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Objective: To compare the treatment outcome for reconstruction plates and mini plates in treating comminuted mandibular fracture. Study Design: Randomized Controlled Trial. Setting: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Allama Iqbal Medical College/Jinnah Hospital, Lahore. Period: October 2021 to April 2023. Methods: All subjects presented for treatment of comminuted fractures of the mandible fulfilling the inclusion criteria at Jinnah Hospital Lahore Maxillofacial surgery department were included in the study, and were randomly allocated into group A and group B. The mini-plate osteosynthesis technique was used on Group A and Group B was treated by fixation with reconstruction plate. Results: A total of (n=30) patients were included in this study. Fifteen of these patients received mini-plate fixation (group A) and the remaining fifteen were treated with reconstruction plates (group B). The mean age was 29.4± 10.5 years. 80% of study subjects were male n=24. All patients of (group A) were treated via an intraoral approach. However, n=10 (66.6%) patients were treated by intraoral approach in (group B). Whereas the rest of the subjects (n=4) were treated with extra oral approach and (n=1) through combined intraoral and extra oral approach.100% stability at the fracture site was observed in both groups. Comparative occlusion status showed a nonsignificant p-value (p=1.000). Pearson chi-square value=0.0000a for plate exposure between both groups also shows a non-significant difference. The contour of the mandible was improved in 38.89% of (group A) population and 61.11% of group B patients. Conclusion: Mini-plate and reconstruction plate osteosynthesis are equally effective for the fixation of comminuted fractures of the mandible, considering postoperative occlusion status, stability of the fracture segment, and the possibility of plate exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acetogenic bacteria produce CO2‐based chemicals in aqueous media by hydrogenotrophic conversion of CO2, but CO is the preferred carbon and electron source. Consequently, coupling CO2 electrolysis with bacterial fermentation within an integrated bio‐electrocatalytical system (BES) is promising, if CO2 reduction catalysts are available for the generation of CO in the complex biotic electrolyte. A standard stirred‐tank bioreactor was coupled to a zero‐gap PEM electrolysis cell for CO2 conversion, allowing voltage control and separation of the anode in one single cell. The cathodic CO2 reduction and the competing hydrogen evolution enabled in‐situ feeding of C. ragsdalei with CO and H2. Proof‐of‐concept was demonstrated in first batch processes with continuous CO2 gassing, as autotrophic growth and acetate formation was observed in the stirred BES in a voltage range of −2.4 to −3.0 V. The setup is suitable also for other bioelectrocatalytic reactions. Increased currents and lower overvoltages are however required. Atomically‐dispersed M−N−C catalysts show promise, if degradation throughout autoclaving can be omitted. The development of selective and autoclavable catalysts resistant to contamination and electrode design for the complex electrolyte will enable efficient bioelectrocatalytic power‐to‐X systems based on the introduced BES. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increased crime rate in Pakistan can largely be attributed to criminal thinking, which encompasses the thought content and processes of offenders. Psychopathy, a disposition characterized by lack of empathy, emotional awareness, and impulsivity, is a vital risk factor for deviance and violent offending among young offenders. The present study aims to investigate mediating role of impulsivity between the relationship of Psychopathy and Criminal Thinking in Young Adult Offenders. The sample comprised 126 male offenders who were convicted and imprisoned for a criminal case, with the age range of 19–30 years (M = 25.74, SD = 3.15) were taken from Prisons in Pakistan. Findings revealed that there were positive associations between psychopathy, impulsivity, and various criminal thinking styles. Results indicated that impulsivity mediated the relationship between psychopathy and power orientation, criminal rationalization, entitlement, and cold-heartedness criminal thinking styles. It was concluded that psychopathic tendencies and impulsivity of offenders determined major cognitive processes in trying to control the environment, developing justifications to masquerade real motive behind a crime, feeling above the law, and an absence or concern of others. This mediation model highlights an explanatory mechanism for assessment of dispositional as well as cognitive processes to aid in the prevention of crime in future. The findings of this study have important implications for the development of interventions that include psychopathy and impulsivity as mechanisms for reducing violent behaviour in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A facile yet robust synthesis is reported herein to simultaneously incorporate atomically dispersed Co‐Nx sites with graphitic layer‐protected Co9S8 nanoparticles (denoted as Co SACs+Co9S8) as an efficient electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction in acidic solution. The Co SACs+Co9S8 catalyst shows low H2O2 selectivity (∼5 %) with high half‐wave potential (E1/2) of ∼0.78 VRHE in 0.5 M H2SO4. The atomic sites of the catalyst were quantified by a nitrite stripping method and the corresponding site density of the catalyst is calculated to be 3.2×1018 sites g−1. Besides, we also found the presence of a reasonable amount of Co9S8 nanoparticles is beneficial for the oxygen electrocatalysis. Finally, the catalyst was assembled into a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) for evaluating its performance under more practical conditions in proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]