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Nodulation characteristics in five species of Indigofera viz., I .trita, I. linnaei, I. astragalina, I. parviflora and I. viscosa was studied at regular intervals on the plants raised in garden soil. Among the species studied, highest average number of nodules per plant of 23 with maximum sized nodules of 8.0 mm diameter was observed in I. astragalina. Biochemical analysis of root nodules of I. astragalina revealed that the leghaemoglobin content of nodules and nitrogen content of root, shoot, leaves and nodules were gradually increased up to 60 DAS, and then decreased with increase in age. Rhizobium isolates of five species of Indigofera were isolated and screened for enzymatic activities and total cellular protein profiles. All the five isolates showed nitrate reductase, citrase, tryptophanase and catalase activity while much variation was observed for enzymes like gelatinase, urease, caseinase, lipase, amylase, lysine decarboxylase and protease activities. Among the isolates studied, only the isolate from I. viscosa has the ability to solubilize the insoluble tricalcium phosphate. All the Rhizobium isolates exhibit similarity in protein content, except the isolate from I. viscosa which showed one additional protein band.

Background: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is the preferred treatment for the removal of large kidney stones, sized >20 mm. However, there is still an ongoing debate concerning the best anesthesia for PCNL. Aims and Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess and compare the efficacy and safety of spinal anesthesia (SA) versus general anesthesia (GA) in PCNL. Materials and Methods: A prospective randomized study included eighty-two patients who were enrolled to receive either SA or GA for PCNL. The study assessed patients’ characteristics, vital parameters, requirements for additional analgesia, and patient satisfaction. In addition, intraoperative and post-operative complications were documented. Patients’ satisfaction was also analyzed. Results: In both groups, the vital parameters were consistently maintained at safe levels during the procedures. Patients in the SA group exhibited a lower analgesia consumption on the 1st post-operative day compared to the GA group (P

Milk is regarded as nature’s perfect food due to the presence of essential nutrients required for the growth and development of mammals. The consumption of milk with a specific β casein variant either A1 or A2 had a relationship with the risk of diseases has been identified. Considering the importance of β casein variants with the health significance, the present study was undertaken in Punganur cattle (N=175) by using PCR-RFLP with Dde I restriction enzyme that showed the distribution of A1A2 (121 bp, 86 bp, and 35 bp) in 5 animals, A2A2 (86 bp and 35 bp) in 170 animals with no evidence of A1A1 genotype. The genotypic frequency of the A1A2 heterozygous β-casein variant of exon7 of the CSN2 gene was 0.029, whereas, for the A2A2 homozygous β-casein variant was 0.971 and the A1A1 homozygous β-casein variant is absent in Punganur cattle. The A1 allelic frequency of exon7 of the CSN2 gene was 0.014, whereas, the A2 gene frequency is 0.986 in Punganur cattle. The study indicates that there is a minimum genetic variability in the tested population of the Punganur cattle breed suggesting less or lower level of crossbreeding activities with exotic animals.