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Objectives We evaluated the efficacies of human-simulated regimens (HSRs) of two clinically utilized sulbactam regimens: 1 g q6h 0.5 h infusion (maximum FDA-approved dosage) and 3 g q8h 4 h infusion (high-dose, prolonged-infusion regimen), against Acinetobacter baumannii in a translational murine model. Methods Thirty-two clinical A. baumannii isolates were investigated, of which 16 were sulbactam resistant (MIC ≥ 16 mg/L), 6 were sulbactam intermediate (MIC = 8 mg/L) and 10 were sulbactam susceptible (MIC ≤ 4 mg/L). Efficacies of the two sulbactam HSRs were assessed in the neutropenic murine pneumonia model. Changes in log10 cfu/lungs at 24 h compared with 0 h controls were measured, and efficacy was defined as achieving 1 log kill relative to baseline. WGS of the isolates and bioinformatics analysis were performed to explore potential associations between the genomic backgrounds and the in vivo responses. Results Eleven isolates harboured bla OXA-23, of which 10 were sulbactam resistant, 1 was sulbactam intermediate while none was sulbactam susceptible. Both sulbactam HSRs achieved >1 log kill against sulbactam-susceptible isolates. Against sulbactam-intermediate and sulbactam-resistant isolates, lack of efficacy correlated with the presence of the bla OXA-23 gene; sulbactam 1 g HSR and 3 g HSR did not show efficacy against 11/11 and 9/11 bla OXA-23-positive isolates, respectively, while efficacy was observed against all 11 bla OXA-23-negative sulbactam-intermediate and sulbactam-resistant isolates (i.e. harbouring other resistance genes). Conclusions A sulbactam high-dose prolonged-infusion regimen provides comparable activity to the standard dose against isolates currently considered sulbactam susceptible. However, the activity against isolates with intermediate and resistant susceptibility could be predicted by the detection of bla OXA-23. Enhancing detection capabilities of common diagnostic modalities to include OXA-23 can improve patient outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Sulbactam dosing for Acinetobacter baumannii infections has not been standardized due to limited available pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) data. Herein, we report a comprehensive PK/PD analysis of ampicillin-sulbactam against A. baumannii pneumonia. Methods Twenty-one A. baumannii clinical isolates were tested in the neutropenic murine pneumonia model. For dose-ranging studies, groups of mice were administered escalating doses of ampicillin-sulbactam. Changes in log10cfu/lungs relative to 0 h were assessed. Dose-fractionation studies were performed. Estimates of the percentage of of time during which the unbound plasma sulbactam concentrations exceeded the MIC (% f T > MIC) required for different efficacy endpoints were calculated. The probabilities of target attainment (PTA) for the 1-log kill plasma targets were estimated following clinically utilized sulbactam regimens. Results Dose-fractionation studies demonstrated time-dependent kill. Isolates resistant to both sulbactam and meropenem required three times the exposures to achieve 1-log kill; median [IQR] % f T > MIC of 60.37% [51.6–66.8] compared with other phenotypes (21.17 [16.0–32.9] % f T > MIC). Sulbactam standard dose (1 g q6h, 0.5 h infusion) provided >90% PTA up to MIC of 4 mg/L. Sulbactam 3 g q8h, 4 h inf provided greater PTA for isolates with sulbactam-intermediate susceptibility (8 mg/L, 100% versus 86% following the standard dose). Despite the higher exposure following 3 g q8h, 4 h inf, PTA was ≤57% among sulbactam-resistant/meropenem-resistant isolates. Conclusion Sulbactam standard dose is a valuable regimen across sulbactam-susceptible isolates while the high-dose extended-infusion provides additional benefit against sulbactam-intermediate isolates. Given that most of the sulbactam-resistant A. baumannii isolates are meropenem-resistant, high-dose prolonged-infusion regimens are not expected to be effective as monotherapy against infections due to these isolates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gram-negative antibiotic resistance continues to grow as a global problem due to the evolution and spread of β-lactamases. The early β-lactamase inhibitors (BLIs) are characterized by spectra limited to class A β-lactamases and ineffective against carbapenemases and most extended spectrum β-lactamases. In order to address this therapeutic need, newer BLIs were developed with the goal of treating carbapenemase producing, carbapenem resistant organisms (CRO), specifically targeting the Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC). These BL/BLI combination drugs, avibactam/avibactam, meropenem/vaborbactam, and imipenem/relebactam, have proven to be indispensable tools in this effort. However, non-KPC mechanisms of resistance are rising in prevalence and increasingly challenging to treat. It is critical for clinicians to understand the unique spectra of these BL/BLIs with respect to non-KPC CRO. In Part 1of this 2-part series, we describe the non-KPC attributes of the newer BL/BLIs with a focus on utility against Enterobacterales and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background In vitro–in vivo discordance in β-lactams' activities against metallo-ß-lactamase (MBL)-producing Enterobacterales has been described. We aimed to assess whether this discordance is attributed to the supra-physiologic zinc concentration in in vitro testing media. Methods A clinical and microbiological observational study of patients with bloodstream infections due to New Delhi metallo-ß-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae was performed. Outcomes of patients treated empirically with non-MBL-active β-lactam therapy (carbapenems and ceftazidime/avibactam) and MBL-active β-lactam therapy (ceftazidime/avibactam + aztreonam) were documented. The patients' isolates were used to induce septicemia in mice, and survival upon meropenem treatment was recorded. Meropenem minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined in standard media and in the presence of physiological zinc concentrations. Results Twenty-nine patients receiving empiric non-MBL-active β-lactams (median duration, 4 days) were compared with 29 receiving MBL-active β-lactams. The 14-day mortality rates were 21% and 14%, respectively. In the murine septicemia model, meropenem treatment resulted in protection from mortality (P <.0001). Meropenem MICs in the physiologic zinc concentration broth were 1- to >16-fold lower vs MICs in zinc-unadjusted broth (≥64 mg/L). Conclusions Our data provide foundational support to establish pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationships using MICs derived in physiologic zinc concentration, which may better predict β-lactam therapy outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a life-saving modality but has the potential to alter the pharmacokinetics (PK) of antimicrobials. Imipenem/cilastatin/relebactam is an antibiotic with utility in treating certain multi-drug resistant Gram-negative infections. Herein, we describe the population pharmacokinetics of imipenem and relebactam in critically ill patients supported on ECMO. Methods Patients with infection supported on ECMO received 4–6 doses of imipenem/cilastatin/relebactam per current prescribing information based on estimated creatinine clearance. Blood samples were collected following the final dose of the antibiotic. Concentrations were determined via LC–MS/MS. Population PK models were fit with and without covariates using Pmetrics. Monte Carlo simulations of 1000 patients assessed joint PTA of f AUC0–24/MIC ≥ 8 for relebactam, and ≥40% f T > MIC for imipenem for each approved dosing regimen. Results Seven patients supported on ECMO were included in PK analyses. A two-compartment model with creatinine clearance as a covariate on clearance for both imipenem and relebactam fitted the data best. The mean ± standard deviation parameters were: CL0, 15.21 ± 6.52 L/h; Vc, 10.13 ± 2.26 L; K12, 2.45 ± 1.16 h−1 and K21, 1.76 ± 0.49 h−1 for imipenem, and 6.95 ± 1.34 L/h, 9.81 ± 2.69 L, 2.43 ± 1.13 h−1 and 1.52 ± 0.67 h−1 for relebactam. Simulating each approved dose of imipenem/cilastatin/relebactam according to creatinine clearance yielded PTAs of ≥90% up to an MIC of 2 mg/L. Conclusions Imipenem/cilastatin/relebactam dosed according to package insert in patients supported on ECMO is predicted to achieve exposures sufficient to treat susceptible Gram-negative isolates, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives To evaluate the efficacy of human-simulated regimens (HSRs) of ceftazidime, ceftazidime/avibactam, imipenem, imipenem/relebactam, meropenem and meropenem/vaborbactam in a murine thigh infection model against serine carbapenemase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Methods Nine P. aeruginosa clinical isolates harbouring GES-5 (n = 1), GES-20 (n = 1), GES-5/20 (n = 1), GES-19, GES-20 (n = 3) and KPC (n = 3) were evaluated. Six mice were administered HSRs of ceftazidime 2 g q8h (2 h infusion), ceftazidime/avibactam 2.5 g q8h (2 h infusion), meropenem 2 g q8h (3 h infusion), imipenem 0.5 g q6h (0.5 h infusion), imipenem/relebactam 1.25 g q6h (0.5 h infusion) and meropenem/vaborbactam 4 g q8h (3 h infusion). Change in bacterial burden relative to baseline and the percent of isolates meeting the 1 log10 kill endpoint were assessed. Results The addition of avibactam to ceftazidime increased the percentage of isolates meeting 1 log10 kill from 33% to 100% of GES- or KPC-harbouring isolates. Imipenem/relebactam HSR produced ≥1 log10 of kill against 83% and 100% of GES- and KPC-harbouring isolates, respectively, while imipenem alone failed to reach 1 log10 kill for any isolates. Vaborbactam resulted in variable restoration of meropenem activity as 1 log10 kill was achieved in only 33% and 66% of GES- and KPC-harbouring isolates, respectively, compared with no isolates for meropenem alone. Conclusions Ceftazidime/avibactam and imipenem/relebactam were active against 100% and 89% of KPC- or GES-harbouring isolates tested in vivo. The activity of meropenem/vaborbactam was variable, suggesting this may be an inferior treatment option in this setting. Further studies to evaluate clinical outcomes in GES- and KPC-producing P. aeruginosa are warranted given their increasing prevalence worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]