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Recent research has identified the value of distinguishing between employee's appraisals of their work-based challenge, hindrance, and threat job demands, and of how employee's future-oriented coping is associated with key occupational outcomes. The current study extends this research by assessing the extent to which employee's proactive and preventive coping techniques each directly and indirectly predicted challenge, hindrance and threat appraisals. Utilizing a daily diary design, 89 undergraduate students completed five daily surveys focused on a common future stressor. Results suggested daily appraisals do not change as much as expected, with only challenge appraisals reducing across the 5-day period. However, both proactive and preventive coping moderated daily stress appraisals, such that when proactive coping was high, challenge appraisals increased and hindrance appraisals decreased. Similarly, preventive coping appeared to reduce both hindrance and threat appraisals. Theoretical and practical implications of the multi-level and dynamic nature of appraisals and future-oriented coping are discussed.

The authors acknowledge the assistance provided by the Queensland Police Service. The views expressed in this material are those of the authors and are not those of the Queensland Police Service. Responsibility for any errors of omission or commission remains with the authors. The Queensland Police Service expressly disclaims any liability for any damage resulting from the use of the material contained in this publication and will not be responsible for any loss, howsoever arising, from use of or reliance on this material. This research was funded by a Queensland Smart State Senior Researcher Fellowship Grant, and this support is gratefully acknowledged. The assistance of Jennifer Barbour with part of the data collection is acknowledged.

Background Non-Hispanic black (NHB) pregnant women disproportionately experience adverse birth outcomes compared to Non-Hispanic white (NHW) pregnant women. The positive effects of prenatal exercise on maternal and neonatal health may mitigate these disparities. This study evaluated the influence of prenatal exercise on racial/ethnic disparities in gestational age (GA), birthweight (BW), and risks of preterm birth (PTB), cesarean section (CS), and low-birthweight (LBW) neonates. Methods This study performed a secondary data analysis using data from a 24-week, two-arm exercise intervention trial (ENHANCED by Mom). Women with singleton pregnancies (2, and no preexisting health conditions were eligible. The aerobic exercisers (EX) participated in 150 min of moderate-intensity weekly exercise while non-exercising controls (CON) attended low-intensity stretching/breathing sessions. Data on GA, PTB ( Results Participants with complete data (n = 125) were eligible for analyses (EX: n = 58, CON: n = 67). NHB pregnant women delivered lighter neonates (β = − 0.43 kg, 95% CI: − 0.68, − 0.18, p = 0.001). After adjusting for prenatal exercise, racial/ethnic disparities in BW were reduced (β = − 0.39 kg, 95% CI: − 0.65, − 0.13, p = 0.004). Prenatal exercise reduced borderline significant racial/ethnic disparities in PTB (p = 0.053) and GA (p = 0.07) with no effects found for CS and LBW. Conclusions The findings of this study demonstrate that prenatal exercise may attenuate the racial/ethnic disparities observed in neonatal BW, and possibly GA and PTB. Larger, diverse samples and inclusion of maternal biomarkers (e.g., cytokines) are encouraged to further evaluate these relationships.

Australian workers’ exposure to chronic occupational stress is an increasingly widespread and expensive problem costing the Australian economy approximately $15 billion per annum, of which approximately $5 billion is specifically attributed to lost work productivity. These costs for occupational stress are comparable with international estimates, demonstrating that occupational stress is truly a global predicament. In Australia, individual-level compensation claims for psychological injury attributable to working conditions are channeled through specific state and territory bodies and overseen by national legislation. Australian research addressing occupational stress follows international trends and demonstrates, for example, the significant impacts of workplace conflicts (e.g., bullying, harassment, toxic leaders), inadequate job conditions (e.g., job designs, working hours, work-life imbalance), and adverse organizational climates, which impact employee health and performance. This chapter reviews the key Australian occupational stress research, encompassing both common international trends and topics more unique to Australia (e.g., the impact of geographic distance, extreme heat, dangerous wildlife). Finally, we identify future directions for occupational stress research in Australia, including the impact of technology, interventions, and changes in work practices.

Site selection for transmitters in wireless networks is a complex, time-consuming process. Most often, transmitters are located in one of two ways: manually, or through the use of simple geometric models. Unfortunately, each of these methods disregards the most important geographic information affecting the performance of transmitters. This paper introduces a hybrid genetic algorithm designed to automate the site selection process and to account for the relevant geography. The algorithm has several features not found in other genetic models. These features are introduced, specifically, to facilitate the design of wireless networks: a unique genetic make-up representing the complex wireless networks: a combination of genetic and deterministic search operators to optimize and speed up search, and spatial operators necessary for the accurate network design in the context of a genetic model. The paper serves three functions: (1) description of the fundamental concepts underlying the design of the algorithm; (2) discussion of the details of representation of wireless networks in an evolutionary context; and (3) demonstration of the performance of the algorithm with several network models in a complex spatial environment.

The modelling of salt domes and other bodies with similar features often requires the construction of a compact 3D representation from scattered sets of geophysical data. These datasets provide only partial information about the unknown volume. A solution is proposed that is based on the representation of an object as the union of simple volume primitives (tetrahedra). Three dimensional triangulation methods are used to generate a valid model and to provide geometrical and topological attributes for the scattered samples set. This generates an exact fit and unambiguous three dimensional model which can be evaluated using a 3D spatial query language.

In this paper attention is drawn to the rapidly increasing use of hyperdocuments to archive and access environmental data resources, and the spatial extensions required to explore and link together these data sets are discussed. To illustrate how such environmental hyper documents can be created, a prototype system called the Scolt Multimedia Project (SMP) is introduced and the tool used to explore it, called SMPviewer, is described. Also, the uses and applications of environmental hyperdocuments are presented and their merits vis-à-vis geographical information systems are discussed.

The synthesis of ubiquitous computing, geopositioning, and geographic information systems has made it possible to put maps and information driven by a person’s current location onto mobile devices, usable by both citizens and professionals. The applications of this technology include navigation, tracking, guiding, gaming, health monitoring, and social networking. These technologies have the potential both to discipline and to emancipate and have far-reaching effects on transportation, urban design, leisure, asset management, and social interaction.

Algorithms traditionally used in the design of wireless networks are based on simplified geometric models of the networks and are characteristically slow. Moreover, they poorly represent the intricacies of wireless technology and complexities of geography. Network layouts designed with these methods are not very accurate and require repeated manual corrections. The paper describes a new network design algorithm based on the paradigm of natural evolution. The proposed algorithm is faster than traditional network modeling methods and the network layouts designed with this algorithm are more accurate. The paper provides an overview of the algorithm and describes its performance in several experiments.

Key words: CHO cells; dhfr/MTX amplification; humanized antibody; stability ABSTRACT The long term stability of expression of a humanized monoclonal antibody by CHO cells using the dhfr amplification system has been investigated. Cells were grown on a regular subculture regime aimed at maintaining the cells in active growth in nutrient excess in the presence of methotrexate. Cultures in both spinners and fermenters were investigated. It was found that over the 100 to 200 days growth investigated with the different cultures, there was a gradual loss of overall antibody expression in all the cultures studied, despite the presence of the selective agent.

Models in which general forms of preferential mating have been superimposed on the framework of the symmetric heterozygosity selection regime have been examined previously with respect to the existence and local stability of a central polymorphic equilibrium. The results are now extended to produce the limiting form of the stability conditions in two cases: First, where the number of alleles per locus is assumed to be very large; second, where the number of loci affecting the character is very large. It is argued that some type of frequency dependence in the mating pattern must be included, and a particular case is examined in detail. It is shown that multiallelism is ambiguous in its effect on stability, while an increasing number of loci, at least under zero linkage, leads to a simple stability condition which is analogous to the one-locus heterosis principle. Assortative mating appears to be more likely to produce a stable central polymorphism under high levels of allelism than is sexual selection, but is relatively very much weaker than sexual or viability selection if the number of loci involved is large.

The effect of local hypercapnic acidosis or local hypocapnic alkalosis on pial arterioles were studied in anesthetized cats equipped with a cranial window for the direct observation of the pial microcirculation of the parietal cortex. Changes in PCO2 and pH of the extracellular fluid were induced by perfusing the space under the cranial window with artificial cerebrospinal fluid equilibrated with different concentrations of CO2, while PaCO2 was maintained constant. Hypercapnic acidosis dilated and hypocapnic alkalosis constricted pial arteioles markedly. The results indicate that a basis exists for considering CO2 as a mediator for local regulation of brain blood flow. The vasodilation associated with arterial hypercapnia was abolished by a reduction in CSF PCO2 equal in magnitude to the rise in arterial blood PCO2, suggesting that the action of CO2 is entirely local.

The mechanism of action of hypoxia on cerebral blood vessels and its role in the regulation of the cerebral circulation were investigated in anesthetized cats. Arterial hypoxia produced marked cerebral arteriolar vasodilation, which was partially reversed by perfusing the space under the cranial window with artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) containing 6-94% oxygen. More marked increase in the local supply of oxygen, via perfusion of the space under the cranial window with fluorocarbon FC-80 equilibrated with 100% oxygen, completely eliminated the vasodilation induced by arterial hypoxia. Fluorocarbon equilibrated with 100% N2 had no effect on the vasodilation. The vasodilation associated with hypotension was completely reversed by perfusion with fluorocarbon equilibrated with 100% oxygen and was unaffected by perfusion with fluorocarbon or CSF equilibrated with gas not containing oxygen. The vasodilation associated with Metrazole-induced seizures was partially reversed by perfusion with fluorocarbon containing oxygen. The results show that hypoxia dilated cerebral blood vessels entirely via a local mechanism, that hypoxia is the dominant mechanism involved in the vasodilation associated with hypotension, and that it is, at least partially, responsible for the vasodilation associated with seizures.

Several multilocus models that incorporate both preferential mating and viability selection are studied. Specifically, a class of symmetric heterozygosity models are considered that assign individuals to phenotypic classes according to which loci are in heterozygous state regardless of the actual allelic content. Otherwise, an arbitrary number of loci, number of alleles per locus, and arbitrary recombination scheme, viability parameters and preferential mating pattern based on phenotypes are allowed. The conditions for the stability of a central polymorphism are indicated and interpreted. The effects of viability and preference selection may be summarized in a single quantity for each phenotypic class, a generalized fitness. Preferential assortative mating alone can produce stability for a central polymorphism as in the case of viability selection when sexual attractiveness or general fitness increases with higher levels of heterozygosity. The situation is more complex with sexual selection.

This paper has described a hypertension screening program at the Medical College of Virginia School of Dentistry. The program, which has been in operation for over two years, incorporates referral to a physician and a system of repeated follow-ups. The results indicate that the program has been successful in that 134 of a total of 141 patients with suspected hypertension have been successfully referred.

A systematic analysis of the possible existence of neurogenic control of precapillary pial vessels was made in three species (cat, dog, and rabbit). In all of these animals, pial vessels failed to respond to externally applied isoproterenol or norepinephrine in high concentrations (up to 100 µg/ml), although the vessels did dilate in response to externally applied histamine. Adrenergic nerve endings on the pial vessels were demonstrated by fluorescent histochemical techniques specific for catecholamines. However, in the absence of changes in arterial blood pressure and arterial blood carbon dioxide tension, pial precapillary vessels showed no change in caliber in response to stimulation of the ipsilateral superior cervical ganglion. These results show that pial precapillary vessels are not subject to vasoconstriction probably because they lack sufficient receptors for the catecholamine neurotransmitter.

1. Hypoxia, induced by 7–12% oxygen breathing, produced vasodilatation in the intact or in the phenoxybenzamine and propranolol treated forearm of human volunteers when arterial blood PO2 decreased below 45 mmHg, or when deep forearm venous blood PO2 decreased below 35–40 mmHg. 2. Circulatory arrest of the forearm following alpha and beta adrenergic receptor blockade was followed by greater increases in blood flow and greater decreases in forearm vascular resistance during CO2 breathing than during room air breathing. The increased flow following ischaemia was maintained at a high level until CO2 administration was stopped. 3. The vasodilator response following ischaemia of the human forearm, produced by digital occlusion of the brachial artery, was compared to that produced by hypercapnia or hypoxia or a combination of the two, produced by breathing the appropriate gas mixtures. The forearm was pre-treated with phenoxybenzamine and propranolol to produce alpha and beta adrenergic receptor blockade. For equal increases in deep forearm venous blood PCO2 the vasodilator response to hypercapnia averaged 60% of that following ischaemia. For equal decreases in deep forearm venous blood PO2 the vasodilator response to hypoxia averaged 26% of that produced by ischaemia. The vasodilator response to ischaemia was not modified by breathing 100% oxygen to maintain the deep forearm venous blood PO2 at a level above that seen with the circulation free during room air breathing. Combined hypoxia and hypercapnia of equal severity as those produced by ischaemia resulted in a vasodilator response which averaged 64% of that produced by ischaemia.