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Copyright of Canadian Veterinary Journal / Revue Vétérinaire Canadienne is the property of Canadian Veterinary Medical Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Diarrhea is commonly associated with irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, microscopic colitis, and other gastrointestinal dysfunctions. Spontaneously occurring idiopathic chronic diarrhea is frequent in rhesus macaques, but has not been used as a model for the investigation of diarrhea or its treatment. We characterized this condition and present preliminary data demonstrating that left vagal nerve stimulation provides relief. Methods: Stool consistency scores were followed for up to 12 years. Inflammation was assessed by plasma C‐reactive protein, [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake, measured by positron emission tomography (PET), multiplex T cell localization, endoscopy and histology. The vagus was stimulated for 9 weeks in conscious macaques, using fully implanted electrodes, under wireless control. Key Results: Macaques exhibited recurrent periods of diarrhea for up to 12 years, and signs of inflammation: elevated plasma C‐reactive protein, increased bowel FDG uptake and increased mucosal T helper1 T‐cells. The colon and distal ileum were endoscopically normal, and histology revealed mild colonic inflammation. Application of vagal nerve stimulation to conscious macaques (10 Hz, 30 s every 3 h; 24 h a day for 9 weeks) significantly reduced severity of diarrhea and also reduced inflammation, as measured by FDG uptake and C‐reactive protein. Conclusions and Inferences: These macaques exhibit spontaneously occurring diarrhea with intestinal inflammation that can be reduced by VNS. The data demonstrate the utility of this naturally occurring primate model to study the physiology and treatments for chronic diarrhea and the neural control circuits influencing diarrhea and inflammation that are not accessible in human subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moringa oleifera is a relatively well-studied ethnobotanical species, but information is limited regarding its stem anatomy and the production potential of phytochemicals from bark tissue. Knowing that variation exists in the production of chemical defenses by plants with growing conditions and with developmental stages, M. oleifera was grown under controlled conditions to characterize stem tissues and to determine if stem bark contained the correct phytochemical compounds to be of value in medicinal treatments. We used microscopy to characterize the stem anatomy of M. oleifera and analyzed stem bark extracts using FTIR and GC to identify 4-(α-L-rhamnosyloxy)-benzyl isothiocyanate (moringin) and benzylamine (moringine) in tissue. We found the stems to be in transition between juvenile and mature stages of development at 4 months old under the growth conditions used. In 7-month-old stems, we found the presence of moringin in all bark samples and did not find any moringine. These results indicate that M. oleifera bark of 7-month-old trees grown in greenhouse conditions may be valuable for drug development.

Monitoring the genomic characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 virus circulating in a population can shed important insights into epidemiological aspects of the COVID-19 outbreak. Sequencing every clinical patient sample in a highly populous area is a difficult feat, and thus sequencing SARS-CoV-2 RNA in municipal wastewater offers great promise to augment genomic surveillance by characterizing a pooled population sample matrix, particularly during an escalating outbreak.

In this paper, we propose that unreflective use of the term social entrepreneurship may perpetuate the idea that “entrepreneurship” is largely a financial and private reality and that this view of entrepreneurship will eventually trivialize or perhaps undermine the important benefits and the real intentions behind the social entrepreneurship movement. We believe that Catholic Social Teaching can shed important light on this dilemma by emphasizing three specific strategies inherent to entrepreneurship when assessing the moral contribution of the firm. As a result, we argue for the principles of good goods, good work and good wealth as an alternative framework for all good entrepreneurial venture.

Within this qualitative phenomenological case study, I explored the perspectives of informal mentoring as a coping strategy to navigate workplace and career stagnation for Black women college administrators in the United States. Findings from their experiences indicate that while formal mentoring and sponsorship existed for their counterparts, it was not accessible for them. The participants described informal mentoring was needed and helpful for their workplace challenges and for the cultivation of their leadership growth strategies, particularly as employees at predominately white institutions. Seven themes emerged: (a) Defining Supportive Relationships; (b) Relevancy of Race and Gender in Mentoring; (c) Cultivating Kinships and Networks; (d) Identifying Salient Challenges; (e) Navigating Campus Culture; (f) Penetrating Boundaries to Leadership; and (7) Leveraging for Leadership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Almost all individuals with Down syndrome (DS) will develop neuropathological features of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Understanding AD biomarker trajectories is necessary for DS‐specific clinical interventions and interpretation of drug‐related changes in the disease trajectory. METHODS: A total of 177 adults with DS from the Alzheimer's Biomarker Consortium‐Down Syndrome (ABC‐DS) underwent positron emission tomography (PET) and MR imaging. Amyloid‐beta (Aβ) trajectories were modeled to provide individual‐level estimates of Aβ‐positive (A+) chronicity, which were compared against longitudinal tau change. RESULTS: Elevated tau was observed in all NFT regions following A+ and longitudinal tau increased with respect to A+ chronicity. Tau increases in NFT regions I‐III was observed 0–2.5 years following A+. Nearly all A+ individuals had tau increases in the medial temporal lobe. DISCUSSION: These findings highlight the rapid accumulation of amyloid and early onset of tau relative to amyloid in DS and provide a strategy for temporally characterizing AD neuropathology progression that is specific to the DS population and independent of chronological age. Highlights: Longitudinal amyloid trajectories reveal rapid Aβ accumulation in Down syndromeNFT stage tau was strongly associated with A+ chronicityEarly longitudinal tau increases were observed 2.5–5 years after reaching A+ [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines aim to improve intravenous (IV) fluid prescribing for children, but existing evidence about how and why fluid prescribing errors occur is limited. Studying this can lead to more effective implementation, through education and systems design.Identify types of IV fluid prescribing errors reported in practiceAnalyse factors that contribute to errorsProvide guidance to educators and those responsible for designing systems.Mixed methods observational study which analysed critical incident reports relating to IV fluid prescribing errors in children aged 0-16, occurring between 2011 and 2015 in UK secondary care. We quantified characteristics and types of errors, then qualitatively analysed narrative descriptions, identifying underlying contributing factors.In the 40 incidents analysed, principal types of errors were incorrect rate of fluids, inappropriate choice of solution, and incorrect completion of prescription charts. Prescribers had to negotiate complex patients, interactions with other practitioners and teams, and challenging work environments; errors resulted from these inter-related contributing factors.This study highlights the diverse range and complex nature of IV fluid prescribing errors reported in practice. While these findings have the inherent limitations of critical incident reports, they point to areas of potential improvement in education and systems design. Practising prescribing in context, inducting doctors within the many specialties who contribute to care of children, and educating them in joint working with nurses and pharmacists could help reduce errors.