote-sensing data and HEC-HMS model has been successful in simulating streamflow in the region. The region will experience an increase in streamflow discharge under changing climate over the next coming years. The simulation also indicates that there will be a change in temporal distribution pattern of the discharge. Amidst these uncertainties, the predictions also give an insight into the planning and management of constructed or to be constructed hydraulic structures in the basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study assessed the impact of climate change on the discharge of a mountainous watershed—Dudhnai, India, using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). First, the SWAT model was calibrated and validated using rainfall and observed discharge data. Then, bias-corrected meteorological data from four climate models (CCSM4, CNRM-CM5, MPI-ESM-LR, and NorESM1-M) from two emission scenarios (RCPs 4.5 & 8.5) were used to predict future discharge. The model efficiencies and per cent bias indicated that the SWAT model was subpar (NSE = 0.54) at daily timescale, however, performed better at monthly timescale with an NSE of 0.70. According to the ensemble of climate models, in comparison with the baseline discharge scenario, the discharge in the watershed was projected to increase towards the end of the century by about 16.6% under RCP 4.5 and 27.5% under RCP 8.5. The mean monthly variation of discharge in the Dudhnai indicated that monsoonal discharge would increase in the future, while cases of a decrease in discharge were observed during lean flow periods, particularly during November to March. The rate of increase in the surface flow component was found significantly greater than the lateral and groundwater flow components. Results imply that the Dudhnai watershed would be subjected to severe hydrological events in the future. Despite the potential growth of water resources, their distribution patterns may cause water scarcity in the watershed, especially during dry seasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]