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In sub-Saharan Africa, climatic hazards and land pressure have stimulated a search for production intensification methods, adapted to the various environments and types of farming, in a bid to ensure food security in the region. Indeed, this intensification is conditioned by the availability to farmers of innovations that are adapted to their constraints and priorities. Thus, the adaptation of innovations to the diversity of agricultural production systems requires establishment of typologies that reflect the heterogeneity of farms and make it possible to reduce diversity to a manageable scale. In this article, we reviewed the state of knowledge on methods for establishing "typologies of production systems", based on existing knowledge, in order to examine the extent to which they enable understanding of this reality of the agricultural economy. Faced with current global challenges, such as population growth and climate change, sufficient food supplies and quality will require more efficient and robust production systems, based on good agricultural practices that ensure efficient use of the natural resource base, and within an enabling policy and institutional environment. Improving production systems for sustainability will, therefore, need to be based on the implementation of relevant recommendations derived from typologies built through science-based robust methodology, combining participatory approaches and quantitative and qualitative data analysis methods, "data mining". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Propofol adalah obat anestesi intravena yang sering digunakan untuk tidakan medis karena memiliki onset dan durasi cepat. Nyeri saat penyuntikan propofol merupakan permasalahan yang sering dikeluhkan pasien dan berbagai metode telah dilakukan untuk mengurangi derajat nyeri penyuntikan propofol, namun masih didapatkan nyeri. Lidokain menjadi standar emas untuk mengurangi derajat nyeri penyuntikan propofol, tetapi masih memiliki efek samping seperti penekanan fungsi jantung sehingga dipilih tramadol yang tidak menekan fungsi jantung dan dapat menurunkan kebutuhan obat antinyeri selama maupun setelah operasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan membandingkan pemberian tramadol dengan lidokain untuk mengurangi derajat nyeri penyuntikan propofol. Metode penelitian menggunakan uji klinis acak buta tunggal terhadap 60 pasien yang menjalani operasi elektif. Pasien dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok, yaitu perlakuan tramadol (kelompok T) dan perlakuan lidokain (kelompok L) disertai pembendungan vena permukaan menggunakan tourniquet, kemudian diberikan tramadol atau lidokain. Setelah 1 menit tourniquet dilepaskan dan diikuti dengan penyuntikan ¼ dosis total propofol untuk induksi selama 5 detik, lalu dilakukan penilaian derajat nyeri menggunakan verbal rating score. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan penurunan derajat nyeri penyuntikan propofol pada kedua kelompok dan tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna (p>0,05), namun melalui uji statistik dengan tingkat kepercayaan sebesar 95% menyatakan tramadol memiliki risiko relatif kemungkinan terjadi nyeri ringan lebih kecil dibanding dengan lidokain menurunkan derajat nyeri penyuntikan propofol. Simpulan, Tramadol memiliki kekuatan yang sama dengan lidokain dalam menurunkan derajat nyeri penyuntikan propofol. Comparison between Tramadol and Lidocaine in Reducing Pain Triggered by Propofol Injection Propofol is a commonly used intravenous anesthetics in medical procedure. Pain during propofol injection is a commonly reported adverse effect of this injection. Various methods have been proposed to reduce pain but often fail. Lidocaine is the gold standard for reducing pain during injection of propofol but has a suppressive effect on the heart. Tramadol does not have a suppressive effect and reduce the need for anti-pain medication during and after surgery thereforeTramadol is chosen for this purpose. This study aimed to compare the administration of tramadol and lidocaine to reduce the level of pain during propofol injection. This was a single blind randomized clinical trial on 60 patients underwent elective surgery. Patients were divided into 2 groups: the first group received tramadol (group T) and the second group received lidocaine (group L). Tourniquet was used on each patient before injection of tramadol or lidocaine was given and it was removed after 1 minute. Pain severity was assessed 5 seconds after propofol injection using the verbal rating score. This study discovered that pain during propofol injection was reduced with the use of tramadol and lidocaine without significant difference between the two (p>0.05). However, tramadol has a lower probability of mild pain than lidocaine with interval confidence 95%. In conclusion, tramadol has the same potential as lidocaine in reducing the level of pain related to propofol injection.

Of the epileptic syndromes beginning in early infancy, we described the clinical and electrical characteristics of early myoclonic encephalopathy (EME) and Ohtahara syndrome (OS), and the differential diagnosis between the two syndromes, reviewing previous articles and our own study of 6 cases with EME and 15 cases with OS. With regard to the clinical seizure types, the main seizure type was tonic spasms in OS while myoclonias, especially erratic myoclonias, and frequent partial seizures were predominant in EME. The suppression-burst (S-B) pattern was a common feature of both syndromes, although their form, time of appearance, and duration of appearance differed considerably. The S-B pattern in OS was characterized by periodic and consistent appearances during both waking and sleeping states, whereas in EME, the S-B pattern was enhanced by sleep and often not manifested in the awake states. OS showed a specific pattern of evolution as age-dependent epileptic encephalopathy with concomitant EEG change while EME had no specific evolution with age. In OS, obvious brain lesions such as brain malformations were often seen. In contrast, frequent occurrence of familial cases suggested some kind of congenital metabolic disorder as the etiological factor in EME. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]